先天性主动脉瓣膜狭窄患儿行直视下主动脉瓣交界切开术的早中期结果

目的直视下主动脉瓣交界切开成形术是治疗婴儿及儿童期先天性主动脉瓣狭窄的重要方式,本研究评估其手术早期及中期疗效。方法回顾性分析了1998年3月至2011年6月间3个月～14岁患儿因先天性主动脉瓣狭窄在我院行直视下主动脉瓣交界切开手术的病例。入选病例除主动脉瓣狭窄,不合并左心其它水平梗阻,但可合并其它简单先天性心脏畸形。术前、术后及门诊随访中行超声心动评估。观察术后早期及随访期间的转归和主动脉瓣功能。结果本组患儿共30例,其中男性23例(76.7%),年龄42.2月(3月～9.6岁),体重(15.4±7.9)Kg。单纯主动脉瓣狭窄12例(40.0%),合并简单先天性心脏畸形18例。主动脉瓣收缩期跨瓣压差平均(73.3±26.7)mmHg,无主动脉瓣中量以上返流。全组体外循环时间平均66分钟(35～146分钟),主动脉阻断时间平均41分钟(15～104分钟)。本组无住院期间死亡。出院时主动脉瓣收缩期跨瓣压差(31.4±20.0)mmHg,中度以上残余狭窄3例(3/30,10.0%),无中量以上返流。有随访资料27例(90%)。中位随访期限为18个月(1月～12.4年)。随访期间死亡1例(3.7%),全组无再次主动脉瓣手术/介入干预。心功能NYHAIII级1例(3.7%),其余均为NYHAI级。主动脉瓣收缩期跨瓣压差(48.5±36.3)mmHg,主动脉瓣中量返流2例(7.4%)。术后主动脉瓣环直径增加率(2.43±2.11)mm/年。结论婴儿期和儿童期因主动脉瓣狭窄行直视下主动脉瓣交界切开术的患儿手术安全性高,早中期疗效满意。     

17-mm Regent瓣治疗狭小主动脉瓣环患者术后临床观察

目的评价17-mmRegent瓣置换主动瓣术后心功能、跨主动脉瓣压差变化。方法选择2008年7月至2010年7月住院的主动脉瓣环狭小的患者7例,均为女性,年龄49-65（54．0±10．8）岁,平均体表面积（BSA）（1．42±0．32）m2,心功能（NYHA）Ⅲ级5例、Ⅱ级2例,平均射血分数（EF）（0．45±0．12）。均在体外循环下用17-mm Regent（St．Jude Medical）瓣置换主动脉瓣,瓣环尺寸使用厂家的测瓣器测量,术前和术后心脏功能用超声方法进行评估。结果围手术期无死亡。术后心功功（NYHA）Ⅰ级4例、Ⅱ级3例。跨瓣压差较术前明显降低,平均（16．0±4．2）mmHg。结论17-mmRegent（St．Jude Medical）瓣对狭小主动脉瓣环患者是较好的选择,它能避免扩大主动脉瓣环所带来的困难和风险,而且未发现人瓣不匹配现象（PPM）。     

钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄的外科治疗

目的评价钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄外科治疗效果及成功因素。方法对26例钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄患者随访分析,年龄55～70岁,平均62岁。主动脉跨瓣压差52～191mmHg,平均97mmHg,室间隔、左室后壁厚度14～19mm,合并关闭不全7例。手术均在全麻、低温和体外循环下行机械瓣置换,同期行Manouguian法扩大主动脉瓣环9例、CABG3例、Wheat术1例。结果术后早期和晚期各死亡1例。随访心脏超声LVEF为51%～72%,室间隔及左室后壁厚度8～12mm,人工瓣跨瓣压差8～26mmHg。心功能为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论瓣膜置换是治疗钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄唯一安全有效的方法,恰当的手术时机、合适的瓣膜型号是提高手术远期疗效的重要保证。     

主动脉瓣重度狭窄经导管主动脉瓣置换术后患者围术期效果观察

目的:探讨主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者经股动脉导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)治疗前后围术期内心功能及主动脉瓣压差、跨瓣流速的变化情况。方法:本研究为回顾性研究,选取2017年9月至2019年6月,在郑州市心血管病医院接受TAVR的27例主动脉瓣狭窄患者。对经TAVR治疗前、术后1d、7 d、1个月患者的临床症状、BNP、LVEF、最大跨瓣血流速度、主动脉瓣最大跨瓣压差进行分析,观察主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者接受TAVR治疗后围术期内疗效。结果:与术前相比,患者术后临床症状、心功能NYHA分级明显改善。患者BNP、主动脉瓣最大跨瓣压差、最大跨瓣流速下降明显,在术后1 d,差异有统计学意义(均P<0. 01);术后LVEF值明显上升,术后7 d可显现,差异有统计学意义,在心功能<50%的患者中,术后1 d差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。结论:TAVR治疗主动脉瓣重度狭窄临床疗效确切,在围术期即可迅速缓解临床症状、改善心功能、降低BNP值、提高LVEF。合并LVEF下降的主动脉瓣重度狭窄的患者接受TAVR治疗后患者心功能改善效果更明显。     

经导管主动脉瓣植入术治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的初步经验

目的分享经导管主动脉瓣植入术（TAVI）治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的经验。方法分析已完成TAVI患者的基线特征、术后血流动力学变化情况及临床结果。结果 2012年4月至2014年3月共36例患者于四川大学华西医院进行TAVI,平均年龄（73.9±7.2）岁,其中男24例（66.7%）,平均欧洲心脏手术风险回归评分为（20.6±9.9）%。25例（69.4%）患者主动脉瓣叶形态呈二叶式畸形。TAVI成功35例（97.2%）,4例（11.1%）需植入第2枚瓣膜。术后主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差下降至（10.5±5.7）mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）,2例残余瓣周漏接近中度。术后30 d内死亡1例（2.8%）,脑卒中2例（5.6%）。10例（27.8%）患者因出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞而植入了永久起搏器。中位随访时间323 d,除2例患者分别于术后374 d和680 d死于恶性肿瘤外,其余患者均保持无症状生存。结论对于不适合进行外科手术的二叶式和三叶式主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者,TAVI是可行、安全和有效的。     

Inoue球囊导管逐步成形术治疗先天性主动脉瓣狭窄

球囊瓣膜成形术已逐渐用于先天性主动脉瓣狭窄的治疗。术后能降低跨瓣压差,但也会造成主动脉返流(AR)。本文阐述了球囊/瓣环比值与AR之间的关系,指出采用Inoue导管逐步扩张术在每次扩张后都通过监测跨瓣压差及AR程度决定是否需再次扩张,取得良好的治疗效果,并与标准球囊导管扩张术在先天性主动脉瓣狭窄治疗中的作用进行了比较。     

ROSS术+Barbero-Marcial术在婴儿主动脉瓣狭窄中的应用

1 病例资料患儿男,8个月,体质量7.3 kg,因"胎儿期发现心脏异常,出生后8个月"入院。超声心动图示重度主动脉瓣狭窄(跨瓣压差94 mmHg),二叶式主动脉瓣。临床诊断:主动脉瓣狭窄(重度)、二叶式主动脉瓣。于2017年7月21日行ROSS术+Barbero-Marcial术。术中见左房增大,左室室壁明显增厚,主动脉瓣为二叶瓣,偏心型,瓣膜粘连增厚,瓣口开放受限,开口直径约5 mm。     

主动脉瓣狭窄患者经导管主动脉瓣置换术后短期超声心动图和血N末端B型利钠肽原浓度变化特点分析

目的:探讨主动脉瓣狭窄患者经导管主动脉瓣置换(TAVR)术后6个月内心功能、主动脉瓣跨瓣压差及血流速度特点,以明确TAVR术后心功能、主动瓣跨瓣压差的变化规律,为临床治疗提供指导信息。方法:2013-12至2015-12连续入选常规外科换瓣手术禁忌或美国胸外科医师学会(STS)评分高危、在我院成功行TAVR治疗的49例重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者。在TAVR治疗前后、术后1个月及6个月时,所有患者接受超声心动图检查和血N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-pro BNP)检测,记录左心室射血分数、主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差、最大跨瓣压差、最大跨瓣血流速度和血NT-pro BNP浓度。TAVR术前左心室射血分数50%的患者分入心功能不全组,左心室射血分数≥50%的患者分入心功能正常组,观察两组患者TAVR术后心功能和NT-pro BNP浓度变化。结果:49例患者中,心功能不全组15例(30.6%),心功能正常组34例(69.4%)。TAVR治疗后7 d内,所有患者的左心室射血分数[(56.0±14.6)%vs(52.5±13.8)%]、主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差[(11±5)mmH g(1 mmH g=0.133 kP a)vs(58±18)mmH g]、最大跨瓣压差([21.7±9.5)mmH g vs(93.0±28.6)mmH g]、最大跨瓣血流速度([2.3±0.5)m/s vs(4.8±0.7)m/s]、血NT-proB NP浓度[1 831(1 098~3 363)pg/ml vs 3 842(1 763~8 664)pg/ml]、主动脉瓣瓣口面积[(1.57±0.43)cm2 vs(0.58±0.23)cm2]较术前均有明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。术后6个月内,患者的左心室射血分数仍持续上升,尤以心功能不全组为著;主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差、最大跨瓣血流速度、NT-proB NP浓度较术后持续下降,纽约心脏协会心功能分级持续改善,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论:TAVR是外科手术禁忌或STS评分高危的重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的一种有效治疗方式,在6个月内可明显且持续改善患者的心功能,左心功能不全患者改善尤为明显。     

同种主动脉瓣在心脏外科的应用

目的总结同种主动脉瓣在心脏外科的应用,探讨其优越性。方法1995年1月至2000年12月,应用同种带瓣主动脉手术治疗先天性及后天性瓣膜疾病18例。其中完全性大动脉转位并右室双出口1例,行Rastelli手术;主动脉瓣狭窄及（或）关闭不全17例,先天性8例,风湿性9例,1例行Ross手术,余皆行主动脉瓣置换手术。结果早期死亡1例：Rastelli手术患者术后因严重低心排死亡;其余均顺利康复。随诊2～10年,1例主动脉瓣置换术后1年因同种瓣严重瓣损毁行二次手术置换机械瓣,术后18d死于多器官系统功能衰竭;其余患者术后生存状态均良好。结论同种主动脉瓣用于心脏瓣膜的置换及心室流出道的重建,可获得很好的临床效果。     

右心室快速临时起搏同时经皮球囊扩张术治疗婴幼儿主动脉瓣狭窄

目的探讨经皮球囊主动脉瓣成形术更加安全地治疗婴幼儿先天性主动脉瓣狭窄的方法和疗效。方法从股动脉途径对婴幼儿先天性主动脉瓣狭窄患者行经皮球囊主动脉瓣成形术。术中扩瓣同时应用右室快速临时起搏使左心室和主动脉收缩压下降,从而使扩张瓣膜的球囊在左室流出道位置稳定,减少球囊的移动和对瓣膜的损伤。结果 1岁2个月和3岁的男性患者2例,体重分别7Kg、16 Kg,球囊/瓣环直径比分别0.83和0.8。术后即刻主动脉收缩峰压跨瓣压差分别从80 mm Hg和90 mm Hg下降至20 mm Hg和18 mm Hg。随访2个月～1年,超声心动图检测主动脉瓣跨瓣压差分别38 mm Hg、43 mm Hg,主动脉瓣返流无明显增加。结论经皮球囊主动脉瓣成形术是治疗婴幼儿先天性主动脉瓣狭窄行之有效的方法。扩瓣同时右室快速临时起搏可保持球囊稳定,减少并发症。     

主动脉瓣四叶瓣畸形合并主动脉瓣病变的外科处理

目的 探讨主动脉瓣四叶瓣畸形对主动脉瓣功能的影响及其外科治疗.方法 2000年1月至2013年1月,我院通过经胸超声心动图和术中病理诊断主动脉瓣四叶瓣畸形13例.其中4例主动脉瓣的功能基本正常,9例合并主动脉瓣病变：重度关闭不全7例,重度关闭不全伴狭窄2例,合并二尖瓣中度关闭不全2例,三尖瓣中重度关闭不全1例.结果 13例患者中4例主动脉瓣功能正常者,继续随访中.9例合并主动脉瓣病变者,均行主动脉瓣置换术,同期行二尖瓣成形术2例、三尖瓣成形术1例.围术期无严重并发症及早期死亡,均康复出院.术后平均随访（6.34±5.17）年,心彩超提示主动脉瓣功能良好,无远期死亡.结论 主动脉瓣四叶瓣畸形是一种少见的先天性畸形,超声心动图有助于早期诊断.主动脉瓣功能正常时,可以随访;当合并主动脉瓣功能障碍时,应及时行主动脉瓣置换或修复,手术后可获得良好的远期效果.     

114例先天性主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形的外科治疗及中远期随访

目的:总结先天性主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形外科治疗的临床特点及中、远期随访结果,初步探讨手术适应证、方式及应注意问题。方法:本院2003年2月至2007年12月,对先天性主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形患者施行手术治疗共114例,年龄8～91岁,平均(45.6±18.3)岁;男性89例,女性25例。手术均在气管插管全麻低温(28～32℃)体外循环下进行。主动脉瓣机械瓣替换106例,生物瓣替换4例,主动脉瓣成型3例,ROSS术1例,主动脉根部替换1例。同期行升主动脉替换2例、升主动脉包裹2例、冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。结果:术后早期死亡1例,病死率0.88%,死亡原因为心力衰竭。术后并发症8例,其中二次开胸止血1例,低心排出量综合征6例,呼吸功能衰竭1例,均经住院治疗痊愈出院。随访103例,随访时间20～77个月,平均(31±24)个月,非心脏原因死亡1例,无二次手术,所有存活的患者心功能分级均为Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。结论:主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形患者的临床特点具有多样性,在掌握适应证的条件下应根据患者的不同临床特点选择合适的术式。     

Mixed aortic valve disease treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a high risk patient presenting with acute decompensated heart failure

Mixed aortic valve disease refers to the combination of aortic regurgitation (AR) and aortic stenosis (AS). Commonly etiologies include a bicuspid aortic valve, rheumatic heart disease, and endocarditis superimposed upon a stenotic aortic valve. Treatment depends upon the severity of disease, the presence of symptoms and the size and function of the left ventricle. We present a case of a young patient that presented with new onset acute decompensated heart failure with mixed aortic valve disease that was successful treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Invasive hemodynamics at baseline and following TAVR provide an insight into the characteristic features of mixed aortic valve disease. TAVR represents a new treatment option for critically ill patients deemed high risk or nonoperable for surgical aortic valve replacement.     

二叶主动脉瓣的超声分析

目的 探讨二叶主动脉瓣的超声心动图特征。方法 采用回顾性方法分析了26例先天性二叶主动脉瓣,其中主动脉瓣狭窄17例（有或无主动脉瓣关闭不全）和单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全9例。结果 在主动脉瓣狭窄组、轻度狭窄14例（82％）;二叶主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎的发生率为42％;主动脉瓣狭窄组与单纯主动脉瓣反流组相比,主动脉瓣增厚钙化有极显性差异（P＜0．00005）,结果表明,二叶主动脉瓣狭窄的发生与主动脉瓣的增厚钙化有关,且主动脉瓣狭窄多为轻度狭窄。结论：二叶主动脉瓣狭窄的发生与主动脉瓣的增厚钙化有关,且主动脉瓣狭窄多为轻度狭窄。二叶主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎的发生率较高。彩色多普勒二维超声心动图对二叶主动脉瓣的诊断具有重要价值。     

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: The year in review 2016

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) continued to make major strides in 2016, simultaneously expanding its application to lower risk patients as well as more technically challenging subsets of patients with aortic stenosis (AS). The two major accomplishments this year were the establishment of TAVR as the preferred treatment strategy over surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in intermediate risk patients, and initial signals that TAVR and SAVR may be clinically equivalent in low‐risk populations. Meanwhile, there is continued expansion of TAVR to challenging clinical subsets (bicuspid aortic valve [BAV], patients with concomitant advanced coronary artery disease [CAD], and failed surgical bioprostheses), and encouraging initial experiences with newer transcatheter heart valve systems. This paper summarizes the major research studies published on TAVR in 2016.

     

Progression of aortic valve dysfunction in 51 adult patients with congenital bicuspid aortic valve: assessment and follow up by Doppler echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the pattern and progression of aortic valve dysfunction by serial Doppler echocardiographic examinations in ambulatory adult patients with congenital bicuspid aortic valve. DESIGN AND SETTING--Retrospective analysis of patients referred for Doppler echocardiography over a four year period. SUBJECTS--Fifty one adult patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital bicuspid aortic valve had serial Doppler echocardiographic studies at least six months apart. There were 40 men and 11 women with a mean age of 36 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve dysfunction. Cardiac events including endocarditis and aortic valve replacement were also evaluated. RESULT--Coarctation was present in five patients. 31 (61%) patients had a functionally normal bicuspid aortic valve defined as a mean gradient < 25 mm Hg and mild regurgitation. Significant aortic regurgitation was present in 15 patients (moderate in 12 and severe in three). Three patients had isolated aortic stenosis and two patients had combined aortic valve dysfunction. At a median follow up of 21 months (range six to 46 months), six patients had aortic valve surgery (one for aortic stenosis, three for aortic regurgitation, and two for endocarditis). Only 22 patients (43%) continued to have a functionally normal aortic valve. CONCLUSION--In this cohort of fairly young patients, aortic regurgitation is more common than aortic stenosis. Progression of aortic valve dysfunction occurs in patients with pre-existing valve dysfunction and even in those with normal aortic valve function at the initial echocardiographic examination.     

Accessory mitral valve tissue in association with bicuspid aortic valve and aortic coarctation

Accessory mitral valve tissue (AMVT) is a rare congenital malformation of the heart. The first case of AMVT was described in 1842. The first surgical treatment of this lesion was published in 1963 and the first echocardiography (ECHO) diagnosis of AMVT was performed in 1985.A 50-year-old male with medical history of surgery of aortic coarctation 39 years ago was accepted to the hospital because of dyspnoea and repeated pain in the left thorax. ECHO revealed bicuspid aortic valve including progressive dilatation of an aortic root and ascending aorta with mild aortic regurgitation. Dilatation of mitral annulus with moderate regurgitation (without stenosis) and accessory mitral valve tissue combined with trivial obstruction of left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) was also present. AMVT with chordae was excised and mitral annuloplasty has been accomplished. Aortic root remodelling (Yacoub procedure) combined with an aortic valve repair and extra-aortic ring implantation has been performed subsequently. Control ECHO one year following surgery showed no regurgitation on either aortic or mitral valve.Symptomatology of the patient depends on the presence of AMVT associated with LVOT obstruction, moderate affection of aortic and mitral valves and on concomitant cardiovascular malformations. Echocardiography plays a principal role in the diagnosis, follow-up and indication of surgery of patients with this congenital lesion. Clinically silent AMVT requires follow-up, but it is not an indication for surgery itself. On the other hand AMVT associated with LVOT obstruction or mitral stenosis is an indication for surgery, especially combined with other cardiac malformations.     

Demographic characteristics of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for stenosis: relation to valve morphology.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of the different causes of isolated aortic valve stenosis in a surgical series, and to relate these to patient characteristics including the rate of insertion of bypass grafts for coronary artery disease. DESIGN: Survey of the clinical and pathological data on patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for isolated stenosis. SETTING: Tertiary care cardiothoracic surgical unit. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 465 adult patients undergoing aortic valve replacement representing a consecutive series in one surgical unit. Retrospective review of patients records and classification of cause of aortic stenosis based on pathological examination of excised valve cusps. RESULTS: 63.7% patients had calcific bicuspid valves, 26.9% tricuspid calcific valves, and 5.4% rheumatic, 2.6% mixed pathology and 1.5% unicommissural valves. The ratio of males to females for bicuspid valves was 1.85:1 and for tricuspid calcific valves 0.76:1. The mean age of patients with bicuspid valves was 64.9 years compared with 73.4 years for those with tricuspid valves. Some 22.3% of patients with bicuspid valves and 44.8% of those with tricuspid valves had sufficient coronary artery disease to necessitate insertion of coronary bypass grafts. The differential rate of insertion of coronary bypass grafts was independent of age. CONCLUSIONS: Bicuspid calcified aortic valves are the predominant cause of isolated aortic valve stenosis followed by tricuspid calcified aortic valves. The sex and age distribution of bicuspid and tricuspid calcific aortic valve stenosis is different. The higher rate of insertion of vascular grafts in tricuspid calcific aortic valves may indicate that risk factors for atherosclerosis enhance cusp calcification in these patients.