智能染色内镜联合放大内镜对早期胃癌的诊断价值

目的通过研究智能染色内镜(flexible spectral imaging color,FICE)联合放大内镜在早期胃癌中的诊断准确度,探讨其临床应用价值.方法回顾性分析承德医学院附属医院自2015-03/2015-12行胃镜检查怀疑早期胃癌并行FICE下放大观察的内镜图片,根据放大内镜下胃黏膜表面微结构、微血管及有无边界线,制定早期胃癌的内镜诊断标准,通过此标准对胃内病变做出诊断,再与病理比较,得出胃镜诊断早期胃癌的敏感性及特异性.结果共有177例图像进行了回顾性分析,病理诊断为低级别上皮内瘤变26例,高级别上皮内瘤变12例,慢性炎症或萎缩性胃炎或肠上皮化生患者139例,FICE联合放大内镜诊断上皮内瘤变的敏感性为68.4%,特异性为87.8%,Youden指数为56.2%.诊断为早期胃癌的敏感性为75.0%,特异性为100%,Youden指数75.0%.结论根据我们制定的标准,FICE联合放大内镜可提高胃镜诊断早期胃癌的准确性.     

摩罗丹联合维生素E对慢性萎缩性胃炎伴低级别上皮内瘤变的临床疗效

[目的]探讨摩罗丹联合维生素E对慢性萎缩性胃炎伴低级别上皮内瘤变的临床疗效。[方法]将120例慢性萎缩性胃炎伴低级别上皮内瘤变患者随机分成2组,A组60例予摩罗丹加维生素E治疗,B组60例仅给予维生素E治疗,2组均连续服药6个月,观察2组治疗前后的临床症状、内镜及病理形态学的变化情况。[结果]A组的临床症状缓解率是90.7%、内镜下表现好转率是87.1%、对低级别上皮内瘤变的总有效率是77.7%,B组分别是69.1%、63.7%、54.6%,2组比较均差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]摩罗丹联合维生素E治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎伴低级别上皮内瘤变临床疗效显著。     

内镜智能分光比色技术对早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨内镜智能分光比色技术(FICE)对早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断价值.方法 257例食管可疑病变患者分别接受FICE染色内镜、FICE染色放大内镜、2％ Lugol液染色内镜、2％ Lugol液染色放大内镜检查,并将内镜检查结果与活检病理结果进行对比分析.结果 FCIE染色内镜诊断早期食管癌的阳性率为92.6％(25/27),Lugol液染色内镜诊断早期食管癌的阳性率为88.9％ (24/27),两者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.642);FICE染色放大内镜诊断早期食管癌的阳性率为96.3％(26/27),Lugol染色放大内镜诊断早期食管癌的阳性率为92.6％ (25/27),两者比较差异亦无统计学意义(P =0.556).FICE染色放大内镜可清晰观察乳头内毛细血管袢(IPCL)形态并进行分型,早期食管癌和高级别上皮内瘤变IPCL分型主要为Ⅳ和Ⅴ型,低级别上皮内瘤变和食管炎主要为Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,正常食管主要为Ⅰ型;而2％ Lugol液染色放大内镜尚不能清晰观察IPCL分型.FICE染色内镜模式下无不良反应发生;2％ Lugol液染色内镜下不良反应发生率为12.8％ (33/257).结论 FICE染色放大内镜能准确判断早期食管癌病理分型,提高食管癌及癌前病变的诊断率,是Lugol液染色内镜的有效补充.     

光学活检与组织病理对胃黏膜上皮内瘤变的诊断价值

[目的]了解共聚焦激光显微内镜（confocal laser endomicroscopy,CLE）对胃黏膜低级别上皮内瘤变的应用前景及诊断价值。[方法]对195例隆起糜烂性胃炎伴黏膜粗糙患者进行分组,分别采取普通内镜下活检及CLE指导活检,比较2组的诊断率,病理诊断为金标准对共聚焦结果进行评价。[结果]CLE组诊断率明显高于常规内镜组（P〈0.05）,对比病理检查共聚焦诊断的敏感性为86.36%,特异性为95.83%。[结论]CLE在胃黏膜低级别上皮内瘤变诊断中具有重要价值,为提高诊断效率提供了新方法。     

智能分光染色放大内镜在胃平坦型病变诊断中的应用价值

目的:对胃平坦型病变进行富士能智能分光染色内镜(Fujinon intelligent chromoendoscopy,FICE)放大内镜观察,对比FICE放大内镜与病理检查的一致性,探讨FICE放大内镜在胃平坦型病变诊断中的应用价值.方法:2012-09/2014-08对江汉大学附属医院发现的248个胃黏膜平坦性病变进行富士能FICE放大内镜检查.在FICE及放大模式观察病灶腺管开口与毛细血管形态,对其形态进行分型,并结合整体内镜下表现预测病理诊断.将FICE放大内镜下的内镜判定结果与病理组织学结果进行对比,评价其一致性与关联性.FICE内镜与病理诊断的一致性评价采用Kappa检验.结果:萎缩在FICE内镜下主要表现为C、D、E型胃小凹形态;肠上皮化生在F I C E内镜下主要表现为D、E型胃小凹形态;高级别上皮内瘤变及早期癌在FICE内镜下主要表现为E、F型胃小凹形态.FICE放大内镜技术判定萎缩、肠上皮化生、异型增生及早期癌的结果与病理诊断的结果具有较好的一致性.结论:FICE放大内镜技术有助于对病变性质如炎症、萎缩、肠上皮化生、上皮内瘤变及早期癌等的判断,有较好的临床应用价值.     

胃上皮内瘤变发生及内镜检测准确性的影响因素探讨

目的探讨影响胃上皮内瘤变的危险因素及应用内镜对检测胃上皮内瘤变准确性的影响因素。方法选取因胃黏膜病变行内镜下切除术治疗的患者102例,其中73例证实为胃上皮内瘤变作为瘤变组,随机选择健康体检者70名作为对照组,观察影响胃上皮内瘤变的危险因素及应用内镜对检测胃上皮瘤变准确性的影响因素。结果长期饮酒、不吃早餐、喜好油腻食物、熬夜及伴幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)感染是引起胃上皮内瘤变的危险因素;病变大小是影响内镜活检病理诊断准确性的独立相关因素。结论积极干预胃萎缩性胃炎或肠化生病变的患者长期饮酒、不吃早餐、喜好油腻食物、熬夜及伴H.pylori感染等危险因素;对于直径≥3 cm的病变,应当直接行内镜下切除术。     

不同内镜检查模式诊断癌前病变及食管早癌的临床价值研究

[目的]分别使用普通白光模式、高清智能染色内镜(FICE)及FICE+卢戈氏碘染色模式对食管病变行内镜观察,比较3种不同模式诊断早期食管癌及癌前病变的临床价值。[方法]选取行上消化道内镜检查的患者9765例,每例依次进行普通白光模式、FICE模式以及FICE+卢戈氏碘染色模式内镜检查,其中发现食管部位病变的患者99例,共检出病变130处。分别记录在3种模式下所发现的食管病变部位、形状、大小,并以活检及手术病理结果作为诊断金标准,比较3种模式对食管早癌和癌前病变的检出率、特异性。[结果]3种模式中FICE+卢戈氏碘染色模式的病变检出率、特异性明显高于普通白光模式,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);而在食管早癌和癌前病变的检出率上略高于FICE模式,差异无统计学意义(P=0.120);在发现食管高级别内瘤变(食管早癌及重度不典型增生)的特异性方面显著高于普通白光模式以及FICE模式,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.483,P=0.000;χ2=5.385,P=0.027)。[结论]FICE+卢戈氏碘染色模式能提高癌前病变及食管早癌的检出率,并对高级别内瘤变具有更高检测特异性。     

放大内镜观察胃窦孤立性隆起病变微血管变化对早期胃癌的诊断价值

[目的]探讨放大内镜观察胃窦孤立性隆起病变微血管变化对早期胃癌诊断的价值。[方法]收集118例常规胃镜观察下胃窦孤立性隆起糜烂病灶的患者,对该病变进行染色放大,观察其微血管改变。[结果]118例中,56例为慢性浅表性胃炎,50例为慢性萎缩性胃炎,12例为早期胃癌。慢性浅表性胃炎、慢性萎缩性胃炎患者微血管改变多为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型;早期胃癌Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型微血管改变的患者显著多于慢性浅表性胃炎、慢性萎缩性胃炎患者(P0.01)。[结论]微血管改变与临床病理特征密切相关,放大内镜可提高早期胃癌的检查率,且有助于判断癌变浸润深度。     

窄带成像放大内镜联合超声微探头诊断早期食管癌及癌前病变的价值

目的 研究窄带成像放大内镜联合超声微探头对早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断价值.方法 58例经常规内镜观察有食管黏膜粗糙、糜烂、颜色异常、微隆起等可疑病变,首次病检均示慢性炎症患者,再次内镜检查时,对可疑病灶行微探头超声检查,在窄带成像放大内镜下观察病变部位上皮乳头内毛细血管袢的形态,并在其引导下对病变区行活组织病理检查,将放大内镜下毛细血管袢的形态结果与组织病理诊断对照研究后进行统计学分析.结果 58例常规内镜及活检为慢性炎症者经窄带成像放大内镜联合超声并在其引导下对病变区行活组织病理检查确诊鳞癌10例(17.24%),其中早期食管癌8例,高级别瘤变4例(6.89%),低级别瘤变16例(27.58%),食管炎28例(48.27%).食管癌组60.00%(6/10)为Ⅳ型上皮乳头内毛细血管袢(IPCL),40.00%(4/10)为Ⅲ型IPCL;高级别瘤变组75.00%(3/4)为Ⅲ型IPCL,25.00%(1/4)为Ⅳ型IPCL;低级别瘤变组,50.00%(8/16)为Ⅲ型IPCL,43.75%(7/16)为Ⅱ型IPCL,6.25%(1/16)为Ⅰ型IPCL;食管炎组85.18%(23/27)为Ⅱ型IPCL,11.11%(3/27)为Ⅰ型IPCL,3.71%(1/27)为Ⅲ型IPCL.食管癌、高级别瘤变的IPCL与食管炎的ILCL比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 窄带成像放大内镜联合超声微探头对早期食管癌及癌前病变有较高的诊断价值.     

色彩增强技术联合放大内镜诊断食管浅表性病变

目的 应用色彩增强技术(FICE)联合内镜观察食管病变后食管上皮乳头内毛细血管袢(IPCL)的改变,探讨FICE在食管病变诊断中的价值.方法 对患者先行普通胃镜检查,发现食管病变后再利用富士能EG-590ZW内镜行FICE观察,分析食管病变后食管上皮IPCL改变,并研究了31例浅表性食管病变的IPCL与病理组织学之间关系.结果 (1)FICE放大观察将IPCL分为4型:Ⅰ型IPCL分布均匀,形态规则,见于正常食管;Ⅱ型IPCL延长,主要见于食管炎;Ⅲ型IPCL出现扩张、波浪样弯曲、管径粗细不均以及不规则形态改变中的2至3种改变,主要见于食管上皮异型增生;Ⅳ型IPCL出现扩张、波浪样弯曲、管径粗细不均以及不规则形态改变中所有4种变化,主要见于食管鳞癌.(2)17例食管炎中15例IPCL表现为Ⅱ型、2例表现为Ⅲ型;10例食管上皮异型增生中8例IPCI表现为Ⅲ型、2例表现为Ⅳ型,表现为Ⅳ型的2例均为重度食管上皮异型增生;1例sml食管鳞癌IPCL表现为Ⅲ型;3例进展期食管鳞癌均表现为Ⅳ型.结论 FICE联合内镜能清楚显示食管黏膜IPCL,通过应用FICE联合内镜观察食管病灶的IPCL变化,可以很好地确定食管浅表性病变的性质,对食管肿瘤性病变的诊断具有重要的应用价值.     

Present Status of Early Colorectal Cancer in Japan

We examined and clinicopathologically analyzed 422 patients with early colorectal cancer that we encountered, and discussed the problems typical of early colorectal cancers in Japan. In Japan we define early colorectal cancer as consisting of intramucosal cancer and cancer with submucosal invasion. Because histopathologists subjectively diagnose patients with intramucosal cancer, their diagnoses for the same specimen often differ from each other. The only way to avoid such confusion caused by diagnostic differences and to reach a consensus on the diagnosis of intramucosal cancer is to make a diagnosis of intramucosal cancer only in those patients who clearly show the structural atypia and/or the cellular atypia, that are typical of cancer. No one will deny the importance of the depressed type early cancer, the number of cases of which have recently been increasing in Japan. However, it is also important to assert that endoscopically-discovered depressed neoplastic lesions are not always cancer. In the depressed neoplastic lesions discovered in our patients, the number of adenoma was almost three times that of cancer. Forty percent of the patients with depressed type early cancer also had an adenoma component. Therefore, at this moment we cannot conclude that early cancer with a depression is de-novo-genetic colorectal cancer. Eighty percent of early colorectal cancers are discovered to be the protruded type of early cancer. Twenty-six percent of early cancers with submucosal invasion, including early cancers with massively submucosal invasion, are 6 to 10 mm in diameter and 76% of these are protruded early cancers. These facts indicate that colorectal tumors, protruded or depressed, which are more than 6 to 10 mm in diameter should be endoscopically removed to prevent them from becoming advanced cancers.     

Clinicopathologic factors influence accurate endosonographic assessment for early gastric cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: EUS has become a valuable tool for the selection of patients who are suitable for EMR of early gastric cancer (EGC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the various clinicopathologic factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy of EUS in EGC. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective, single-center study. PATIENTS: A total of 206 patients suspected of EGC endoscopically who underwent EUS examination and curative treatment for EGC at Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, from October 2001 to May 2005 were included. INTERVENTIONS: We reviewed the medical records of 206 patients and compared preoperative EUS staging with final histopathologic staging of the resected specimen according to the clinicopathologic parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy of EUS for predicting tumor invasion depth was significantly affected by the histopathologic differentiation and the size of tumor. The differentiated cell types were associated with higher diagnostic accuracy in predicting the tumor invasion. Lesions located in the mid one third of the stomach larger than 3 cm had significantly higher probability of overstaging. Poorly differentiated histologic diagnosis had a significantly higher probability of understaging. There was no significant factor associated with the endosonographic prediction of lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: EGC with undifferentiated histopathologic features or large tumor size is more frequently associated with an incorrect diagnosis in tumor invasion depth by EUS. EGC with a size larger than 3 cm and poorly differentiated histologic diagnosis should be cautiously considered in the decision on treatment modality by pretreatment EUS staging.     

Ball Measure for Quantitative Analysis of Minute Morphological Changes in Mucosal and Submucosal Cancer

Abstract: We introduce the “ball measure” concept, which is utilized for quantitatively evaluating minute morphological changes in the mucosal surface of superficial cancer. The ball measure device is a completely spherical, white-colored, plastic ball with a 1-mm outer diameter. An applicator is also available, which can settle the ball accurately on any mucosal surface target. The ball measure device is attached around the lesion, allowing precise assessment of the height of a marginal elevation or depression. The actual sizes of granules in the ulcer bed can also be described with this method. We believe that the ball measure technique is an indispensable means of objectively assessing morphology, and thereby of providing an accurate diagnosis of the infiltrative depth of an early cancer.     

Clinicopathologic study of 208 patients with early gastric cancer in Taiwan: A comparison between Eastern and Western countries

Abstract To investigate whether there are any differences between the clinicopathologic characteristics of early gastric cancer (EGC) patients in Eastern and Western countries, 208 Taiwanese patients with EGC were reviewed between 1964 and 1992. The incidence of cancer has increased slightly over the 29-year period. Men were diagnosed with EGC frequently than women, and their mean age was 56 years. Epigastralgia (58.2%) was the most common symptom, whereas 5.8% of cancers were incidentally detected by endoscopy. Physical signs and laboratory tests were of limited value in making the diagnosis. Endoscopy was a better diagnostic aid than radiology. Tumours were frequently located in the lower third (53.2%) and middle third (43.3%) of the stomach. Cancers of the elevated type (17.8%) were less frequent than the depressed type (82.2%). Type II_c (31.2%) was the most common macroscopic type. The frequency of mucosal carcinoma (51.0%) was similar to submucosal carcinoma (49.0%). Mucosal carcinoma had less lymph node metastases (3.1%) than submucosal carcinoma (12.2%; P < 0.05), with an overall frequency of metastases of 7.5% (14/186). The 5-year survival rate was 90.8%. The clinicopathologic characteristics of EGC in Taiwan were similar to those of Western countries and other Eastern countries. Improvement of diagnostic examinations and endoscopic surveillance of asymptomatic subjects may lead to early diagnosis and thus ensure a more favourable outcome.     

A Clinicopathological Study of IIa +IIc Type Early Colorectal Cancer with Massive Submucosal Invasion

Abstract: The authors investigated clinical data and pathological findings of eight cases of IIa⁺IIc type early colorectal cancer which showed minimal invasion in the mucosal laver, but massive invasion in the submucosal layer (deep invasion type). The average age of these 8 patients was 57.8 years (6 out of 8 cases were between 55 and 61-years-old). 6 patients were males; 2 were females. Five patients were asymptomatic with a positive reaction for fecal occult blood; the other 2 had anal bleeding. All but 1 patient were diagnosed as having the IIa+IIc type of cancerous lesion, by barium enema examination and colonoscopy. Five patients had lesions in the sigmoid colon, 2 had lesions in the rectum, and 1 had a lesion in the ascending colon. The maximum lesion diameters ranged from 5 to 25 mm, averaging 15.9 mm. Six lesions were less than 20 mm in maximum diameter; 3 of these were less than 10 mm. Pathologically, 5 cases were moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, 2 were well differentiated adenocarcinoma, and one was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. None of the lesions had a coexisting adenomatous component. The incidence of lymph node metastasis was considerably higher than expected (2 out of 8 cases) for early invasive colorectal cancer. Our results suggest that the deep invasion type of early colorectal cancers (which probably arise de novo) are, though small as a rule, considered to have great potential to be malignant.     

SELF‐LIMITING RISK OF METACHRONOUS GASTRIC CANCERS AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION

Background: Since endoscopic resection (ER) has been established as a treatment for early gastric cancer, metachronous multiple cancers have become a problem. It is unclear whether the risk of metachronous cancer is self‐limiting or permanent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of multiple cancers after ER during a long‐term follow‐up study. Patients and Methods: A total of 234 patients who received initial ER for early gastric cancers were evaluated retrospectively. ER included endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection. Patients were followed up with endoscopy for 3.0–19.6 years (median, 5.0 years), including 40 patients surveyed for more than 10 years. Accessory cancers detected after ER, but which could be retrospectively viewed in pre‐ER pictures, were evaluated in the metachronous group. Results: Thirty patients (12.8%) developed 36 metachronous multiple cancers. The median interval between the discovery of metachronous cancer and the initial ER was 3.2 years; the longest interval was 9.7 years. Eight (22.2%) of the 36 metachronous cancers could be detected retrospectively in the picture record from pre‐ER. The Kaplan–Meier curve of cumulative incidence of metachronous cancers stopped increasing after 10 years of follow up. Conclusions: Although the residual gastric mucosa after ER is thought to be a high‐risk environment, the high risk may only be the result of occult synchronous cancers. It is probable that the high risk of metachronous cancers is not continuous after 10 years.     

Early gastric cancer with Krukenberg tumor and review of cases of intramucosal gastric cancers with Krukenberg tumor

A 47-year-old woman was admitted because of hypermenorrhea. Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed an ovarian tumor and myoma uteri, and total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Histology revealed signet-ring cell carcinoma in the right ovary. In order to find out the primary site of this tumor, gastroendoscopy was performed after the operation, and showed a IIc lesion in the lower body of the stomach; biopsy specimens showed signet-ring cell carcinoma similar to that in the right ovary. Total gastrectomy revealed that the lesion was an early gastric cancer confined to the mucosa, but there was lymphatic invasion slightly beneath the muscularis mucosa, with regional lymph node metastasis. In the light of a review of the seven cases of early gastric cancer with Krukenberg tumor previously reported, lymphatic metastasis seemed to be the most likely pathway of ovarian metastasis in early gastric cancers.     

Study on minute surface structures of the depressed‐type early gastric cancer with magnifying endoscopy

Background: Gastric surface patterns and morphology of minute surface vessels in depressed lesions were analyzed using a magnifying endoscope with high resolving power to contribute to qualitative diagnosis of gastric cancer. Methods: Subjects were diagnosed with depressed‐type early gastric cancer (pT1), there were 63 lesions, 38 differentiated‐type lesions, and 25 undifferentiated‐type lesions. There were also 40 benign depressed lesions found. After routine observations with an endoscope, amplifying observations of lesions were made by EG‐410CR (Fuji Photo Optical; Saitama, Japan) (CR). The images were compared with macroscopic patterns and histopathological patterns of the surgical specimens and endoscopic mucosal resection specimens. Results: Surface patterns of gastric depressed lesions were classified as irregular protrusion, normal papilla, pseudopapilla and amorphia. Irregular protrusion was found only in cancerous lesions. Characteristic minute vessels were observed in amorphia. Their patterns were classified into the following six types: sand, fence, round net, flat net, branch and coil. Irregular protrusion and minute vessels in amorphia (round net, flat net, branch and coil) were specific to cancers. There was a tendency for round net and flat net patterns to be found often in differentiated cancers and for branch and coil patterns to be found often in undifferentiated cancers. Conclusion: This magnifying endoscopic classification is considered useful for the qualitative diagnosis of depressed‐type early gastric cancer.     

内镜下黏膜剥离术治疗消化道早癌及癌前病变24例临床分析

目的观察内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)对消化道病变的治疗效果。方法2006年11月至2008年6月,中国人民解放军总医院消化科内镜中心ESD治疗消化道病变24例。观察其疗效及并发症发生情况。结果24例患者病变全部切除成功,操作时间36～165 min,平均75.7 min。其中,胃窦体病变操作时间41～81 min,平均60.1 min;2个胃底部病变耗时分别为114 min和118 min,平均116.0 min;食管病变操作时间39～102 min,平均63.7 min;大肠病变36～165 min,平均83.8 min。无术中出血、穿孔并发症发生,术后迟发出血1例,内镜下止血成功,出血率为4.1%。患者住院天数5～19 d,平均8.8 d。所有病例均纳入内镜随访计划,随访时间最长12个月,最短1个月。随访结果,复发1例,复发残留率4.2%。结论ESD虽然有操作过程复杂、操作技巧难度大等缺点,但对于消化道早期肿瘤以及黏膜病变具有整块切除率高、复发率较低、并发症少等优点,值得推广。