耐药志贺菌1类整合子的研究

目的分析我院志贺菌的流行菌株类型和耐药特点,研究志贺菌1类整合子的检出率、与耐药的相关性及其携带的耐药基因盒。方法从本院肠道门诊腹泻患者的粪便标本分离出70株志贺菌,以K-B琼脂法测定药敏情况;PCR扩增1类整合子可变区并进行序列测定和基因盒分析。结果70株志贺菌对四环素、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、利福平、萘啶酸的耐药率均>60%;对喹诺酮类常用药诺氟沙星耐药率较低,为12.8%;对头孢菌素类的耐药率≤10%。多重耐药率较高,达到77.1%。16株(22.9%)志贺菌中检出1类整合子。其中8株检出大小约为1 900 bp的1类整合子,测序显示含有编码对甲氧苄啶耐药的基因盒dhfrXⅡ和对氨基糖苷类耐药的基因盒aadA2,另8株检出大小约为1 000 bp的1类整合子,测序显示含有编码对氨基糖苷类耐药的基因盒aadA2。结论本院志贺菌流行株主要是福氏和宋内氏志贺杆菌,多重耐药率较高。志贺菌中存在1类整合子,与志贺菌的耐药具有相关性     

临床痢疾志贺菌整合子检测及耐药基因盒序列分析

目的 检测印度东部1988、1995和2002年部分临床分离痢疾志贺菌中细菌耐药关系密切的1、2、3类整合酶基因及整合子携带的耐药基因盒的分布,分析整合子系统对志贺菌耐药的影响.方法 纸片扩散法检测实验菌株对药物的敏感性;应用PCR方法对16株临床耐药菌株进行1、2、3类整合酶基因(intI)筛选,对阳性样本可变区基因盒序列进行鉴定分析.结果 所有16株菌均耐4种及4种以上药物,包括β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、四环素类、磺胺类、氯霉素类和喹诺酮类.13株菌检出1类整合酶基因,全部菌株含2类整合酶基因,即发现同时存在两种整合子结构菌株,未检测到3类整合酶基因.1类整合酶插入基因盒以blaara30-aadAl基因家族为主,分别对β-内酰胺类抗生素、链霉素、壮观霉素耐药;2类整合酶插人基因盒以dfrAl-satl组合为主,分别对甲氧苄氨嘧啶、链丝菌素耐药,同时在4株菌中发现dfrAl-satl-aadAl基因盒组合.结论 2类整合子普遍存在于临床志贺菌中.整合子与志贺菌的多重耐药具有密切相关性.     

产超广谱β内酰胺酶临床分离株可转移多重耐药分子机制的研究

目的 研究产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)临床分离株可转移多重耐药性的分子机制。方法 采用E-试验条进行药敏检测，电转化试验筛选、分离耐药质粒，聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增Ⅰ型整合子基因盒插入序列及其分子克隆和序列分析。结果 9个产ESBLs耐药质粒中有8个检测出了插入序列，其中7个携带了1～2种抗药性基因盒。包括氨基糖苷类钝化酶aacA4、aadA2和aadA5；甲氧苄啶钝化酶dhfrA12和dfrA17；利福平钝化酶arr-3；氯霉素外排蛋白cmlA6。基因盒功能与转化子耐药表型一致。结论 质粒定位和整合子介导的抗药性基因盒可能是导致ESBLs产酶株多重耐药性产生和(或)播散的重要原因。     

志贺菌流行菌株耐药性及R质粒的研究

目的调查志贺菌在流行季节的主要血清型和耐药性。方法收集临床分离的志贺菌１５７株，进行血清学分型、药物敏感试验和Ｒ质粒接合试验。结果除１株为宋内志贺菌外其余１５６株均为福氏志贺菌，福氏志贺菌对四环素、氨苄西林和复方新诺明高度耐药达８５％以上。对诺氟沙星的耐药率也有２７．６％，仅有的１株宋内志贺菌对诺氟沙星，氧氟沙星，环丙沙星均耐药。耐诺氟沙星的细菌的Ｒ质粒接合试验的阳性率为５１．２％。结论福氏志贺菌是主要的血清型，对多种抗菌药物有较高的耐药率，没有证据提示Ｒ质粒能介导对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性     

整合子介导产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶志贺菌的多重耐药研究

目的探讨产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）志贺菌的耐药特性及其耐药机制。方法采用K-B法药敏试验筛选可疑产ESBL志贺菌株;通过改良三维试验、E-test试验及相对水解率测定对可疑产ESBL志贺菌进行鉴定;采用TEM、SHV、CTX-M-1组、CTX-M-2组和CTX-M-9组β-内酰胺酶通用引物进行PCR检测,并对TEM和CTX-M-9组全编码基因引物等PCR扩增产物进行DNA序列分析;对产ESBL志贺菌进行结合传递试验,供体菌和接合子用稀释法进行MIC测定。对ESBL菌株进行Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子的多重PCR检测,Ⅰ类整合子可变区PCR扩增产物进行DNA测序,确定耐药基因盒的种类和数量。结果275株志贺菌中有12株为产ESBL志贺菌,其基因型为CTX-M-14和CTX-M-1组;产ESBL志贺菌结合传递试验全部阳性,其结合子只对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药。12株ESBL志贺菌只含Ⅰ类整合子,整合子可变区含有dfrA17-aadA5耐药基因盒。结论济南地区志贺菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素的交叉耐药由质粒介导,对磺胺类和氨基糖苷类多重耐药由整合子介导。     

福氏志贺菌4av和Yv血清型PCR鉴定方法的建立及应用

目的 建立福氏志贺菌4av和Yv血清型PCR鉴定方法。方法 根据福氏志贺菌4av和Yv血清型O抗结构,针对O抗合成基因wzx、IV型抗原决定基因gtrIV和MASF IV-1抗原决定基因opt,建立血清型4av和Yv 的PCR鉴定方法。并应用该方法对126株福氏志贺菌临床分离株进行血清型检测。结果 建立了一种福氏志贺菌4av和Yv血清型PCR鉴定方法,在一个反应中包括4对引物,Yv血清型PCR扩增为wzx及opt阳性;4av血清型PCR扩增为wzx、opt及gtrIV阳性。该方法可将4av和Yv血清型与目前已知的其他福氏志贺菌血清型完全区分。对126株不同血清型福氏志贺菌临床分离株的鉴定结果显示,该方法具有很好的特异性。结论 本研究建立的福氏志贺菌4av和Yv血清型PCR鉴定方法,可以用于志贺菌检测和监测。     

志贺菌喹诺酮类耐药株gyrA和parC基因突变研究

目的检测志贺菌对喹诺酮类药的耐药情况,指导临床合理用药;探讨志贺菌喹诺酮类耐药株gyrA和parC基因的突变,分析GyrA和ParC氨基酸改变与喹诺酮类耐药的关系。方法 2010~2012年从宿州市3家综合性医院收集志贺菌76株,进行分离培养和血清型鉴定;采用K-B纸片法进行药物敏感试验;采用PCR方法检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA和parC基因,并挑选部分PCR产物进行DNA测序分析。结果收集的76株志贺菌中福氏志贺菌74株（占97.4%）,宋内志贺菌2株（占2.6%）;药敏结果显示志贺菌耐药情况严重,其中对阿莫西林耐药率最高,达100%;对头孢噻肟耐药率最低,为6.5%。对gyrA基因的序列分析发现3个导致氨基酸改变的基因点突变：Ser83→Leu,Asp87→Gly及His211→Tyr;对parC基因序列分析发现2个导致氨基酸改变的基因点突变：parC Ser80→Ile和Asp197→Asn。结论宿州市志贺菌感染仍以福氏志贺菌为优势菌群,且耐药严重,临床治疗志贺菌感染可优先选择头孢噻肟。志贺菌属对喹诺酮类药物产生耐药性与gyrA和parC基因突变有关,GyrA His211→Tyr和ParC Asp197→Asn氨基酸变异与喹诺酮类耐药的关系需进一步研究。     

上海市沙门菌和志贺菌腹泻型谱和耐药特征的分析

目的通过对沙门菌和志贺菌致泻血清型和耐药性研究了解菌型特征及耐药谱。方法收集和鉴定了115株沙门菌和644株志贺菌；以K—B法测试沙门菌和志贺菌对16种抗生素的耐药率，使用E-test定量法确认产超广谱β-内酰酶（ESBLs）菌株。结果肠炎沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌和福氏志贺菌4c亚型（F4c）、宋内、福氏志贺菌2b亚型（F2b）分别是造成腹泻的优势血清型；比较2年中沙门菌的耐药率有上升趋势，耐四环素-萘啶酸-复方新诺明的R1型志贺菌比例高达79．91％．产ESBLs的分别有1株肠炎沙门菌、44株福氏志贺菌、11株宋内志贺菌。结论试管凝集效价是诊断不典型志贺菌型特异性抗原的定量依据．用E-test法判定的产ESBLs沙门和志贺菌符合复燃的新型肠道病原菌定义，志贺菌的耐药型谱对肠道门诊选用抗菌药物具有重要参考价值。     

大肠埃希菌中新的耐药基因盒aadA23的变异

目的基于整合子-细菌耐药系统在细菌耐药机制中的重要作用,对成人腹泻患者的大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株携带的耐药基因盒的基因特征进行分析.方法应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测Ⅰ类整合酶基因intⅠ阳性菌株并对其整合的耐药基因进行测序及用生物信息软件对序列进行分析.结果5株Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性菌株的耐药基因盒PCR扩增得到1009 bp的产物.序列分析结果表明,1009 bp序列含有780 bp的开放阅读框,与已知的aadA23和aadA21分别有99.6%和99.5%的相似性,与aadA5只有66.4%相似,为对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物壮观霉素、链霉素产生耐药的基因盒,建议命名为aadA23b.结论随着选择环境不同,整合子整合的基因盒会发生变异,提示我们要用分子生物学的手段从基因水平分析耐药基因的遗传与变异.     

铜绿假单胞菌整合子检测的相关性研究

目的调查天津地区铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudom onas aeruginosa,PA）的整合子流行情况,并分析整合子与PA耐药的相关性。方法收集53株天津地区临床分离的耐碳青霉烯PA,K-B法与MH肉汤微量稀释法测定其药敏情况,并用PCR法扩增整合子的整合酶基因,对阳性PCR产物采用HinfⅠ内切酶作限制片段长度多态性（RFLP）分析进行整合子分类。结果 53株耐碳青霉烯PA对哌拉西林等14种抗菌药的耐药率从30%～100%。18.9%（10/53）的PA中检出整合子;PCR-RFLP结果显示均为Ⅰ类整合子,未检出Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子。结论Ⅰ类整合子较广泛地存在于天津区耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌中,整合子与PA的耐药和多重耐药具有相关性。     

Class 1 integrons and resistance gene cassettes among multidrug resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from slaughter animals and foods of animal origin in Ethiopia

The present study was undertaken to identify and characterize integrons and integrated resistance gene cassettes among multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates from slaughter animals and food products of animal origin in Ethiopia. A total of 98 epidemiologically unrelated Salmonella isolates comprising 13 serovars were characterized using serotyping, phage typing, antimicrobial resistance testing and the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. Integron-PCR was used to detect the presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons in the MDR strains. The associated individual resistance gene cassettes were identified using specific PCRs and DNA sequencing. The location of the integrons was determined by Southern blot hybridization analysis. Among the Salmonella serovars, a high level of antimicrobial resistance was found to streptomycin (82.6%), tetracycline (75.5%), sulfamethoxazole (60.2%), spectinomycin (53.1%), ampicillin (42.8%), nalidixic acid (34.7%), nitrofurantoin (30.6%), trimethoprim (27.5%), gentamicin (20.4%) and ciprofloxacin (19.4%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 53.1% of the MDR isolates comprising serovars Anatum, Braenderup, Kentucky, Saintpaul and Typhimurium. Of the class 1 integron positive isolates 61.5% harboured the integron-associated gene cassettes: aadA2, aadA2+bla(PSE-1), dfrA1-aadA1 and dfrA12-orf-aadA2 (amplicon sizes 1000 bp, 1000+1200 bp, 1600 bp and 1900 bp, respectively). The chromosomally located aadA2 and aadA2+bla(PSE-1) resistance gene cassettes occurred exclusively in S. Typhimurium DT104 isolates, the other cassettes were found on large plasmids in several serovars. An aacCA5-aadA7 gene cassette array (amplicon size 1600 bp) was exclusively found in all MDR S. Kentucky strains of R type Str/SpeSmxGenNalAmpTetCipCef and this integron was shown to be chromosomally located. Results of the present study indicate that class 1 integrons carrying gene cassettes, which confer resistance to different classes of antimicrobials such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and trimethoprim are widespread among the MDR Salmonella serovars isolated from slaughter animals and food products of animal origin in Ethiopia indicating the important role of these genetic elements in the dissemination of multidrug resistance.     

Variable gene cassette patterns of class 1 integron-associated drug-resistant Escherichia coli in Taiwan

This study characterized class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli in Taiwan. The stability and changes in gene cassettes inserted into integrons were also evaluated. The study included 436 clinical strains of E. coli isolated in 2002. Class 1 integrons were characterized by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Genetic localization of class 1 integrons was determined by conjugal transfer and Southern hybridization. The results indicated that 64% of E. coli isolates carried class 1 integrons. Molecular analysis revealed that the class 1 integrons harbored 13 different antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes and two unknown gene cassettes; the predominant cassettes were aadA and dfrA. Novel gene cassettes first recovered from E. coli were aacA4 and linF. Cassette arrays orfD-aacA4-catB8 and aadA1-linF were also observed. Gene cassette dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 was stable. The class 1 integron and dfrA17-aadA5 gene cassette were located on the same transferable plasmids and were capable of transmission. Therefore, the increased drug resistance of clinical isolates may be explained by antibiotic selective pressure and widespread presence of integrons. Under antibiotic selective pressure, gene cassette-mediated resistance may not be easily lost. The potential role of integrons in the uptake and dissemination of resistance genes by plasmid between species of bacteria may decrease the therapeutic effectiveness of antibiotics.     

Characterization of class 1 integrons and antimicrobial resistance in CTX-M-3-producing Serratia marcescens isolates from southern Taiwan

The objective of this study was to characterize the gene cassettes of class 1 integrons and antimicrobial resistance among CTX-M-3-producing Serratia marcescens isolates from different specimens in southern Taiwan. One hundred and twenty-two isolates (70.5%) of 173 CTX-M-3-producing S. marcescens isolates were positive for class 1 integrons, including 53.3% of blood isolates, 94.1% of urine isolates, and 87.2% of sputum isolates. No class 2 or class 3 integrons were detected in this study. By PCR with primers 5'-CS and 3'-CS for the amplification of gene cassettes regions, amplicons ranging from 0.7 to 3.0 kb in length were found in 108 (88.5%) of the 122 class 1 integron-containing isolates of CTX-M-3-producing S. marcescens isolates. Ten different types by pattern of amplicons for class 1 integrons were obtained. The Type I amplicon (46.3%) harbors two different class 1 integrons containing the gene cassette of aadA2 and aadB-catB3, respectively, and was most prevalent in the gene cassette region-positive S. marcescens isolates, followed by the Type II amplicon, which harbors one class 1 integron containing the gene cassette dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 (28.7%). Most of the S. marcescens isolates (66.7%, 8/12) harboring three different class 1 integrons (Type IV amplicon) were found in blood isolates. Class 1 integrons were conjugally transferred to recipients in 92.0% of S. marcescens harboring two different class 1 integrons containing the gene cassettes aadA2 and aadB-catB3, respectively. The transfer rate of class 1 integron carrying dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 was detected in 77.4% of S. marcescens isolates. The results showed that all those isolates with conjugative transfer of integrons carried their class 1 integrons on the conjugative plasmids.     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica recovered from poultry meat in Tunisia and identification of new genetic traits

Thirty-seven Salmonella enterica isolates obtained from poultry meat in Tunisia were included in this study for characterization of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. High percentages of resistance were detected to ampicillin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and streptomycin (32.4%-89.2%), and lower percentages to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, kanamycin, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol, and chloramphenicol (2.7%-18.9%). All strains showed susceptibility to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. Class 1 integrons were detected in 30% of Salmonella isolates, and four different gene cassette arrangements were detected, including genes implicated in resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1 and aadA2) and trimethoprim (dfrA1). Four different Pc variants (PcW, PcH1, PcH1(TTN-10), PcW(TGN-10)) with inactive P2 have been found among these isolates. Integron-positive isolates were ascribed to eight different serotypes. A Salmonella Schwarzengrund isolate harbored a new class 1 integron containing the qacH-dfrA1b-aadA1b-catB2 gene cassette arrangement, with the very unusual PcH1(TTN-10) promoter, which has been registered in GenBank (accession no. HQ874651). Different plasmid replicon types were demonstrated among integron-positive isolates: IncI1 (8 isolates), IncN (8), IncP (2), IncFIB (2), and IncFII (2). Ten different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles were detected among the 11 integron-positive isolates and 8 different sequence types were identified by multilocus sequence typing, one of them (registered as ST867) was new, detected in 3 Salmonella Zanzibar isolates. A high diversity of clones is observed among poultry Salmonella isolates and a high proportion of them show a multiresistant phenotype with very diverse mobile genetic structures that could be implicated in bacterial dissemination in different environments.     

Genetic basis of multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium isolated from diarrheic calves in Egypt

Up to this date, nothing is known about the molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in Africa. Therefore, this study was carried out to screen the incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella from neonatal calf diarrhea in Egypt and also to characterize the molecular basis of this resistance. Nine unique Salmonella isolates were obtained from 220 fecal samples, and six of these showed multidrug resistance phenotypes and harbored at least two antimicrobial resistance genes. Four were Salmonellaenterica serovar Typhimurium and two were S.enterica serovar Enteritidis. Class 1 integrons were identified in all MDR Salmonella isolates. The identified gene cassettes within class 1 integrons were as follows; aminoglycoside adenyltransferase type A (aadA1, aadA2 and aadA5), which confer resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin, and dihydrofolate reductase gene cassettes (dfrA1, dfrA15 and dfrA15), which confer resistance to trimethoprim. A class 2 integron containing dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 gene cassettes was identified in only one isolate of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. The β-lactamase-encoding gene, bla_TEM-1, was identified in five isolates and the extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding genes, bla_CMY-2 and bla_SHV-12, were identified in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Furthermore, the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, were also identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of qnrS in S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, qnrB in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr in Salmonella of animal origin. Also, this is the first report of the molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals in Africa.     

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shigella flexneri</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shigella sonnei</Emphasis> isolated in Uzbekistan

Background

Shigella is a frequent cause of bacterial dysentery in the developing world. Treatment with effective antibiotics is recommended for shigellosis, but options become limited due to globally emerging resistance. One of the mechanisms for the development of resistance utilizes integrons. This study described the antibiotic susceptibility and the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons in S. flexneri and S. sonnei isolated in Uzbekistan.

Results

We studied 31 isolates of S. flexneri and 21 isolates of S. sonnei isolated in Uzbekistan between 1992 and 2007 for the susceptibility or resistance to ampicillin (Am), chloramphenicol (Cl), tetracycline (Te), co-trimoxazole (Sxt), kanamycin (Km), streptomycin (Str), gentamicin (Gm), cefazolin (Czn), cefoperazone (Cpr), cefuroxime (Cur), ceftazidime (Ctz), nalidixic acid (NA) and ciprofloxacin (Cip). Am/Str/Cl/Te and Am/Str/Cl/Te/Sxt resistance patterns were found most frequently in S. flexneri. Single isolates were resistant to aminoglycoside, quinolones and cephalosporins. The resistance patterns were different in the two species. Integrons were detected in 93.5% of S. flexneri (29/31) and 81.0% of S. sonnei (17/21) isolates. In addition, 61.3% of S. flexneri (19/31) isolates and 19.0% of S. sonnei (4/21) isolates carried both classes of integrons. In 29.0% of S. flexneri (9/31) isolates, only class 1 integrons were identified. In S. flexneri isolates, the presence of class 1 integrons was associated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Only Class 2 integrons were present in 61.9% of S. sonnei (13/21) isolates.

Conclusions

Our study documents antibiotic resistance among Shigella spp. in Uzbekistan. Ninety percent of Shigella strains were resistant to previously used antibiotics. Differences among S. flexneri and S. sonnei isolates in patterns of antimicrobial resistance to routinely used shigellosis antibiotics were observed. The majority of S. flexneri were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and streptomycin. Class 1 and 2 integrons were widely present in these Shigella strains. Resistance to ampicillin/chloramphenicol was associated with the presence of class 1 integrons. Though several mechanisms are possible, the resistance of Shigella isolates to ampicillin/chloramphenicol may be associated with the expression of genes within class 1 integrons.

     

整合子及相关基因盒在临床分离铜绿假单胞菌中的分布

目的检测Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子及Ⅰ类整合子相关基因盒在铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株中的分布,分析整合子对细菌耐药性的影响。方法用纸片法对62株临床分离铜绿假单胞菌进行药敏试验;应用多重PCR法检测62株铜绿假单胞菌Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子;对Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌进行整合子相关基因盒检测。结果62株菌中有40株(64.5%)含有Ⅰ类整合子,1株(1.6%)含有Ⅱ类整合子;没有检测到Ⅲ类整合子阳性菌。在Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌中,有26株携带Ⅰ类整合子相关基因盒(65.0%);分离自同一科室的部分菌株携带大小相同的基因盒;Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株的耐药率高于整合子阴性的菌株。结论Ⅰ类整合子及整合子相关基因盒在铜绿假单胞菌临床菌株中分布广泛,整合子在细菌耐药中发挥作用。