无创正压通气在外科术后发生急性呼衰患者中过渡撤机的临床48例分析

目的比较无创正压通气(NPPV)和有创正压通气(IPPV)救治外科术后发生急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)的临床效果,评估NPPV在治疗中(过渡撤机)的作用。方法对48例外科术后发生ARF的患者先采用气管插管IPPV治疗72h后不能撤机者进行NPPV以过渡撤机,观察比较IPPV72h后与NPPV12h后两者HrBPR及动脉血气分析各指标。结果IPPV72h后与NPPV12h后,各指标HrBPRPaO2PaCO2均稳定,差异无显著性(P0.05)48例中,39例成功撤机,9例因并发心、脑、血液系统疾病重新气管插管或气管切开进行IPPV。结论在经过选择的外科术后发生ARF患者中经气管插管IPPV治疗72h后难以撤机者,实施NPPV以过渡撤机,可达到理想的通气支持治疗效果。     

无创正压通气治疗AECOPD呼吸衰竭并肺性脑病的疗效观察

目的评价无创正压通气对AECOPD呼吸衰竭并肺性脑病患者的疗效。方法采用BiPAP呼吸机对AECOPD并高碳酸性脑病48例患者进行治疗,监测通气前及通气后4、24 h及48 h后的血气分析变化,观察患者的治疗转归及NPPV治疗的不良反应。结果与通气前比较,通气后,患者临床症状逐渐改善,PaCO2水平降低（P〈0.01）,PaO2水平升高（P〈0.01）,PH值升高（P〈0.01）。结论 NPPV对COPD并肺性脑病的患者有良好的治疗效果,对于二氧化碳的排出效果显著。     

无创正压通气救治急性呼吸衰竭的临床应用进展

近年来无创正压通气 (NPPV)的临床应用日渐广泛 ,尤其在急性呼吸衰竭 (ARF)救治中占有重要地位 ,可减少ARF患者的气管插管或气管切开以及相应的并发症。本文就NPPV的适应症 ,通气模式的选择 ,救治各种病因所致ARF的评价 ,作用机制及疗效预测作一综述。     

无创正压通气治疗AECOPD呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍临床观察

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NPPV)在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)呼吸衰竭伴有不同程度意识障碍患者中的疗效.方法 将57例患者根据有无意识障碍分为两组,观察其在接受NPPV治疗前及治疗1 h后、24 h后、撤机前动脉血气指标变化.根据Glasgow评分评价不同意识障碍患者对NPPV治疗的疗效.结果 经NPPV治疗,有意识障碍组治疗成功率76.67%(23/30),无意识障碍组治疗成功率88.89%(24/27),无统计学差异(P>0.05).有意识障碍组轻、中度意识障碍者和重度意识障碍者治疗成功率分别为86.36%(19/22)、50%(4/8),有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 NPPV治疗AECOPD呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍有较好的临床疗效,但对重度意识障碍患者可能疗效不佳.     

无创正压通气救治急性呼吸衰竭的临床应用进展

近年来无创正压通气(NPPV)的临床应用日渐广泛，尤其在急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)救治中占有重要地位，可减少ARF患者的气管插管或气管切开以及相应的并发症。本文就NPPV的适应症，通气模式的选择，救治各种病因所致ARF的评价，作用机制及疗效预测作一综述。     

无创正压通气在非COPD急性呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用

无创正压通气 (NPPV)治疗急性呼吸衰竭 (ARF)成为急救医学领域中一项重要进展 ,本文重点对非COPD肺部疾病引起的ARF临床应用NPPV治疗进行综述。     

无创正压通气在非COPD急性呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用

无创正压通气(NPPV)治疗急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)成为急救医学领域中一项重要进展，本文重点对非COPD肺部疾病引起的ARF临床应用NPPV治疗进行综述。     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍的疗效观察

目的观察无创正压通气（NPPV）治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍患者的疗效。方法将入选的16例COPD呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍患者分为A组,16例意识障碍不明显患者分为B组。在常规治疗的基础上行双水平无创正压通气（BiPAP）,动态观察治疗前后动脉血气、Glasgow昏迷评分、NPPV天数、住院天数、最高IPAP、NPPV成功率、住院病死率及不良反应情况。结果 A组NPPV成功率和住院病死率分别为68.75%（11/16）和18.75%（3/16）,B组分别为81.25%（13/16）和12.5%（2/16）,差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。A组最高IPAP均值较B组高6 cmH2O,且NPPV和总住院时间也较B组长3和7 d（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。A组胃肠胀气和面部皮肤损伤较B组发生率高（68.75%比18.75%,25.0%比6.25%,P〈0.05）。结论 NPPV对COPD呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍患者也有较好的疗效,意识障碍不是NPPV治疗的绝对禁忌症。     

无创正压通气临床研究年度进展2023

无创正压通气(NPPV)是临床治疗各类呼吸衰竭患者的常用手段, 在急诊、普通病房及ICU等多个治疗场景均有应用。本文通过Medline检索2022年 10月1日至2023年 9月30日期间NPPV相关临床研究的文献进行综述。在NPPV治疗新冠肺炎相关急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)方面, 有研究指出地区经济对呼吸支持策略的选择存在较大影响;轻中度ARDS比重度ARDS患者更适合应用NPPV;NPPV在减低严重呼吸困难者的自发性肺损伤比高流量鼻导管氧疗(HFNC)和普通氧疗获益更大。在非新冠肺炎相关ARF方面, 有研究指出HFNC和NPPV治疗高碳酸性ARF患者的疗效无明显差异;更新版的HACOR评分和ROX评分预测低氧性ARF患者NPPV治疗失败的准确性较高。在NPPV辅助撤机方面, 提出了早期撤机序贯NPPV比传统撤机方法的患者病死率更低、NPPV联合主动湿化比HFNC显著提高撤机失败非常高危患者的撤机成功率、不同人群在撤机后应该选择不同的无创呼吸支持策略的观点。此外, 无创高频振荡通气的应用也在提高CO2清除率方面显现出一定的潜力。     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期呼吸衰竭临床研究

目的评价无刨正压通气（NPPV）治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）急性加重期呼吸衰竭的价值。方法收集2004年01月至2006年08月住我院重症监护室（ICU）54例COPD急性加重期呼吸衰竭的患者，观察所有患者在常规治疗基础上，进行NPPV治疗后的临床表现、动脉血气的变化。结果1例不能耐受、4例改用有创机械通气，49例患者经NPPV治疗2h后呼吸困难缓解，心率、呼吸频率下降（P〈0．05），动脉血气指标、氧合指数改善（P〈0．05）。结论NPPV能明显改善COPD急性加重期呼吸衰竭的症状、低氧血症、氧合指数及二氧化碳潴留，说明NPPV治疗有效，耐受件好，并发症少。     

Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure: integrated use of negative pressure ventilation and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) can be treated with either invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), which can spare the complications of artificial airways. To evaluate the efficacy of an integrated approach using negative pressure ventilation (NPV) with iron lung and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), we performed a prospective study in a group of patients admitted to our respiratory ICU (RICU) for ARF due to exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure (CRF). SETTING: RICU at "R. Silvestrini" Hospital in Perugia, Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-two consecutive patients were included in the study and treated with iron lung as first choice or, when contraindicated or not tolerated, with NPPV using a nasal or facial mask. After 2 h of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), the patients were reevaluated; in case of clinical deterioration, patients receiving NPV were switched to NPPV. When NPPV as a first or second line of treatment failed the patients were intubated. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: One hundred fifty-two patients received NIMV, 97 with iron lung as the first choice of treatment, and 55 with NPPV. Six patients treated with NPV were switched to NPPV during the first 2 h of treatment. Twenty-five patients required IMV. The success rate of the integrated use of NIMV (NPV plus NPPV) was 81.6%, compared to that of NPV (83.5%) and NPPV (70.5%). Twenty-one patients (13.8%) required tracheostomy; the duration of hospital stay was significantly lower in patients treated with NIMV only. Thirty patients required mechanical ventilation at home. Few severe complications were observed in patients receiving IMV. CONCLUSIONS: The integrated use of two NIMV techniques is effective in patients with acute exacerbation of CRF. In most cases intubation and tracheostomy were avoided, thus reducing the complication rate of mechanical ventilation.     

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) who require mechanical ventilation have high morbidity and mortality rates. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) delivered through a mask has become increasingly popular for the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF) and may limit some mechanical ventilation complications. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this retrospective, observational study was to evaluate our clinical experience with the use of NPPV in AP patients with ARF. METHODS: From 1997 to 2003, we documented clinical data, gas exchange and outcome of the 62 AP patients admitted to our intensive care unit. Patients who benefited from NPPV (success) were compared with those who failed (intubated). RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were intubated at admission and 5 did not develop ARF. Of the 28 patients treated with NPPV, 15 were not intubated (54%). Both groups had a similar PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio (142 +/- 21 vs. 133 +/- 20; p = 0.127) and severity of illness (Ranson and Balthazar scores). Presence of atelectasis, bilateral alveolar infiltrates and abdominal distension were associated with failure of NPPV. Oxygenation improved and respiratory rate decreased significantly only in the success group. Additionally, the length of stay at the intensive care unit was significantly lower in the success group. CONCLUSION: NPPV is feasible and safe to treat ARF in selected patients with AP who require ventilatory support.     

无创正压通气在心外科术后患者中的应用

目的:回顾性研究无创正压通气(NPPV)对心外科体外循环(CPB)术后出现急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)患者的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾本院心外科全麻CPB术后成年患者(年龄>16岁)450例,其中24例在拔管后出现ARF,根据ARF的病因分为6例肺炎、7例心源性肺水肿、11例CPB相关性肺损伤,比较NPPV使用前、后1h的氧合指数、心率、呼吸次数和动脉血pH,并用患者围手术期的临床特征作为参数来分析NPPV失败的预测因素。结果:NPPV平均使用时间(12.33±11.97)h,氧合指数、心率、呼吸次数和动脉血pH在使用前、后1h均明显改善(均P<0.01)。NPPV使66.67%的患者避免再次气管插管,其中对心源性肺水肿和CPB相关性肺损伤的疗效满意,成功率分别是85.71%和90.91%;而肺炎的患者均失败。所有患者均无NPPV并发症。有意义的单因素预测因素是NPPV治疗后1h的PaO2/FiO2<200,初次机械通气的时间和肺炎,多因素分析显示肺炎是预测NPPV失败的独立因素(OR0.063;95%CI 0.008～0.501)。结论:心外科CPB术后患者拔管后出现ARF,NPPV可以有效改善肺部氧合,减低再次气管插管的需要,但要严格选择病例。     

Noninvasive ventilation and obstructive lung diseases.

The key role of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is well documented in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) since it may avoid endotrachal intubation in >50% of cases when used as the initial treatment. However, currently only minimal data is available to assess usefulness of NPPV in COPD patients on a long-term basis. Even if such studies are difficult to manage, there is clearly a need for prospective studies comparing long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and NPPV in the most severe COPD in a large amount of patients and on a real long-term basis of several years. Two randomized prospective studies are being completed in Europe and the first preliminary results show that NPPV is associated with a reduction of hospitalization for chronic respiratory failure decompensation. The main beneficial effect of long-term mechanical ventilation in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure implies a correction of nocturnal hypoventilation that could persist beyond the ventilation period because of a temporary improvement in carbon dioxide sensitivity that is often blunted in these patients. A synthesis from the literature suggest to consider NPPV for severe COPD patients who present with chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia and develop an unstable respiratory condition. Instability may be appreciated on a clinical basis and confirmed by a progressive worsening of arterial blood gas tensions, leading to frequent cardiorespiratory decompensations with ominous ARF episodes. NPPV should also be considered after an ARF episode successfully treated by noninvasive ventilation but with the impossibility to wean the patient from the ventilator. Thus, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation could be proposed as a preventive treatment in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with unstable respiratory condition associated with fluctuating hypercapnia before, during and after an acute respiratory failure episode, avoiding the need for a tracheotomy. Adjunction of noninvasive ventilation to exercise rehabilitation is under evaluation.     

Noninvasive ventilation by helmet or face mask in immunocompromised patients: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) by helmet and face mask in immunocompromised patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF). DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The general ICU of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Nineteen immunocompromised patients (hematologic malignancies [n = 8], solid-organ recipients [n = 8], AIDS [n = 3]) with hypoxemic ARF, fever, and lung infiltrates were treated with NPPV delivered by a helmet. Nineteen immunocompromised patients matched for diagnosis, age, simplified acute physiology score II, and Pao(2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio(2)) receiving NPPV through a facial mask served as case-control subjects. RESULTS: The use of NPPV delivered via helmet was as effective as NPPV delivered via face mask in avoiding endotracheal intubations (intubation rate, 37% vs 47%, respectively; p = 0.37) and improving gas exchange; 14 patients (74%) in the helmet group showed a sustained improvement in Pao(2)/Fio(2) ratio (ability to increase Pao(2)/Fio(2) ratio > 200, or an increase > 100 from the baseline) in comparison with 7 patients (34%) in the mask group (p = 0.02), whose Pao(2)/Fio(2) at treatment discontinuation was higher (p = 0.02) and had fewer complications related to NPPV (ie, skin necrosis, p = 0.01). Moreover, the patients receiving ventilation via helmet required significantly less NPPV discontinuations in the first 24 h of application (p < 0.001) than patients receiving ventilation via face mask. CONCLUSIONS: The helmet may represent a valid alternative to a face mask in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates and hypoxemic ARF, increasing the patient's tolerance (ie, the number of hours of continuous NPPV use without interruptions) and decreasing the rate of complications directly related to the administration of NPPV.     

Outcomes of patients with acute respiratory failure after abdominal surgery treated with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the physiologic and clinical effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients who have acute respiratory failure (ARF) after abdominal surgery. We evaluated our clinical experience with the use of NPPV in the treatment of ARF after abdominal surgery. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated NPPV use during a 2-year period in a medical-surgical ICU of a university hospital. We documented demographic and diagnostic data, gas exchange, and clinical outcomes. We compared patients who were not intubated to those who were intubated after a trial of NPPV. RESULTS: Of 72 patients with ARF after abdominal surgery who were treated with NPPV, 48 patients avoided intubation (67%). Patients in the intubated and nonintubated groups had similar demographic characteristics, and similar American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status and simplified acute physiology score II scores at admission. The intubated group had a significantly lower Pa(O2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (Fi(O2)) ratio (123 +/- 62 mm Hg vs 194 +/- 76 mm Hg, p < 0.01) and more extended bilateral alveolar infiltrates (67% vs 31%, p < 0.01) than the non-intubated group. Within the first NPPV observation period, the Pa(O2)/Fi(O2) increased (+ 36 +/- 29% [+/- SD], p = 0.04) and the respiratory rate decreased (28.2 +/- 3.4 breaths/min vs 23.1 +/- 3.8 breaths/min, p < 0.01) significantly only in the non-intubated group. The non-intubated group had significantly lower length of ICU stay (17.3 +/- 10.9 days vs 34.1 +/- 28.5 days, p < 0.01) and mortality rate (6% vs 29%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: NPPV may be an alternative to conventional ventilation in selected patients with ARF after abdominal surgery who require ventilatory support.     

无创正压通气在体外循环术后急性呼吸衰竭患者中的应用

目的:临床回顾性研究无创正压通气(NPPV)在体外循环术后出现急性呼吸衰竭患者中应用的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾2010-01至08我院在全麻体外循环下行心脏手术的患者(年龄>16岁)450例,术后全部顺利拔管,其中24例拔管后出现急性呼吸衰竭给予NPPV治疗,为NPPV组;拔管后未出现急性呼吸衰竭的患者426例为对照组。比较NPPV治疗前、治疗后1 h的氧分压/吸入气体氧含量(PaO2/FiO2)、心率、呼吸次数和动脉血酸碱度(pH),并用患者围手术期的临床特征作为参数来分析NPPV失败的预测因素。结果:NPPV治疗平均(12.33±11.97)h,NPPV治疗后1 h与治疗前比较,PaO2/FiO2明显升高,呼吸次数、心率明显减低(P均<0.01),差异均有统计学意义。所有患者均无NPPV相关并发症。NPPV失败的相关危险因素包括:NPPV治疗后1 h的PaO2/FiO2<200(P=0.043)、第一次机械通气时间(P=0.039)和肺炎(P<0.0001),其中肺炎是NPPV失败的独立相关危险因素(比值比16.000;95%可信区间1.996～128.289)。结论:体外循环术后患者拔管后出现急性呼吸衰竭,NPPV可以有效改善肺部氧合,减低再次气管插管的需要,但要根据病因选择病例。     

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Treatment for Acute Respiratory Failure in SARS

This study describes the blood gases features and short-term outcomes with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) treatment in the management of acute respiratory failure (ARF) during a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic. Between April 22 and May 1, 2003, 120 patients meeting clinical criteria for SARS were admitted to a hospital for infectious diseases in Beijing, China. At 6 weeks after onset, 25% of patients (30/120) had experienced ARF. Of interest, 16 of these patients (53%) exhibited hypercapnia (PaCO₂> 45 mm Hg), and 10 hypercapnic events occurred within 1 week of admission. The occurence of hypencapnia or CO₂retention and was accompanied by myalgias. NPPV was instituted in 28 patients; one was intolerant of NPPV. In the remaining 27 patients, NPPV was initiated 1.2 ± 1.6 days after ARF onset. An hour of NPPV therapy led to significant increases in PaO₂and PaO₂/FiO₂and a decrease in respiratory rate (p< 0.01). Endotracheal intubation was required in one third of the patients (9 of 27) who initially had a favorable response to NPPV. Remarkable pulmonary barotrauma was noticed in 7 of all 120 patients (5.8%) and in 6 of those (22%) on NPPV. The overall fatality rate at 13 weeks was 6.7% (8/120); it was higher (26.7%) in those needing NPPV. No caregiver contracted SARS. We conclude that NPPV is a feasible and appropriate treatment for ARF occurring as a result of a SARS infection.     

Noninvasive ventilation in childhood acute neuromuscular respiratory failure: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: Over a 36-month study period, 10 nonconsecutive neuromuscular pediatric patients (6 infants, mean age 10.16 months, and 4 children, mean age 9.3 years) presenting with acute respiratory failure (ARF) were treated by noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). All patients required immediate respiratory support and fulfilled our intubation criteria. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to verify if early NPPV was able to avoid endotracheal intubation and to improve both oxygenation and ventilation within 24 h from admission in this clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective pilot study was carried out on neuromuscular patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of the Catholic University of Rome because of ARF and managed exclusively with NPPV for at least 24 h following admission. All patients were treated using a flow-triggered mechanical ventilator through a face mask or using the new helmet interface. RESULTS: Eight patients were successfully ventilated during the observation period and 2 early failures occurred. Among children undergoing face mask NPPV, the PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio increased from a median value of 75 (range 48-149) to 240 (range 133-385; p < 0.001) and 328 (range 180-371; p < 0.001) at selected time points (3 and 12 h after NPPV introduction, respectively); the alveolar-to-arterial oxygenation difference showed a similar trend, i.e. decreasing from a median value of 589 (range 213-659) to 128 (range 62-527; p < 0.01) and 69 (range 45-207; p < 0.001), respectively. Hypercarbic ARF resolved within 6 h from admission even in the most severe cases. CONCLUSIONS: NPPV was a safe and effective first-line therapeutic approach in hypoxemic ARF children/infants with neuromuscular disease. It seems of importance to identify children with neuromuscular disorders who may be able to achieve residual ventilator-free breathing and to perform an NPPV trial avoiding tracheal intubation. Life-threatening respiratory distress and very young age should not preclude NPPV application in the PICU setting. The new helmet interface represents a promising tool for noninvasive ventilation in older children.