大鼠泻剂结肠肠道传输中mu,kappa阿片受体的作用

慢传输性便秘(Slow transit constipation,STC)是一类以结肠传输减慢为特点的顽固性便秘,其病因不明。国内外对其肠壁的病理变化,神经病理形态学改变,诊断治疗等有一系列的研究。但关于神经递质方面的研究较零散,未能取得共识。从该病临床治疗的结果看也并不满意,阿片作为抗腹泻,止痛剂已被使用几世纪,但对胃肠动力的影响尚不清楚,特别是便秘时胃肠低反应性,有一些间接证据提示内源性阿片肽通过阿片受体介导参与了慢传输性便秘肠道动力的调控,导致肠道传输时间明显延长。但内源性阿片肽是否真的参与了STC时肠道动力紊乱,有哪些阿片受体参与,尚不清楚,我们以泻剂结肠大鼠为模型,用活性炭悬液推进法测定肠道传输功能方法。希望弄清参与STC的阿片受体及对胃肠动力的影响。     

阿片受体的病理生理研究进展

阿片受体属G蛋白偶联受体,其配体是阿片肽物质.阿片受体在人体内广泛存在,有着复杂的生物学效应,除了既往研究比较多的镇痛、耐受、成隐机制以及对神经系统的影响和呼吸抑制的效应外,其对心血管循环系统、免疫系统等也有着很重要的影响.阿片受体有许多亚型,最常见的三种经典阿片受体为μ、δ、κ受体,它们各自有其特异的内源性配体,发挥不同的生物效应.应激状态下,内啡肽的升高成为纳洛酮在急危重症的应用基础.对阿片受体生物效应的深入研究有助于更进一步明确纳洛酮的药理机制,为开发特异性阿片受体阻断剂和激动剂提供理论基础.     

电针刺激足三里对内脏高敏感大鼠的影响及其机制

背景:内脏高敏感是肠易激综合征(IBS)的重要发病机制之一,电针刺激足三里治疗IBS正逐渐应用于临床,然而其对内脏敏感性的影响及其作用机制尚不十分清楚。目的:研究电针刺激足三里对大鼠内脏感觉的影响以及近端结肠、远端结肠和丘脑组织中μ阿片受体蛋白表达的变化,以探讨μ阿片受体在电针治疗IBS中的作用。方法:32只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)、单纯模型组(M组)、模型+电针组(MEA组)和模型+假电针组(MSE组)。采用直肠灌注乙酸制备内脏高敏感模型。电针(假电针)治疗前后,大鼠行结直肠扩张后记录腹壁肌电。采用蛋白质印迹法检测各组大鼠近端结肠、远端结肠和丘脑组织中μ阿片受体的蛋白表达。结果:与电针刺激前相比,电针刺激后MEA组大鼠在相同结直肠扩张压力(20、40、60、80 mm Hg)下腹外斜肌放电次数均明显减少(P0.001):而MSE组腹外斜肌放电次数无明显差异(P0.05)。与M组相比,MEA组近端结肠、远端结肠和丘脑组织中μ阿片受体蛋白表达明显增加(P0.05),而MSE组无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:电针刺激足三里可降低大鼠内脏高敏感性.其作用机制可能通过上调中枢和外周μ阿片受体蛋白表达而实现的。     

内吗啡肽及μ阿片受体mRNA在"泻剂结肠"大鼠结肠神经丛中的表达及意义

目的观察内吗啡肽（EM）及μ阿片受体mRNA在“泻剂结肠”大鼠结肠神经丛表达和分布,以进一步明确慢传输性便秘（slow tran-sit constipation,STC）的发病机制和病理生理变化。方法建立“泻剂结肠”大鼠动物模型,应用免疫组化法和图像分析系统观察结肠神经丛内EM免疫反应阳性细胞分布和数量变化,用原位杂交法测定结肠中μ阿片受体mRNA的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,泻剂组结肠肌间神经丛EM阳性细胞数量明显增多（10.319±1.612vs7.683±1.359,P〈0.05）,μ阿片受体mRNA的表达增强（0.3034±0.0651vs0.1823±0.0150,P〈0.01）,远端结肠尤甚。结论EM及其受体参与结肠动力的调控,肠神经递质及受体的异常可能是STC发病的一种重要因素,提示长期应用刺激性泻剂可损伤肠神经系统,导致肠动力异常,加速STC的病理生理变化。     

阿片样物质参与延迟相心肌保护的分子机制

阿片样物质是参与延迟相心肌保护的重要触发物质之一,本文将就多年来有关阿片样物质参与延迟相心肌保护的分子机制的研究进展作一综述,并结合我们近年的工作对心脏主要阿片受体亚型即κ-阿片受体介导的心脏保护作用作一简要介绍。     

κ阿片受体介导的抗心律失常作用

目的：研究激动κ阿片受体对大鼠心肌缺血性心律失常的影响。方法：在结扎大鼠冠状动脉的同时，静脉注射选择性κ阿片受体激动剂U50488H，观察其对大鼠心率(HR)、左心室内压(LVSP)和室性心律失常发生的影响；分离大鼠心室肌细胞，观察U50488H对细胞内钙和L—型钙电流的影响。结果：心肌缺血后，大鼠HR无明显变化，LVSP显著降低，心电图显示了缺血性改变和心律失常发生；心肌缺血并给予U50488H后，HR显著减慢，LVSP进一步降低，大鼠心肌缺血性心律失常的发生率以及心律失常评分明显降低。U50488H可明显降低心肌细胞的钙瞬变，并能显著降低L—型钙电流。U50488H的作用均可被选择性κ阿片受体阻断剂nor—BNI阻断。结论：激动κ阿片受体可减少大鼠心肌缺血性心律失常的发生，其机制可能与其抑制L一型钙通道和细胞内钙有关。     

κ-阿片受体激活后通过caveolin-eNOS途径抑制由软脂酸钠诱导的内皮损伤

目的 探讨κ-阿片受体在对抗软脂酸钠（sodium palmitate,SP）诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）损伤中的作用及其作用机制。 方法 体外培养HUVECs并分为6组即正常对照组、κ-阿片受体激动剂U50,488H组、SP组、SP+U50,488H组、SP+U50,488H+κ-阿片受体阻断剂nor-BNI组、SP+U50,488H+eNOS抑制剂L-NAME组。检测各组细胞生存率、测定各组caveolin-1、eNOS的蛋白表达水平,以及NO的产生及细胞凋亡情况。 结果 与正常对照组相比,SP组细胞的生存率明显降低（P<0.01）,caveolin-1的蛋白表达显著增加（P<0.01）,eNOS的活性明显受到抑制（P<0.05）,NO生成量大幅下降（P<0.01）,细胞凋亡显著增加（P<0.01）;而κ-阿片受体激动剂U50,488H可以显著抑制SP的上述作用,使细胞生存率升高（P<0.01）,caveolin-1的蛋白表达均显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）,eNOS的蛋白表达显著增加（P<0.05）,NO生成量显著增多（P<0.01）,细胞凋亡明显减少（P<0.01）。U50,488H的作用可被κ-阿片受体阻断剂nor-BNI或NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME所阻断（P<0.05或P<0.01）。 结论 激活κ-阿片受体能够抑制软脂酸钠诱导的内皮损伤,其机制可能与下调caveolin-1表达,增强eNOS活性有关。     

к阿片受体介导的抗心律失常作用

目的:研究激动к阿片受体对大鼠心肌缺血性心律失常的影响. 方法:在结扎大鼠冠状动脉的同时,静脉注射选择性к阿片受体激动剂U50488H,观察其对大鼠心率(HR)、左心室内压(LVSP)和室性心律失常发生的影响;分离大鼠心室肌细胞,观察U50488H对细胞内钙和L-型钙电流的影响. 结果:心肌缺血后,大鼠HR无明显变化,LVSP 显著降低,心电图显示了缺血性改变和心律失常发生;心肌缺血并给予U50488H后,HR显著减慢,LVSP进一步降低,大鼠心肌缺血性心律失常的发生率以及心律失常评分明显降低.U50488H可明显降低心肌细胞的钙瞬变,并能显著降低L-型钙电流.U50488H的作用均可被选择性к阿片受体阻断剂nor-BNI阻断.结论:激动к阿片受体可减少大鼠心肌缺血性心律失常的发生,其机制可能与其抑制L-型钙通道和细胞内钙有关.     

阿片受体介导心肌缺血预适应保护作用的研究进展

阿片受体广泛存在体内,除参与镇痛作用外,近年发现阿片受体还介导心肌缺血预适应（IPC）,减轻缺血/再灌注损伤,减少（MI）面积和心律失常发生率等,具有明显的心肌保护作用。本文就阿片受体介导心肌IPC保护作用的研究进展作一综述。     

κ-阿片受体和缝隙连接蛋白Cx43与心律失常的关系

心肌缺血时,交感神经兴奋可激活β受体介导cAMP依赖的信号途径导致心肌细胞内的钙升高,以及Cx43的结构和功能改变;而Cx43蛋白的改变已被证明是导致心律失常的重要原因。研究发现,κ-阿片受体激活后,对缺血心肌具有明确的保护作用和抗缺血性心律失常的作用,但κ-阿片受体是否可能通过调节Cx43蛋白进而产生抗心律失常的作用几无报道。本文就κ-阿片受体以及Cx43蛋白与心律失常的关系做一综述。     

Effects of mu and kappa opioid receptor agonists and antagonists on contraction of isolated colon strips of rats with cathartic colon

AIM: To study the effects of mu and kappa opioid receptor agonists and antagonists on the isolated colon strips of rats with cathartic colon. METHODS: Cathartic colon model was established by feeding rats with contact laxatives, and effects of mu and kappa opioid receptor agonists and antagonists on electricity-stimulated contraction of isolated colon strips of rats with cathartic colon were observed. RESULTS: Compared with control group, exogenous mu and kappa agonists inhibited significantly electricity-stimulated contraction of strips of cathartic colon (8.50+/-0.89 mm, 6.24+/-0.91 mm, 3.35+/-0.6 mm vs 11.40+/-0.21 mm P<0.01; 8.98+/-0.69 mm, 6.89+/-0.71 mm, 4.43+/-0.99 mm vs 11.40+/-0.21 mm, P<0.01). In contrast, the exogenous mu antagonist significantly enhanced electricity-stimulated contraction of isolated colon strips (13.18+/-0.93 mm, 15.87+/-0.98 mm, 19.46+/-1.79 mm vs 11.40+/-0.21 mm, P<0.01), but kappa antagonist had no effect on the isolated colon strips of rats with cathartic colon. CONCLUSION: Mu and kappa opioid receptors are involved in the regulation of colon motility of rats with cathartic colon.     

Acetalins: opioid receptor antagonists determined through the use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries.

A synthetic peptide combinatorial library made up of 52,128,400 hexapeptides, each having an acetyl group at the N terminus and an amide group on the C terminus, was screened to find compounds able to displace tritiated [D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin from mu opioid receptor binding sites in crude rat brain homogenates. Individual peptides with mu receptor affinity were found using an iterative process for successively determining the most active peptide mixtures. Upon completion of this iterative process, the three peptides with the highest affinity were Ac-RFMWMT-NH2, Ac-RFMWMR-NH2, and Ac-RFMWMK-NH2. These peptides showed high affinity for mu and kappa 3 opioid receptors, somewhat lower affinity for delta receptors, weak affinity for kappa 1 receptors, and no affinity for kappa 2 receptors. They were found to be potent mu receptor antagonists in the guinea pig ileum assay and relatively weak antagonists in the mouse vas deferens assay. These peptides represent a class of opioid receptor ligands that we have termed acetalins (acetyl plus enkephalin).     

Visualization of multiple opioid-receptor types in rat striatum after specific mesencephalic lesions.

In order to gain insight into a possible modulatory role for mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, we investigated the topographical organization of the receptors with respect to pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Dopaminergic terminals projecting from the substantia nigra to the corpus striatum were destroyed by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra. Quantitative receptor assays using highly specific radioligands were used to measure the density of striatal mu, delta, and kappa receptors before and after denervation. Denervation caused a 34 +/- 2% loss of striatal mu receptors and a 32 +/- 1% loss of striatal delta receptors on the lesioned side of the brain; in contrast, kappa receptors did not change significantly in density. Quantitative in vitro autoradiography was used to visualize the neuroanatomical pattern of receptors on lesioned and nonlesioned sides of the brain under the light microscope. Loss of mu receptors in striatal patches was striking in the ventrolateral areas of the striatum, whereas the most notable loss of delta receptors was found in the central striatum. Other brain areas did not differ significantly in mu receptor density between the lesioned and nonlesioned sides, as determined by autoradiography. These findings suggest that a high percentage of mu and delta receptors in the striatum are located on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals and support the concept of a modulatory role for mu and delta opioid peptides in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway.     

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled and -uncoupled states of opioid receptors and their relevance to the determination of subtypes.

Opioid receptors are currently classified as mu, delta, and kappa types, but various subtypes have also been proposed. We have investigated whether subtypes exist by using [3H]bremazocine. [3H]Bremazocine binds to twice as many naloxone-sensitive sites as other nonselective opioid agonists, as shown in four membrane types that have very different ratios of mu, delta, and kappa receptor types. [3H]Bremazocine binding is completely inhibited by an excess (in unlabeled form) of other opioid ligands, with Hill coefficients of 0.8-0.95. These paradoxes can be explained if there are high- and low-affinity states of the mu, delta, and kappa receptors and bremazocine binds with similar affinities to both states. We propose that these states are the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein)-coupled form and the uncoupled form of each receptor. As evidence for this proposal, the [3H]bremazocine binding suffered little or no loss with G-protein-uncoupling treatments, whereas binding of other opioid agonists was fully sensitive. We conclude that [3H]bremazocine offers a tool for the measurement of the total pools of coupled and uncoupled opioid receptors and that much of the previous characterization of opioid receptor subtypes reflects, instead, a significant pool of G-protein-uncoupled opioid receptors.     

The growth hormone secretory response to fentanyl in rat: an involvement of mu type receptors

Fentanyl, a selective mu opioid receptor agonist, administered intravenously, influences growth hormone secretion in conscious male rats. A dose-response study demonstrated that the maximum growth hormone release was obtained with 10 micrograms/kg while higher doses were less or not effective. MR-2266 (6 mg/kg i.v.), a mu and kappa opioid receptor antagonist, and bremazocine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) a mu opioid receptor antagonist with kappa agonistic properties, both potently inhibited the growth hormone response to fentanyl (10 micrograms/kg i.v.). In contrast, the effect of fentanyl on growth hormone release was not blocked in rats treated with either ICI-154129 (30 mg/kg i.v. or 150 micrograms/kg intracerebroventricularly a selective delta opioid receptor antagonist, or U-50488 (10 mg/kg i.v.), a specific kappa opioid receptor agonist. These results suggest that opioid receptors of the mu type are involved in the fentanyl-induced growth hormone release.     

Delta and mu opioid receptors from the brain of a urodele amphibian, the rough-skinned newt Taricha granulosa: cloning, heterologous expression, and pharmacological characterization

Two full-length cDNAs, encoding delta (delta) and mu (mu) opioid receptors, were cloned from the brain of the rough-skinned newt Taricha granulosa, complementing previous work from our laboratory describing the cloning of newt brain kappa (kappa) and ORL1 opioid receptors. The newt delta receptor shares 82% amino acid sequence identity with a frog delta receptor and lower (68-70%) identity with orthologous receptors cloned from mammals and zebrafish. The newt mu receptor shares 79% sequence identity with a frog mu receptor, 72% identity with mammalian mu receptors, and 66-69% identity with mu receptors cloned from teleost fishes. Membranes isolated from COS-7 cells transiently expressing the newt delta receptor possessed a single, high-affinity (Kd = 2.4 nM) binding site for the nonselective opioid antagonist [3H]naloxone. In competition binding assays, the newt delta receptor displayed highest affinity for Met-enkephalin, relatively low affinity for Leu-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, and [D-penicillamine, D-penicillamine] enkephalin (DPDPE) (a delta-selective agonist in mammals), and very low affinity for mu-, kappa-, or ORL1-selective agonists. COS-7 cells expressing the newt mu receptor also possessed a high-affinity (Kd = 0.44 nM) naloxone-binding site that showed highest affinity for beta-endorphin, moderate-to-low affinity for Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin and DAMGO (a mu-selective agonist in mammals), and very low affinity for DPDPE and kappa- or ORL1-selective agonists. COS-7 cells expressing either receptor type (delta or mu) showed very high affinity (Kd = 0.1-0.3 nM) for the nonselective opioid antagonist diprenorphine. Taricha granulosa expresses the same four subtypes (delta, mu, kappa, and ORL1) of opioid receptors found in other vertebrate classes, but ligand selectivity appears less stringent in the newt than has been documented in mammals.     

Reconstitution of rat brain mu opioid receptors with purified guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins, Gi and Go.

Reconstitution of purified mu opioid receptors with purified guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) was investigated. mu opioid receptors were purified by 6-succinylmorphine AF-AminoTOYOPEARL 650M affinity chromatography and by PBE isoelectric chromatography. The purified mu opioid receptor (pI 5.6) migrated as a single Mr 58,000 polypeptide by NaDodSO4/PAGE, a value identical to that obtained by affinity cross-linking purified mu receptors. When purified mu receptors were reconstituted with purified Gi, the G protein that mediates the inhibition of adenylate cyclase, the displacement of [3H]naloxone (a mu opioid antagonist) binding by [D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin (a mu opioid agonist) was increased 215-fold; this increase was abolished by adding 100 microM (guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate. Similar increases in agonist displacement of [3H]naloxone binding (33-fold) and its abolition by guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate were observed with Go, the G protein of unknown function, but not with the v-Ki-ras protein p21. In reconstituted preparations with Gi or Go, neither [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (a delta opioid agonist; where Pen is penicillamine) nor U-69,593 (a kappa opioid agonist) showed displacement of the [3H]naloxone binding. In addition, the mu agonist stimulated both [3H]guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate binding (in exchange for GDP) and the low-Km GTPase in such reconstituted preparations, with Gi and Go but not with the v-Ki-ras protein p21, in a naloxone-reversible manner. The stoichiometry was such that the stimulation of 1 mol of mu receptor led to the binding of [3H]guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate to 2.5 mol of Gi or to 1.37 mol of Go. These results suggest that the purified mu opioid receptor is functionally coupled to Gi and Go in the reconstituted phospholipid vesicles.     

Adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5) is an essential mediator of morphine action

Opioid drugs produce their pharmacological effects by activating inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein-linked mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. One major effector for these receptors is adenylyl cyclase, which is inhibited upon receptor activation. However, little is known about which of the ten known forms of adenylyl cyclase are involved in mediating opioid actions. Here we show that all of the major behavioral effects of morphine, including locomotor activation, analgesia, tolerance, reward, and physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms, are attenuated in mice lacking adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5), a form of adenylyl cyclase that is highly enriched in striatum. Furthermore, the behavioral effects of selective mu or delta opioid receptor agonists are lost in AC5-/- mice, whereas the behavioral effects of selective kappa opioid receptor agonists are unaffected. These behavioral data are consistent with the observation that the ability of a mu or delta opioid receptor agonist to suppress adenylyl cyclase activity was absent in striatum of AC5-/- mice. Together, these results establish AC5 as an important component of mu and delta opioid receptor signal transduction mechanisms in vivo and provide further support for the importance of the cAMP pathway as a critical mediator of opioid action.     

Chimeric opioid peptides: tools for identifying opioid receptor types.

We synthesized several chimeric peptides in which the N-terminal nine residues of dynorphin-32, a peptide selective for the kappa opioid receptor, were replaced by opioid peptides selective for other opioid receptor types. Each chimeric peptide retained the high affinity and type selectivity characteristic of its N-terminal sequence. The common C-terminal two-thirds of the chimeric peptides served as an epitope recognized by the same monoclonal antibody. When bound to receptors on a cell surface or membrane preparation, these peptides could still bind specifically to the monoclonal antibody. These chimeric peptides should be useful for isolating mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors and for identifying opioid receptors on transfected cells in expression cloning procedures. The general approach using chimeric peptides should be applicable to other peptide receptors.     

Anoretic effects of neuropeptide FF are mediated via central mu and kappa subtypes of opioid receptors and receptor ligands

Recently, we demonstrated that neuropeptide FF (NPFF) causes anorexigenic effects in chicks that were associated with the hypothalamus. The present study was designed to better understand some of the central mechanisms that mediate these effects. Co-injection of NPFF and beta-funaltrexamine (FNA, a mu opioid receptor antagonist) did not suppress food intake more than when NPFF and FNA were injected alone. However, co-injection of NPFF and ICI-174,864 (ICI, a delta opioid receptor antagonist) caused a greater reduction in food intake than when NPFF and ICI were injected alone. Co-injection of NPFF and nor-binaltorphimine (BNI, a kappa opioid receptor antagonist) did not cause a greater suppression of food intake than when NPFF and BNI were injected alone. Hyperphagia induced by neuropeptide Y and beta-endorphin (both ligands of opioid receptors) was reversed by NPFF. These results suggest that NPFF-induced satiety has a relationship with mu and kappa but not delta subtypes of opioid receptors, and since NPFF does not bind opioid receptors itself NPFF-associated satiety is likely mediated by effects on opioid receptor ligands such as NPY and beta-endorphin. Thus, NPFF induced satiety may be mediated via modulation of the chick's innate opioid-associated orexigenic system.