282例HIV/AIDS病人合并外科疾病的诊断和治疗

目的探讨艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）病人（HIV/AIDS病人）合并外科疾病的诊断与治疗。方法采取回顾性分析的方法,对7年来收治的HIV/AIDS病人的临床资料进行分析。结果 282例病人中,合并与HIV/AIDS无关的普通外科疾病114例（40.43%）;与HIV/AIDS相关的机会性感染132例（46.81%）;肿瘤36例（12.77%）。有223例病人行外科手术治疗,无手术死亡病例。术后并发症16例,其中1例手术6天后死于重度脓毒症。结论 HIV/AIDS病人生存期不断延长,其合并外科疾病会不断增加。充分的术前评估、及时的手术治疗,对艾滋病病人是安全、有益的。传染病医院的外科专业设置需要更加细化,以满足病人需求。     

四川省凉山州1995-2012年HIV/AIDS病人死亡情况分析

目的了解凉山州1995-2012年艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)的死亡情况及主要影响因素。方法利用中国艾滋病综合防治信息管理系统,对1995-2012年凉山州报告的28394例HIV/AIDS病人的数据资料进行描述性分析,应用寿命表法计算生存率、死亡率,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析HIV/AIDS病人生存时间的影响因素。结果累计死亡4075人(14.4%),其中因艾滋病及相关疾病死亡1494人(36.7%),吸毒过量死亡1001人(24.6%),其他原因死亡1457人(35.8%)。因艾滋病死亡的1494例HIV/AIDS病人中,诊断时平均年龄为(31.0±9.7)岁,男性1199人(80.3%),已婚有配偶970人(64.9%),彝族1398人(93.6%),经注射吸毒感染915人(61.2%),未接受抗病毒治疗1311人(87.8%),诊断到死亡平均时间为(28.9±24.1)个月。研究对象平均生存时间为166.97个月[95%可信区间(CI)=159.58~174.36]。1年生存率为98.42%,5年生存率为89.43%,10年生存率为76.39%,15年生存率为65.59%。总病死率为2.11/100人年。单因素分析结果显示,诊断时的年龄、民族、婚姻状况、职业、感染途径、病程阶段、是否接受抗病毒治疗,是HIV/AIDS病人生存时间的影响因素。结论凉山州HIV/AIDS病人因艾滋病死亡主要集中在农村,青年彝族男性为多;早期发现,及时接受抗病毒治疗可减少死亡。     

广东省某市871例HIV/AIDS病人生存影响因素的回顾性队列研究

目的利用艾滋病综合防治信息系统了解艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）病人（简称HIV/AIDS病人）生存的影响因素。方法采用回顾性队列研究方法,了解HIV/AIDS病人被确证感染后的转归及相关情况。结果 HIV/AIDS病人被确证时的年龄是影响生存时间的重要因素[风险值（HR）=1.04,95%可信区间（CI）：1.01-1.06,P〈0.01]。是否接受抗病毒治疗（HR=0.10,95%CI：0.03-0.33,P〈0.01）及初次CD^＋_4T淋巴细胞计数分级则是影响HIV/AIDS病人生存的保护性因素（HR=0.69,95%CI：0.58-0.82,P〈0.01）,接受抗病毒治疗、初次CD＋4T淋巴细胞计数分级高的生存时间长,差异具有统计学意义。结论早发现、早治疗有利于提高HIV/AIDS病人的生存时间。     

深圳市HIV/AIDS病人死亡病例的临床特点和死亡原因分析

目的了解深圳市艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)死亡病例的临床发病特点,分析导致死亡的相关原因。方法对深圳市第三人民医院2005年1月至2014年5月,203份艾滋病死亡病例进行整理、统计与分析。结果 2005年1月至2014年5月,深圳市共确诊HIV/AIDS病人7980例,累计死亡203例,病死率为2.54%。其中接受抗病毒治疗的累计2757例,死亡50例,病死率为1.81%;未进行抗病毒治疗5223例,死亡153例,病死率为2.93%,二者比较差异具有统计学意义(χ2=9.062,P0.05)。死亡病例以汉族、初中以下文化、本市以外户籍、性传播、已婚的中青年男性为主。203例死亡病例中,死于AIDS相关疾病者153例(75.37%),其中未抗病毒治疗116例,抗病毒治疗37例。未抗病毒治疗组中,以肺部感染为主,其次是颅内感染和败血症;抗病毒治疗组中,也以肺部感染为主,其次是颅内感染和HIV相关肿瘤,两组的死亡原因均是以机会性感染为主的AIDS相关疾病。死于非AIDS相关疾病者50例(24.63%);其中未行抗病毒治疗37例,抗病毒治疗13例。未抗病毒治疗组中,以肝衰竭为主,其次为消化道出血和肿瘤;抗病毒治疗组中,以肝衰竭为主,其次为肿瘤和心血管疾病,两组的死亡原因均是以肝衰竭为主的非AIDS相关疾病。发病住院时被确诊为HIV感染的有146例(71.92%);首次发病症状和体征多以发热、咳嗽、气促及胸痛为主;确诊时首次CD+4T淋巴细胞计数50个/μL的有160例(78.82%),确诊到死亡时间在3个月以内的有117例(57.64%)。结论 AIDS相关机会性感染依然是导致AIDS病例死亡的主要原因,其次是肝衰竭和肿瘤,而晚发现、晚治疗或未行抗病毒治疗、经济条件差等,是导致AIDS机会性感染或其他严重疾病发生的主要因素。     

济南市2000-2012年HIV/AIDS死亡病例的流行病学分析

目的分析济南市艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）病人（HIV/AIDS病人）的死亡情况,探索减少死亡的办法。方法收集2000-2012年国家AIDS综合防治信息系统中,济南市HIV/AIDS死亡病例相关信息进行回顾性分析。结果截至2012年12月31日,济南市累计报告HIV/AIDS病人876例,累计死亡152例,累计死亡率17.35%;其中67.11%在确认1年内死亡,32.89%在确认1年后死亡,存活≥3年的占9.88%。死亡前检测过CD4＋T淋巴细胞的占37.5%;CD4＋T淋巴细胞水平在≤50个/μL、50～200个/μL、≥201个/μL各组间生存时间差异有统计学意义。死亡前进行高效抗反转录病毒治疗（HAART）的占11.84%;平均服药时间为1.01年;平均生存时间年2.53年。结论济南市AIDS病例发现晚,CD4＋T检测覆盖面、抗病毒治疗覆盖面不够。建议进一步加大AIDS知识宣传力度,消除歧视,扩大自愿咨询、主动检测的力度,扩大抗病毒治疗覆盖面,有效降低死亡率。     

凉山州2011年艾滋病病例CD4细胞检测情况分析

目的分析2011年凉山州艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）病人（简称HIV/AIDS病例）的CD4细胞检测情况,为提高工作质量及经费使用效益提供科学依据。方法在＂艾滋病综合防治数据信息管理系统＂中下载2011年凉山州的历史卡片,按照病例是否死亡及疾病状态分类,分析2011年随访病例的CD4检测情况。结果 2011年凉山州随访病例的CD4检测比例为55.9%,检测人次数比2010年增长56.5%。其中存活的HIV病例完成1次CD4检测的比例为49.2%,存活的AIDS病例完成2次CD4检测的比例为58.5%,未治疗的AIDS病例按照国家要求完成2次CD4检测的比例为31.6%,在治的AIDS病例按照国家要求完成2次CD4检测的比例为93.0%,死亡的HIV病例CD4检测的比例为8.1%,死亡的AIDS病例CD4检测的比例为44.0%。CD4重复检测的占全年检测总人次数的20.2%。CD4〈350/mm3 HIV/AIDS病例的抗病毒治疗覆盖率为64.9%。结论凉山州HIV/AIDS病例CD4检测工作取得显著成效,检测人次数增长迅速,在治的AIDS病例检测完成率超过国家考评标准23.0%。但仍存在检测比例较低、重复检测及治疗覆盖率较低等方面的问题。在今后的工作中,应避免重复检测,努力提高检测的比例及治疗覆盖率。     

上海市杨浦区非沪籍HIV/AIDS病例的发现及临床就诊特征分析

目的了解上海市杨浦区非沪籍艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）病人（简称HIV/AIDS病人）的发现和临床就诊行为的特征。方法收集和整理杨浦区历年（2001-2012年）报告的非沪籍HIV/AIDS病人的相关资料,采用回顾队列研究的方法,分析其人口学特征、病例发现方式、临床就诊行为特征。结果非沪籍HIV/AIDS病人中,以男性、青壮年、已婚为主要特征,江苏、安徽、新疆籍病人较多。58.9%（162/275）的非沪籍HIV/AIDS病人在医疗机构就诊时被确诊感染HIV,大多因肺部疾病就诊;71.2%（47/66）的死亡非沪籍HIV/AIDS病人,其发现方式为＂其他临床就诊者＂。结论应加大对内科门诊（呼吸内科、急诊科、结核科等）就诊病人的HIV抗体筛查力度,同时深入开展艾滋病免费自愿咨询检测（VCT）工作,对于早发现、早治疗HIV/AIDS病人具有积极作用。     

1997--2011年昆明市HIV感染者和AIDS病人死亡情况分析

目的分析昆明市艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者和艾滋病（AIDS）病人（简称HIV/AIDS病人）死亡情况。方法从＂国家艾滋病综合防治数据信息系统＂中下载历史卡片,按录入日期选择2011年12月31日前现住址为昆明市的死亡病例进行分析。结果至2011年底,累计报告现住址为昆明市的HIV/AIDS死亡病例851例,其中男性占78.5%,汉族占91.1%,已婚有配偶的占42.5%,初中文化程度占43.1%,农民和家政/家务和待业的分别占37.0%和34.7%。平均死亡年龄（40.2±12.2）岁,71.0%的死亡年龄在25～44岁间。因AIDS、非AIDS其他疾病、吸毒过量、其他原因而死亡的分别占47.7%、23.1%、9.2%、6.2%,还有13.7%的死亡原因不详。HIV确认阳性后存活时间的中位数只有1.1年,确认阳性后1年内死亡的比例达47.9%。结论近几年昆明市HIV/AIDS死亡病例数逐年增加,AIDS已经成为主要的死亡原因;死亡原因的报告质量急需提高;病例发现晚,急需扩大HIV检测覆盖面。     

HIV感染者/AIDS病人死亡原因的研究进展

近年来,随着越来越多的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者进入艾滋病（AIDS）发病期,越来越多的感染者死于AIDS相关疾病。另外,随着抗病毒治疗的覆盖率不断扩大,HIV感染者/AIDS病人死于AIDS相关疾病的比例不断降低,而死于其他非AIDS相关疾病的比例却不断升高。文章就当前国内外对HIV感染者/AIDS病人死亡原因的有关研究进展进行综述,为医疗机构加强和提高对重点疾病的诊疗技术水平提供理论支持,也为中国AIDS死因监测的建立提供理论依据。     

2001-2013年菏泽市HIV/AIDS病人死亡情况分析

目的分析菏泽市艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)的死亡情况。方法从"国家艾滋病综合防治信息系统"中,下载2001年1月1日至2013年12月31日现住址为菏泽市的死亡HIV/AIDS病例,回顾性分析这些病例的死亡情况。结果至2013年底,累计报告现住址为菏泽市的HIV/AIDS病人死亡病例171例,其中男性占63.74%,已婚占69.59%,血液传播占53.22%。平均死亡年龄(40.5±13.41)岁,年龄最小3岁,最大78岁。因AIDS、非AIDS其他疾病、其他原因、吸毒过量而死亡的分别占67.84%、17.54%、8.19%、0.58%;5.85%的死亡原因不详。死亡病例抗病毒治疗的比例为18.13%。2009年之前的死亡病例以血液传播为主,占74.19%;近5年(2009-2013年)的死亡病例以异性性传播为主,占48.71%。确认阳性后1年内死亡的比例为76.02%。结论艾滋病为菏泽市HIV/AIDS病人死亡的主要原因;死亡病例传播途径由血液传播为主转向性传播为主;病例发现晚,应扩大HIV检测范围。     

Trends of mortality and causes of death among HIV-infected patients in Taiwan, 1984-2005

Background

The aim of this study was to analyse the trends of mortality and causes of death among HIV‐infected patients in Taiwan from 1984 to 2005.

Methods

Registered data and death certificates for HIV‐infected patients from Taiwan Centers for Disease Control were reviewed. Mortality rate and causes of deaths were compared among patients whose HIV diagnosis was made in three different study periods: before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (pre‐HAART: from 1 January 1984 to 31 March 1997), in the early HAART period (from 1 April 1997 to 31 December 2001), and in the late HAART period (from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2005). A subgroup of 1161 HIV‐infected patients (11.4%) followed at a university hospital were analysed to investigate the trends of and risk factors for mortality.

Results

For 10 162 HIV‐infected patients with a mean follow‐up of 1.97 years, the mortality rate of HIV‐infected patients declined from 10.2 deaths per 100 person‐years (PY) in the pre‐HAART period to 6.5 deaths and 3.7 deaths per 100 PY in the early and late HAART periods, respectively (P<0.0001). For the 1161 patients followed at a university hospital (66.8% with CD4 count <200 cells/μL), HAART reduced mortality by 89% in multivariate analysis, and the adjusted hazard ratio for death was 0.28 (95% confidence interval 0.24, 0.33) in patients enrolled in the late HAART period compared with those in the pre‐HAART period. Seventy‐six per cent of the deaths in the pre‐HAART period were attributable to AIDS‐defining conditions, compared with 36% in the late HAART period (P<0.0001). The leading causes of non‐AIDS‐related deaths were sepsis (14.7%) and accidental death (8.3%), both of which increased significantly throughout the three study periods. Compared with patients acquiring HIV infection through sexual contact, injecting drug users were more likely to die from non‐AIDS‐related causes.

Conclusions

The mortality of HIV‐infected patients declined significantly after the introduction of HAART in Taiwan. In the HAART era, AIDS‐related deaths decreased significantly while deaths from non‐AIDS‐related conditions increased.     

395例HIV/AIDS病人未进行抗病毒治疗的原因分析

目的探讨影响符合抗病毒治疗条件的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）病人（HIV/AIDS病人）未进行抗病毒治疗的原因。方法采用横断面调查方法,根据设计好的调查问卷,对广西A区、河南B县和云南C市3个调查点内符合条件的395例HIV/AIDS病例进行问卷调查,将未治疗原因进行分类统计。结果调查对象选择的未治疗的原因主要有8种,可分为主观原因和客观原因两类,其中主观原因占大多数（62.5%）,且均排在前6位;第1位未治疗原因是＂自觉健康状况良好＂（48.1%）,该原因在3个调查点中均排在第1位,选择该原因的调查对象大多数（61.1%）没有出现AIDS临床症状,而且CD4T淋巴细胞计数检测结果也相对较高,在200～350个/μL之间,经统计学检验均有统计学意义;第2位未治疗原因是＂经济困难,无法支付路费和检测费＂（19.7%）,该原因主要出现在广西和云南调查点,河南调查点没有病例选择该原因。结论主观原因成为影响病人未进行抗病毒治疗的主要原因,尤其是未出现明显临床症状的病人,医务工作者需继续加强对病人抗病毒治疗知识的宣传,帮助病人利用科学指标做出正确的判定,而不是仅仅依靠病人的主观判定。     

Changing mortality rates and causes of death for HIV-infected individuals living in Southern Alberta, Canada from 1984 to 2003

OBJECTIVES: To examine changes over a 2-year period in both the mortality rate and the causes of death in a geographically defined HIV-infected population. METHODS: A database search of primary care information for the dates and causes of death for all patients documented with HIV infection and living in Southern Alberta between 1984 and 2003 was undertaken. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained. Causes of death were then individually confirmed by reviewing the patients' hospital charts, autopsy reports, or death certificates and coded using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revisions. AIDS deaths were reconciled with Public Health Reports. The time span was divided into pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (1984-1996) and current HAART (1997-2003) periods. RESULTS: Between 1984 and 2003, there were 560 deaths in the 1987 individuals living with HIV infection in Southern Alberta. Of these, 436 deaths (78%) occurred pre-HAART and 124 (22%) in the current HAART period. The crude mortality rate declined from 117 deaths per 1000 patient-years pre-HAART to 24 in the current HAART period. In the pre-HAART era, 90% of all deaths were AIDS related whereas only 67% were AIDS related in the current HAART era. The leading causes of AIDS deaths were AIDS multiple causes (31%), Mycobacterium avium complex (18%), Pneumocystis pneumonia (10%) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (7%). The proportion of non-AIDS related deaths increased from 7% pre-HAART to 32% in the current HAART era. Accidental deaths, including drug overdose (29%), suicide (7%) and violence (3%), hepatic disease (19%), non-AIDS related malignancies (19%), and cardiovascular disease (16%) accounted for the majority of non-AIDS related deaths. No deaths directly caused by drug toxicity were found. Overall, 21% of patients who died were antiretroviral (ARV)-naive. A total of 14% of patients dying from AIDS were ARV-naive in contrast to 35% dying from non-HIV related conditions. Of all those dying from AIDS, 23% died<3 months after their initial diagnosis, reflecting late presentation. In the current HAART era, 87% of patients who died from AIDS were extensively treated, reflecting HAART treatment failures due mostly to multiclass drug resistance (42%), inexorable disease progression despite ARV (32%), lack of ability or interest to be maintained on a lifelong HAART programme (21%) and, rarely, drug intolerance (<1%). CONCLUSIONS: Deaths from AIDS-related causes have decreased significantly, but deaths from non-AIDS related conditions have increased, both as an absolute number of deaths and as a proportion of all deaths in HIV-infected patients. The increasing age of the HIV population, and the increased mean CD4 count, increased proportion of intravenous drug users, increased hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection rate, and increased history of smoking seen in our population also influenced the mortality rate and causes of death. These factors must also be considered in projecting future trends in mortality of an HIV-infected population.     

HIV/AIDS病人HAART致肝功能损害66例分析

目的探讨高效抗反转录病毒治疗（HAART）对艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）病人（简称HIV/AIDS病人）肝功能的影响。方法回顾性分析HIV/AIDS病人抗病毒治疗24个月内肝功能的变化情况。结果共计调查755例HIV/AIDS病人,肝功能损害发生率为8.7%（66/755）,以单项转氨酶或胆红素升高为主,轻、中度肝损害占84.8%（56/66）,发生异常的时间为30-485天,中位数75天。其中含奈韦拉平（NVP）方案治疗者肝功能损害的发生率为7.1%（33/467）、含依非韦伦（EFV）方案发生率为11.5%（33/288）。肝损害级别：1级34例,2级22例,3级10例。结论 HIV/AIDS病人在抗病毒治疗过程中轻中度肝损害常见,应严密观察,及时处理,以保证HAART的顺利进行。     

行与未行HAART的艾滋病病人的死亡原因分析

目的分析进行和未进行高效抗反转录病毒治疗（HAART）的艾滋病（AIDS）病人的死亡原因,探索护理对策。方法回顾性分析1996-2009年北京地坛医院住院治疗的AIDS死亡病例的临床资料,并对进行和未进行HAART者的死亡原因、免疫状态和病程等进行比较分析。结果 1996-2009年共有66例AIDS病人住院治疗,未行HAART的48例病人的死亡原因为：44例（91.6%）死于艾滋病相关机会性感染,2例（4.2%）死于消耗综合征和非艾滋病相关性疾病,其中1例（2.1%）为失血性休克;18例行HAART的病人中,死于艾滋病相关机会性感染7例（38.9%）,死于乳酸酸中毒、慢性重型肝炎所致的肝衰竭各3例（16.7%）,死于消化道出血所致的失血性休克2例（11.1%）,死于消耗综合征、脑梗死、极重度贫血/粒细胞缺乏症各1例（5.5%）。结论 HAART治疗后,AIDS病人临床相发生了明显变化,在临床实践中应注意观察并采取相应措施。在治疗过程中的护理,要提高病人服药依从性,并注意监测抗病毒药物的不良反应,做到早发现、早治疗。     

Trends in causes of death among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy,San Francisco, 1994-1998

To understand recent temporal trends in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) mortality in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), trends in causes of death among persons with AIDS in San Francisco who died between 1994 and 1998 were analyzed. Among 5234 deaths, the mortality rate for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related or AIDS-related deaths declined after 1995 (P<.01), whereas the mortality rate for non-HIV- or non-AIDS-related deaths remained stable. The proportion of deaths of persons with AIDS associated with septicemia, non-AIDS-defining malignancy, chronic liver disease, viral hepatitis, overdose, obstructive lung disease, coronary artery disease, and pancreatitis increased (P<.05). The standardized mortality ratio was high for these causes in both pre- and post-HAART periods, except for pancreatitis, a possible complication of HAART, which demonstrated an increasing standardized mortality ratio trend after 1996. With increasing AIDS survival, prevention of chronic diseases, assessment of long-term toxicity from HAART, and surveillance for additional causes of mortality will become increasingly important.     

Opportunistic infections as causes of death in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era in France

The objective of the study was to describe the underlying causes of death of HIV-infected patients in the HAART era and to focus on those related to opportunistic infection (OI), in a national multicentre study ('Mortalité 2000'). A total of 964 deaths were recorded and 924 cases were available for analysis. Underlying cause of death were AIDS-related (47%), viral hepatitis (11%), non-AIDS cancers (11%), cardiovascular diseases (7%) and others (11%). Among patients who died of AIDS events, 262 (27%) died of at least one OI. OIs reported at the time of death were Cytomegalovirus infection 67 times, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia 56, disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection 53 and cerebral toxoplasmosis 48. Compared to patients who died of other causes, patients who died of OIs were younger and more likely to be infected through heterosexual contact, in poor socioeconomic conditions, migrants, more recently diagnosed for HIV infection, and naive of antiretroviral therapy and OI prophylaxis. OIs are still a major cause of death in HIV-infected patient in the HAART era, especially among patients recently diagnosed for HIV infection and who do not have access to care, as well as in long term infected patients where prophylaxis should be revisited.