BiPAP面罩式双水平正压通气治疗重症支气管哮喘33例临床分析

目的探讨BiPAP面罩式双水平正压通气治疗重症支气管哮喘的疗效。方法选择重症支气管哮喘患者68例,随机抽样分为治疗组（33例）和对照组（35例）。治疗组在常规药物治疗基础上行BiPAP面罩式双水平正压通气治疗;对照组予单纯常规药物治疗。观察两组治疗前后的临床症状和血气分析的变化情况。结果治疗组临床症状明显改善,血氧分压（PaO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO：）显著升高,二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）显著降低,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论重症支气管哮喘在常规治疗的基础上加用BiPAP面罩式双水平正压通气治疗,可有效改善患者的临床症状、血气分析指标,疗效满意,安全,值得临床推广应用。     

BiPAP治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者90例临床分析

目的分组对比双水平正压通气（BiPAP）无创呼吸机机械通气治疗老年COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法 90例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,分为治疗组45例和对照组45例,两组均给予常规药物治疗,治疗组同时给予BiPAP无创呼吸机进行机械通气治疗。结果双水平正压通气耐受较好的患者,治疗后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）和二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）较治疗前明显改善（P〈0.01）;与对照组相比,平均住院天数缩短（P〈0.05）,血气改善时间也明显缩短（P〈0.01）减慢呼吸和心跳的频率（P〈0.01）,对血压无明显影响（P〉0.05）。结论 BiPAP无创呼吸机机械通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭是一种安全有效的方法。     

双水平气道正压通气治疗重症哮喘患者的临床研究

目的 探讨重症哮喘应用双水平气道正压通气的临床疗效。方法 将32例重症支气管哮喘患者,随机分为两组,即药物治疗组（对照组）和无创通气＋药物治疗组（实验组）,每组各16例,早期采用无创正压通气模式,使用鼻（面）罩式双相气道正压呼吸机,比较两组实施双水平正压通气治疗前、治疗6h及3d后动脉血气中的pH、PaCO2、PaO2、SaO2变化以及监测心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）、平均动脉血压（ABPM）和最高峰流速（PEF）的改变。结果 实验组血气指标（PaO2、PaCO2、pH、SaO2）以及监测ABPM、RR、HR和PEF的改善均优于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论 双水平正压通气是治疗重症哮喘的有效方法之一。但对无创正压通气治疗后病情继续恶化的患者应及时改为气管插管行有创通气。     

双水平正压无创通气治疗急性左心衰竭疗效评价

目的评价双水平正压无创通气（BiPAP）救治急性左心衰竭（ALHF）的临床疗效。方法将50例AIHF患者随机分为两组,治疗组在常规抗心衰治疗基础上联用BiPAP呼吸机面罩正压通气治疗,对照组采用常规药物抗心衰治疗。观察两组治疗前及治疗后1—6、24、72h的动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、心率、呼吸、血压及治疗前后心功能改善情况,评价临床疗效。结果治疗组治疗后1～6、24、72h的PaO2、SaO2、PaCO2均较对照组明显改善,治疗组治疗1—6h的Pa02、SaO2较治疗前显著升高（P均〈0．01）,而对照组治疗1～6h后PaO2、SaO2较治疗前有所升高,但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗24、72h后两组PaO2、SaO2均较治疗前显著升高,PaCO2较治疗前显著下降（P〈0．01）。治疗组治疗6h后的总体疗效优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论对ALHF患者给予BiPAP可显著提高动脉SaO2和PaO2,改善临床症状,降低病死率。     

双水平无创正压通气在重度支气管哮喘患儿中的应用研究

目的探讨双水平无创正压通气在儿童重度支气管哮喘治疗中的临床疗效和价值。方法将60例重度支气管哮喘患儿分成观察组和对照组各30例;两组均给予常规药物治疗,对照组给予鼻导管吸氧,观察组给予双水平无创正压通气。比较两组患儿治疗前和治疗后1 h、4 h的血气分析指标（pH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2）的变化。结果治疗后,观察组血气分析指标、PEF值的改善均较对照组明显（P〈0.05）;观察组症状消失时间和住院时间明显短于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论常规治疗结合双水平无创正压通气应用于儿童重度支气管哮喘,可以显著改善患儿的临床症状,减少住院时间。     

无刨正压通气治疗老年Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭20例临床观察

目的探讨无创正压通气对老年呼吸衰竭患者的疗效以及对其死亡率的影响。方法选择接受无创呼吸机治疗的呼吸衰竭老年病人20例,观察治疗前后PaCO2、SaO2、PaO2变化,并与未上无创通气对照组36例进行比较。结果（1）治疗组PaCO2、SaO2、PaO2、短时间均有明显上升,治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（2）治疗组20例成功撤机出院15例,有效率75％,而对照组36例经常规治疗出院20例,有效率仅55．5％．两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。通气治疗组平均住院时间（13±4）d短子对照组（23±9）d（P〈0．05）。结论无创正压通气在老年呼吸衰竭患者的疗效肯定,可明显降低病死率,缩短住院时间。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期合理应用机械通气的疗效观察

目的探讨压力支持通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性发作期的合理应用。方法病例随机分为治疗与治疗对照两组。经口或经鼻气管插管,上机于2小时、6小时、12小时、24小时检测PH、PaCO2、PaO2、SaO2。结果上机后12小时、24小时PH值两组间差异显著（P〈0.01）;2小时、6小时PaCO2、PaO2、SaO2两组间即有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论小潮气量、低水平呼吸末正压（PEEP）的通气模式治疗COPD急性发作期的患者疗效显著,并可避免在常规参数值下机械通气所致的气压伤、肺不张及心律失常的发生。     

双水平正压通气呼吸机治疗肺结核并呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的观察双水平正压通气呼吸机（BiPAP呼吸机） 治疗肺结核合并呼吸衰竭的疗效.方法 31例肺结核合并慢性呼吸衰竭为治疗组,20例为对照组.结果 2组治疗后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、血氧饱和度 （SaO2） 明显上升,治疗组血二氧化碳分压 （PaCO2）比治疗前明显下降（P〈0.01）,呼吸困难明显减轻.结论用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗肺结核合并呼吸衰竭的疗效较好,可提高PaO2、降低PaCO2,预防肺性脑病的发生.     

双水平正压无创机械通气治疗重症支气管哮喘的探讨

目的探讨双水平正压无创机械通气治疗重症支气管哮喘的临床效果。方法60例重症支气管哮喘患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,对照组采用传统治疗方法,观察组采用无创机械通气模式和基础治疗。比较两组实施治疗前、治疗3d后患者临床症状、体征变化及动脉血气指标（PaCO2、PaO2、SaO2）变化。结果两组患者比较差异有统计学意义,P〈0．01。结论在常规治疗的基础加用无创通气治疗,可有效改善患者的临床症状,安全有效,减少患者痛苦。     

纳络酮联合无创正压机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的观察纳络酮联合双水平无创正压机械通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法将120例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分为治疗组60例和对照组60例,两组均给予常规药物综合治疗和双水平无创正压机械通气治疗,治疗组同时加用纳络酮1.2～1.6mg加入0.9%氯化钠溶液250ml内,1次/d,静脉滴注,连用3d为1个疗程。观察两组患者动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、血液酸碱度(pH)等指标变化及肺性脑病患者清醒时间,并比较两组临床疗效。结果两组治疗后血气分析显示动脉PaO2上升,PaCO2下降(P<0.01);治疗组肺性脑病患者清醒时间较对照组明显缩短(P<0.01),治疗组血气改善程度更好(P<0.05)、临床疗效更高(P<0.01)。结论纳络酮联合双水平无创正压机械通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭经济、安全、可靠,易被广大患者接受,值得临床推广应用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.