154例改良房坦手术后早期死亡的高危因素探讨

目的:探讨改良房坦手术后早期死亡的高危因素。方法:1985年1月至2002年7月间收治154例改良房坦手术患者。右心房与肺动脉连接80例,右心房与右心室连接6例,全腔静脉与肺动脉连接68例。将术前、术中因素及手术结果进行单因素和多因素统计分析。结果:术后早期死亡37例,死亡率24.0％。术前McGoon比值≤1.8、术前房室瓣存在返流、手术方式、术后右房压>20mmHg、反复心律失常、严重低心输出量综合征是手术后早期死亡的高危因素。手术方式(右房与右室连接、右房与肺动脉连接)、术后右房压和术后严重低心输出血量综合征与术后早期死亡的有关。结论:术前严格选择心室功能好和肺动脉发育好、无明显房室瓣返流的病例,采用全腔静脉与肺动脉连接术式,术后加强监护是预防和降低术后早期死亡的有效措施。     

改良房坦手术后右心房内球囊搏动辅助循环的实验研究

目的：为了提高改良房坦（Ｆｏｎｔａｎ）手术的早期生存率，我们研制了一种新型右心球囊辅助装置，通过机械辅助的方法帮助有房坦手术危险因素的患者。方法：该装置由标准的主动脉内球囊反搏机和一套并连的单球囊管和双球囊管组成，通过调节主动脉内球囊反搏机的充气时相，来驱动经外周静脉送入右心房和腔静脉内的球囊使之产生类似右心室收缩的效果，从而增加肺血流量。本实验比较了应用该装置在搏动频率１：１、１：２和停搏３种状态下对６条犬急性改良房坦模型的血液动力学的影响。各项指标由八导生理记录仪做同步记录，所有数据用配对ｔ检验做统计学分析。结果：研究发现，肺动脉血流量增加十分显著，当搏动频率为１：１和１：２时，分别比停搏时增加了８２％和６４％（Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：可以认为新型辅助装置能有效地改善改良房坦手术后早期右心功能，这将为帮助有房坦手术危险因素的患者安全渡过围术期提供一种新的途径。     

西地那非治疗原发性肺动脉高压3例

例1:女性45岁,活动后气急1年,晕厥两次。心超测肺动脉收缩压97mmHg,右房右室增大。右心导管测肺动脉压为75/29mmHg,平均压47mmHg,血压95/62mmHg。诊断为原发性肺动脉高压(PPH),口服西地那非50mg,50min后测肺动脉压降至65/24mmHg,平均压降至38mmHg,但血压降至81/52mmHg,患者无明显症状。出院后口服西地那非25mg/bid,随访1周,症状有所改善,血压未见降低。 例2:女性47岁,头晕伴气急近10年。心超测肺动脉平均压85mmHg,多种药物治疗,效果不佳。行右心导管检查,提示在房间隔水平出现右向左分流,测肺动脉收缩压108mmHg,平均压65mmHg,口服西地那非50mg后,观察2h,肺动脉压均无明显变化。患者未出现不良反应。     

西地那非治疗原发性肺动脉高压3例

例1:女性45岁,活动后气急1年,晕厥两次.心超测肺动脉收缩压97mmHg,右房右室增大.右心导管测肺动脉压为75/29mmHg,平均压47mmHg,血压95/62mmHg.诊断为原发性肺动脉高压(PPH),口服西地那非50mg,50min后测肺动脉压降至65/24mmHg,平均压降至38mmHg,但血压降至81/52mmHg,患者无明显症状.出院后口服西地那非25mg/bid,随访1周,症状有所改善,血压未见降低.     

吸入一氧化氮治疗心脏术后肺动脉高压的初步探讨

目的探讨吸入一氧化氮（NO）治疗心脏术后合并肺动脉高压（PH）的治疗作用。方法留置Swan－Ganz导管或肺动脉及左、右房直接测压管监测血流动力学，取挠动脉血及肺动脉血测定动脉及混合静脉血氧资料。术后当日或次日在辅助呼吸下子吸入NO并监测NO2和MetHb，记录吸入NO前后半小时肺动脉压、血氧及血流动力学资料。结果吸入NO30min肺动脉平均压由（7．30±2．44）kPa（1kPa＝7．5mmHg）降为（5．59±1．76）kPa（P＜0．05），肺动脉压／体动脉压由（0．79±0．39）kPa降为（0．58±0．29）kPa（P＜0．05），其中先天心动力型PH病人肺动脉压下降38．4％，且血气PaO2、PvO2、SaO2均有上升，血压、心率、左右房压、心排血量无明显变化。结论吸入NO可选择性降低肺动脉压，故为心脏术后PH病人降肺动脉压的一种新的治疗手段。治疗效果初步认为对动力型PH患者较好。     

肺心病患者口服肼苯哒嗪后休息和运动时血流动力学的变化

慢性肺疾患并肺高压患者12例,年龄44～65岁.按通气功能障碍分为阻塞性5例,限制性2例,混合性5例。无心肌梗塞或肯定的冠状动脉疾病病史。研究期间无心肺疾患的急性发作。稳定期测定常规肺功能。研究前均按习用方法治疗6个月以上,住院期间亦不变。导管检查前及检查当中停止吸氧。插入导管后患者即服肼苯哒嗪25mg,如无副作用,以后每6小时口服50mg,48小时内重复测定血流动力学变化。结果休息时所有患者肺动脉压和肺小动脉阻力增高,肺毛细血管楔压正常。口服肼苯哒嗪后,平均肺动脉压从52降至44mmHg(p<0.01)。肺小动脉阻力从11.2降至6.2 U(p<0.0005)。平均右房压从8降至6mmHg(p<0.05)。平均右室舒张末压从10降至7mmHg(p<0.05)。心排出量从4.3增至6.3L/min(p<0.001)。平均搏出量增加40%。动静脉氧差从8降至6vol%(p<0.001)。运动时平均肺动脉压从68降至59mmHg(p<0.01)。肺动脉总阻力从12.7降至8.9U(p<0.01)。心排出量从6.1增至7.6L/min(p<0.01)。搏出量增加30%。肺动脉氧饱和度从27增至39%(p<0.001)。口服肼苯哒嗪前后肺功能测验没有变化。     

肺源性肺动脉高压的治疗

慢性阻塞性肺部疾病并发的肺动脉高压(平均肺动脉压>2.6kPa),称为肺源性肺动脉高压(PAH)。肺动脉压持续升高可致右心负荷增加,终致右心衰竭,直接影响慢阻肺的预后和病程。因此,控制和逆转肺动脉高压是慢阻肺治疗的重要环节。对肺源性肺动脉高压,应予综合治疗,但首先     

有房坦手术高危因素患者的治疗进展

有房坦手术高危因素患者的治疗进展中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学心血管病研究所中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学阜外心血管病医院唐跃综述萧明第审校改良房坦（Ｆｏｎｔａｎ）手术是目前治疗多种复杂先天性心脏病的重要手段［１］。然而，因为患者缺少有效的右心泵功能...     

肺动脉高压的新分类

肺动脉高压(pulmonaryarterialhypertension,PAH)是以肺血管阻力(PVR)进行性增加为临床特征的一组疾病,可导致右心衰竭,引起过早死亡[1-4]。影响肺动脉压力(PAP)的3个因素是PVR、心输出量(CO)和左房压(PLA),三者的关系可用以下公式表示:平均PAP=PVR×CO PLA任何影响上述因素的疾病均可引起PAH。美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)规定,当心导管测定平均PAP,在静息状态下≥25mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)或运动状态下≥30mmHg,而肺毛细血管压或PLA≤15mmHg即可确定PAH。最近世界卫生组织(WHO)定义PAH的标准为肺动脉收缩压>40mmHg(相当于…     

老年慢性肾脏病肺动脉压变化及危险因素

肺动脉高压是各种原因引起的静息状态下右心导管测得的肺动脉平均压(mPAP)≥25 mmHg的一组临床病理生理综合征〔1〕。肺动脉高压显著加重右心室后负荷,由于肺血管重塑引起肺循环血流动力学改变,导致心肌重构、右心室肥大,最后可能导致右心或全心功能衰竭甚至死亡,是很多疾病进展到一定阶段的病理生理表现〔2〕。慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者常合并肺动脉高压,使其心力衰竭与死亡风险大大增加〔3〕。本文回顾性分析CKD患者的肺动脉压变化,分析CKD患者肺动脉压的变化并采用多因素回归分析其影响因素。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.