胃癌细胞凋亡相关基因、PCNA与细胞凋亡的关系

目的探讨细胞凋亡相关基因、增殖细胞核蛋白(PCNA)与胃癌细胞凋亡的相关性。方法采用原位末端标记法及免疫组化技术,检测115例胃癌及癌前病变患者和正常人胃黏膜上皮细胞凋亡指数bcl-2、bax、PCNA的表达。结果正常人、浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、不典型增生、胃癌的细胞凋亡指数分别为(4.58±1.92)%、(10.14±2.56)%、(24.6±35.19)%、(19.35±4.04)%、(19.81±4.66)%;bcl-2蛋白表达分别为0、18.5%、20.3%、44.6%、58.5%;bax蛋白表达分别为20.4%、51.5%、55.2%、27.6%、16.8%;PCNA分别为(3.93±1.02)%、(13.58±4.65)%、(20.16±4.89)%、(24.30±4.44)%、(39.79±6.37)%、(54.79±10.6)%。结论胃黏膜癌变过程中,起初三个阶段细胞凋亡指数、bcl-2、bax和PCNA同时增加,而至萎缩性胃炎后,细胞凋亡指数、bax表达显著减少,bcl-2、PCNA表达显著增加,说明以上因素在胃癌演变过程中可能起重要作用。     

转化生长因子βⅡ在胃癌、肠化组织中的表达及细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨正常胃粘膜、胃粘膜肠化生组织及胃癌组织中TGF-βⅡ的表达及细胞凋亡情况.方法采用免疫组化法检测其TGF-βⅡ表达,采用DNA原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测其细胞凋亡.结果正常胃粘膜、肠化生组织及胃癌的细胞凋亡指数(%)分别为1.727±1.593、5.161±4.673、1.622±2.469;TGF-βⅡ阳性率分别为10%(1/10)、29.5%(13/44)、73.6%(31/42).结论由正常胃粘膜、肠化生到胃癌TGF-βⅡ表达率逐渐上升,而细胞凋亡指数则肠化组织中最高,胃癌组织中较低,提示TGF-βⅡ、细胞凋亡可能在胃癌发生发展中具有重要作用.     

介入治疗对兔VX2肝癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的研究介入治疗对肿瘤细胞凋亡和增殖的影响.方法建立兔VX2肝癌的动物模型,将实验动物分为介入组和对照组,用TUNEL法观察肿瘤细胞凋亡情况,采用原位杂交和免疫组化法检测凋亡和增殖相关基因bcl-2、bax及PCNA的表达情况.结果(1)介入组凋亡指数明显高于对照组,两组的细胞凋亡率分别为62.6 ±32.21%和21.4±10.43%(P＜0.05);介入组PCNA为38.80±15.73%,对照组为68.54±24.43%,前者显著低于后者(P＜0.05);(2)介入组bcl-2表达率为10.34±6.66%,显著低于对照组的24.5±11.53%(P＜0.05),而介入组bax的表达率为58.27±38.33%,显著高于对照组的32.13±23.76%(P＜0.05).bcl-2和bax基因mRNA表达与蛋白的表达相一致.结论抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和诱导其凋亡是介入治疗肝癌的重要机制之一.     

胃癌及其癌前病变中转化生长因子β1、细胞周期蛋白A表达与细胞凋亡关系的研究

目的探讨转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)A表达与细胞凋亡的关系及其在正常胃粘膜、非萎缩性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、不典型增生及胃癌演化序列中的规律和可能作用。方法用免疫组化法检测TGF-β1和cyclinA的表达,用DNA原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡。结果正常胃粘膜、非萎缩性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、不典型增生和胃癌组织的细胞凋亡指数分别为1.7％±1.6％、4.7％±5.0％、5.2％±4.7％、3.0％±3.5％和1.6％±2.5％,非萎缩性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎和不典型增生组织的凋亡指数明显高于胃癌(P＜0.05);TGF-β1的阳性表达率分别为10.0％(1/10)、25.0％(4/16)、25.0％(11/44)、60.7％(17/28)和59.5％(25/42),正常胃粘膜、非萎缩性胃炎和萎缩性胃炎组织的阳性率与不典型增生和胃癌组织相比有显著差异(P＜0.05);cyclinA的阳性表达率分别为0、6.2％(1/16)、20.5％(9/44)、46.4％(13/28)和85.7％(36/42),不典型增生和胃癌组织的阳性率有显著差异,但两者均显著高于正常胃粘膜、非萎缩性胃炎和萎缩性胃炎(P＜0.05)。结论在胃癌演化过程中,从正常胃粘膜到萎缩性胃炎,凋亡指数逐渐上升;从不典型增生期开始,凋亡指数逐渐下降。在胃癌和不典型增生组织中,TGF-β1和cyclinA的阳性表达率均显著高于正常胃粘膜、非萎缩性胃炎和萎缩性胃炎。提示TGF-β1和cyclinA的表达可能与细胞凋亡有关并在胃癌的发生、发展中具有重要作用。     

胃癌及其癌前病变中细胞凋亡与细胞增殖间关系的研究

目的　通过观察胃癌及其癌前病变中细胞凋亡与细胞增殖间的关系,探讨细胞凋亡在胃癌发生中的作用．方法　利用脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的ｄ ＵＴＰ 缺口末端标记（ＴＵＮＥＬ） 技术及增殖细胞核抗原（ ＰＣＮＡ） 免疫组织化学染色对１０ 例正常胃粘膜、１６ 例萎缩性胃炎、３６ 例肠化生、２０ 例异型增生和５３ 例胃癌中的凋亡细胞、增殖细胞进行原位观察和比较．结果　萎缩性胃炎、肠化生、异型增生中凋亡细胞指数（１１－９ ％ ;１４－７ ％ ,８－０ ％ ） 均显著高于正常胃粘膜和 胃癌（３－５ ％ ,５－８ ％ ,ｔ ＝ ２－０５８ ～７－９０１ ,Ｐ＜ ０－０１ ～Ｐ ＜ ０－０５） ;异型增生、胃癌与肠化生相比,凋亡细胞明显减少、增殖细胞明显增多（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ;胃癌细胞增殖指数（４７－５ ％ ） 显著高于异型增生（３０－１ ％ ,Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ． 胃癌前病变及胃癌组织中的凋亡细胞指数与 增 殖细 胞指 数 呈显 著相 关（ ｒ ＝ ０－９６６ , － ０－８９７ ,Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ．结论　胃粘膜癌变过程中不仅存在活跃的细胞增殖,而且存在细胞凋亡异常． 高增殖能力的细胞可能通过选择而占据优势,导致胃癌的发生． 细胞凋亡与细胞增殖平衡失调在胃癌发病中可能起重要作用     

胃癌及癌前病变组织中转化生长因子β工型受体的表达与细胞凋亡

目的探讨胃癌及癌前病变中转化生长因子βⅠ型受体(TGF-βRⅠ)的表达与细胞凋亡的关系及它们在胃癌发病机制中的作用.方法免疫组化SP法检测慢性浅表性胃炎(30例)、肠化生(30例)、不典型增生(18例)及胃癌(25例)中TGF-βRⅠ的表达,TUNEL法检测其中凋亡细胞的情况.结果从慢性浅表性胃炎到肠化生、不典型增生及胃癌,TGF-βRⅠ表达及凋亡指数(AI)分级均与胃粘膜病变程度显著负相关(分别为r=-0.7272,P＜0.01;r=-0.8347,P＜0.01),19例胃癌(76%)TGF-βRⅠ表达缺失;不同组织学类型中AI的分布和TGF-βRⅠ表达的分布差异无显著性(P=0.0779).结论TGF-βRⅠ表达缺失可能影响细胞凋亡,参与胃癌的发生.     

幽门螺杆菌，细胞增殖和细胞凋亡在胃癌发生中的作用

１　原文的要点作者采用国际上先进的脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的ｄＵＴＰ缺口末端标记（ＴＵＮＥＬ）技术和增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）免疫组织化学染色法对正常胃粘膜及各种病变胃组织中凋亡细胞和增殖细胞进行原位观察和比较．检测结果，萎缩性胃炎，肠化生，异型增生中凋亡细胞指数均显著高于正常胃粘膜和胃癌中的凋亡细胞指数，从正常胃粘膜至萎缩性胃炎，肠化生，异型增生和胃癌，细胞增殖指数逐渐升高．作者认为胃粘膜癌变过程中细胞增殖活跃与细胞凋亡异常并存，高增殖能力的细胞可通过选择而占据优势，导致胃癌发生．细胞增殖和细胞…     

胃癌及癌前病变组织中转化生长因子βⅠ型受体的表达与细胞凋亡

目的　探讨胃癌及癌前病变中转化生长因子 βⅠ型受体 (TGF βRⅠ )的表达与细胞凋亡的关系及它们在胃癌发病机制中的作用。方法　免疫组化SP法检测慢性浅表性胃炎 (30例 )、肠化生 (30例 )、不典型增生 (18例 )及胃癌 (2 5例 )中TGF βRⅠ的表达 ,TUNEL法检测其中凋亡细胞的情况。 结果　从慢性浅表性胃炎到肠化生、不典型增生及胃癌 ,TGF βRⅠ表达及凋亡指数 (AI)分级均与胃粘膜病变程度显著负相关 (分别为 r =-0 72 72 ,P <0 0 1;r =- 0 8347,P <0 0 1) ,19例胃癌 (76 % )TGF βRⅠ表达缺失 ;不同组织学类型中AI的分布和TGF βRⅠ表达的分布差异无显著性 (P =0 0 779)。结论　TGF βRⅠ表达缺失可能影响细胞凋亡 ,参与胃癌的发生。     

幽门螺杆菌感染者胃粘膜癌前病变与Fas抗原表达的关系

目的研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染后胃粘膜癌前病变中 Fas 抗原表达的情况,了解 Hp 在胃癌发生过程中的作用。方法采用免疫组织化学等方法检测83例经病理证实为慢性胃炎病人胃粘膜上皮细胞中 Fas 抗原的表达情况。结果在浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、肠化生及异型增生中,Fas 抗原表达率分别为20.00%、36.36%、73.33%、43.75%,Fas 抗原在肠化生中的表达率显著高于浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎及异型增生(P<0.01及P<0.05)。Hp 感染者 Fas 抗原表达率为60.71%,显著高于 Hp 阴性者的22.22%(P<0.01)。在萎缩、肠化生及异型增生等癌前病变中,Hp 感染者与未感染者表达率分别为65.96%及28.57%(P<0.01)。结论 Hp 感染对 Fas 抗原表达有一定的影响,Hp 感染可促进 Fas 抗原表达增加,这可能是 Hp 感染诱导胃粘膜上皮细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

胃癌中幽门螺杆菌感染与胃粘膜增殖及凋亡研究

目的研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的胃癌(GC)发展中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达及细胞凋亡的关系和对胃癌预后意义。方法145例经病理证实,不同胃黏膜病变采用免疫组化检测PCNA基因表达及Warthinstarry法检测Hp感染。采用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡。结果在浅表性胃炎(CSG)、萎缩肠化生胃炎(CAG+IM)、异型增生(DYS)、早期GC和进展期GC中,PCNA基因表达率分别为24.53%,46.28%,60.54%,57.67%和71.42%,CAG+IM、DYS、GC均显著高于CSG(P<0.05)。凋亡指数(AI)分别为(4.55±2.33)%、(6.43±5.60)%、(6.45±5.12)%、(6.55±4.80)%、(8.84±5.63)%,进展期GC显著高于CSG(P<0.05)。胃黏膜凋亡指数与PCNA表达强度有密切相关(P<0.05)。PCNA阳性表达与胃癌组织类型、浆膜浸润和淋巴结转移密切相关,而且BorrmannIV明显高于早期胃癌和BorrmannI,II(P<0.05)。PCNA阳性表达与肠型胃癌Hp感染有关。CAG+IM,DYS和GC组PCNA阳性表达中Hp感染者明显高于阴性者。Hp阳性者5年生存期显著短于Hp阴性者。结论Hp感染和PCNA表达与胃黏膜增殖和恶化有关,且与凋亡有相关性。Hp感染与胃癌预后有关。     

Ligaments of the larynx and the adjacent pharynx and esophagus

Two ligament systems of the larynx are demonstrated by dissection. The suspensory ligament of the esophagus is attached to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and is also a part of the fascial sheath which is common to the hyoid, thyroid, and cricoid. The ligaments at the inner margins of the vocal, ventricular, and aryepiglottic folds are distinctive in site and, inferentially, in function. The aryepiglottic ligaments join at the incisura between the arytenoid cartilages and are continued as the corniculopharyngeal ligament which splays into the flexible tissues in the anterior wall of the hypopharynx, posterior to the suspensory ligament of the esophagus. These ligament systems are involved in two different actions in swallow. The gross superior and anterior motions of the larynx are transmitted to the esophagus by the suspensory ligament, so that the esophagus is elevated in relation to the bolus and is also opened. These esophageal displacements resemble, in effect, the swallow displacements of the pharyngoesophageal segment and of the constrictor wall of the hypopharynx. The marginal ligaments of the laryngeal folds help to implement the constriction and closure of the larynx during swallow. By anatomical inference, the corniculopharyngeal ligament effects vertical traction within the flexible tissues of the anterior wall of the hypopharynx.     

表观扩散系数值与肝细胞癌分级的相关性以及相关性与肿瘤大小关系的分析

[摘要]　目的　探讨表观扩散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC）值与肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC）组织学分级的相关性以及不同直径肿瘤的ADC值与HCC的相关性。方法?回顾性分析2017年—2020年180例病理证实为HCC的病例资料,按肿瘤直径大小分为＜2 cm、≥2 cm且＜3 cm、≥3 cm且＜5 cm、≥5 cm 4组,标为I、II、III、IV组。分析ADC值与HCC组织学分级的相关性,并分析在不同直径肿瘤ADC值与HCC的相关性。结果?高、中和低分化HCC的ADC值分别为（1.159±0.302）×10-3、（0.951±0.213）×10-3和（0.811±0.239）×10-3 mm2/s,逐级降低（P＜0.05）。ADC值与总体HCC的组织学分级呈负相关（r=-0.474）,与I～III组HCC的组织学分级均呈负相关（r值分别为-0.663、-0.527、-0.364）,而与IV组HCC的组织学分级无相关性。结论?ADC值可以作为非侵入性预测HCC组织学分级的指标,预测结果受肿瘤大小影响,更适用于小肝细胞癌。     

The charity and the care: the origin and the evolution of hospitals

BackgroundThe hospital is considered as one of the founding elements of modern medicine. Such an institution, originally born to be a center for housing the sick and the poor, has provided with a place to improve the medical knowledge and to educate new generations of nurses and physicians. This paper wants to remind the meaning and the development of the hospital institution in the western world.MethodsThe first part of this work analyzed the evolution of hospital, using a classical historiographical approach. In the second part, the history of the “Ospedale Maggiore” in Milan was used as a paradigm to describe the evolution of hospital from the Renaissance to nowadays through a “microhistorical approach”.ResultsThe origins of the public hospital are evidenced in early Christian age, when the Christian message led people to assist the sick and the poor and to establish centers for such interventions, initially in the house of the bishop, then in monasteries and, finally, in autonomous buildings (the hospitals). These institutions were economically supported by the donations of wealthy philanthropists. Since the nineteenth century the hospitals have changed their organization and functions, but have continued to associate the charity and the care.ConclusionChristian charity and the lay culture originated from it may be rightly credited not only as the founding element of ancient hospitals, but also as the virtue which has made possible for the development of medicine, as we know it.     

Structural similarities and differences between the human and the mouse pancreas

Mice remain the most studied animal model in pancreas research. Since the findings of this research are typically extrapolated to humans, it is important to understand both similarities and differences between the 2 species. Beside the apparent difference in size and macroscopic organization of the organ in the 2 species, there are a number of less evident and only recently described differences in organization of the acinar and ductal exocrine tissue, as well as in the distribution, composition, and architecture of the endocrine islets of Langerhans. Furthermore, the differences in arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels, as well as innervation are potentially important. In this article, the structure of the human and the mouse pancreas, together with the similarities and differences between them are reviewed in detail in the light of conceivable repercussions for basic research and clinical application.     

Structural similarities and differences between the human and the mouse pancreas

Mice remain the most studied animal model in pancreas research. Since the findings of this research are typically extrapolated to humans, it is important to understand both similarities and differences between the 2 species. Beside the apparent difference in size and macroscopic organization of the organ in the 2 species, there are a number of less evident and only recently described differences in organization of the acinar and ductal exocrine tissue, as well as in the distribution, composition, and architecture of the endocrine islets of Langerhans. Furthermore, the differences in arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels, as well as innervation are potentially important. In this article, the structure of the human and the mouse pancreas, together with the similarities and differences between them are reviewed in detail in the light of conceivable repercussions for basic research and clinical application.