早期纤支镜介入对重型颅脑损伤合并误吸患者肺部并发症的影响

目的观察早期纤支镜介入对重型颅脑损伤合并误吸患者肺部并发症的影响。方法收集钦州市第二人民医院重症颅脑损伤合并误吸患者80例按单双日法随机分为两组,实验组(40例)常规治疗并在入院后8h内行纤维支气管镜介入治疗;对照组(40例)进行常规治疗,比较两组患者的机械通气时间,ICU住院时间,30天病死率,常见肺部并发症的发生率。结果两组患者一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性,治疗组机械通气时间,ICU住院时间,吸入性肺炎、急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合症、肺不张、呼吸功能不全的发生率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者30天病死率无差异(P0.05)。结论早期使用纤维支气管镜介入治疗,可以减少重型颅脑损伤合并误吸患者的肺部并发症,缩短机械通气时间,ICU住院时间,但不能降低30D病死率。     

小剂量肝素治疗脓毒症的临床分析

目的 探讨小剂量肝素对脓毒症的治疗作用.方法 选中国医科大学附属第一医院ICU收治的诊断明确的79例脓毒症患者,随机分为肝素治疗组(37例)和常规治疗组(42例),常规治疗组患者给予常规治疗;肝素治疗组患者在给予常规治疗的同时,于确诊脓毒症当日开始应用小剂量肝素40～50 mg/d,持续24 h泵控静脉滴注,疗程5～7 d.观察2组患者7 d及28 d病死率,住ICU时间和住院时间,机械通气时间,住ICU期间急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)、急性肾衰竭(ARt)及多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的发生率;治疗前后氧合指数、APTT、PT和血小板的变化以及出血倾向.结果 肝素治疗组DIC(15.4%)、ARF(25.0%)、MODS(26.3%)的发生率明显低于常规治疗组(38.7%、51.9%、50.0%;P<0.05).肝素治疗组28 d病死率(15.4%)较常规治疗组(32.4%)明显降低(P=0.03).2组在7 d病死率、住ICU时间、住院时间、氧合指数、机械通气时间、ARDS发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).2组患者APTT、PT、血小板水平治疗前后差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 小剂量肝素治疗脓毒症可降低病死率,改善预后,临床应用相对安全,未出现严重并发症.     

应用小剂量肝素治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合症的临床疗效

目的探讨应用小剂量肝素治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS)患者的临床疗效。方法将我院重症医学科(ICU)住院治疗的明确诊断为ARDS的患者66人,随机分为试验组(34例)和对照组(32例),对照组给予常规治疗,试验组在常规治疗的基础上加用小剂量肝素(5～10 U/kg/h)持续泵入,测定两组间患者治疗前、治疗后第1天、第3天、第5天、第7天氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、呼吸频率(R)、血小板计数(PLT)、部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、组织因子途径抑制物(TF-PI)。观察两组患者平均机械通气时间、平均ICU住院时间及28天病死率。结果与对照组相比,治疗后3、5、7天实验组PaO2/FiO2明显升高,R、TFPI含量明显下降,PLT、APTT、FIB含量无明显变化;对照组平均机械通气时间、ICU住院时间均显著低于对照组,28 d病死率较对照组有所降低。结论小剂量肝素治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效显著,临床应用安全。     

应用小剂量肝素治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合症的疗效分析

目的分析小剂量肝素治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合症的疗效。方法选择2014年11月~2016年11月在我院重症科住院治疗的急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者76例纳入此次研究,并按照不同的治疗方法随机分成对比组、研究组,每组患者各38例,对比组患者予以常规治疗,研究组患者在其基础上使用小剂量(5~10U/kg/h)肝素持续泵入治疗,对两组患者的治疗相关情况进行比较。结果治疗后,两组患者的氧合指数、呼吸频率较之于治疗前皆有一定改善(P0.05),且治疗后的第7天,研究组氧合指数、呼吸频率改善情况皆要优于对比组(P0.05);治疗后,两组间各项凝血指标值的比较差异并无统计学意义(P0.05);研究组患者机械通气时间、住院时间要明显短于对比组(P0.05)30天死亡率5.3%要明显比对比组的21.1%低(P0.05)。结论应用小剂量肝素治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合症能有效提高氧合指数,避免肺损伤,治疗疗效确切。     

早期纤支镜介入治疗在重型颅脑损伤并误吸患者中的应用效果

目的观察早期纤支镜介入治疗在重型颅脑损伤并误吸患者中的应用效果。方法选取2014—2015年西安医学院第二附属医院收治的重型颅脑损伤并误吸患者72例,根据治疗方法分为对照组29例和观察组43例。两组患者均给予常规治疗,观察组患者在此基础上给予早期纤支镜介入治疗。比较两组患者机械通气时间、入住ICU时间、抗生素使用时间、治疗1个月后肺部并发症发生率及病死率。结果观察组患者机械通气时间、入住ICU时间、抗生素使用时间均短于对照组(P0.05)。治疗1个月后,观察组患者吸入性肺炎、急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)、肺不张、呼吸功能不全发生率均低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早期纤支镜介入治疗在重型颅脑损伤并误吸患者中的应用效果良好,能有效缩短患者机械通气时间、入住ICU时间、抗生素使用时间,降低肺部并发症发生率。     

胸外伤后急性肺损伤的无创机械通气治疗效果观察

目的探讨应用多功能呼吸机无创通气治疗胸部外伤所致急性肺损伤ALI。方法对我院45例胸部外伤导致ALI患者进行前瞻性对照研究。观察无创通气组动脉血氧分压、氧合指数、呼吸频率及辅助呼吸肌动用评分,并对两组病死率、呼吸机并发症发生率、机械通气治疗时间及住院时间进行统计学分析。结果无创通气组动脉血氧分压、氧合指数较通气前均有明显改善（P〈0.05）,呼吸频率及辅助呼吸肌动用评分在通气后12 h及撤机后较通气前下降（P〈0.05）;无创通气组机械通气并发症发生率、机械通气治疗时间及住院时间优于有创通气组（P〈0.05）。结论无创机械通气是治疗胸部外伤所致急性肺损伤特别是恶化至急性呼吸窘迫综合征的有效方法。     

序贯性机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

目的观察有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效。方法 68例ARDS患者随机分为两组,序贯通气组(n=34)采取有创-无创序贯性机械通气方法治疗,对照组(n=34)则采取常规有创机械通气方法治疗。观察和比较两组呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、病死率、总机械通气时间、有创通气时间和入住ICU时间。结果序贯通气组VAP发生率、总机械通气时间、有创通气时间、入住ICU时间及病死率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效显著,可有效缩短有创机械通气时间、降低VAP发生率及病死率。     

肺复张联合有创-无创序贯性机械通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者中的应用效果

目的分析肺复张联合有创-无创序贯性机械通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者中的应用效果。方法选取2016—2017年安徽中医药大学附属滁州中西医结合医院、苏州大学附属第三医院和济宁市第一人民医院收治的ARDS患者78例,按照治疗方法分为对照组36例和观察组42例。对照组患者给予对症支持治疗及有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上于有创机械通气治疗期间行肺复张。比较两组患者有创机械通气时间、总机械通气时间及ICU入住时间,治疗前及治疗24 h后动脉血气分析指标[包括动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、氧合指数]、呼吸频率(RR)、呼吸力学指标[包括气道峰压(PIP)、肺静态顺应性(Cstat)及气道平台压(Pplat)],治疗期间并发症发生率及治疗后28 d病死率。结果 (1)观察组患者有创机械通气时间、总机械通气时间及ICU入住时间均短于对照组(P0.05)。(2)两组患者治疗前及治疗24 h后PaCO_2、氧合指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)两组患者治疗前RR、PIP、Cstat、Pplat及治疗24 h后RR、Pplat比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者治疗24 h后PIP低于对照组,Cstat高于对照组(P0.05)。(4)观察组患者治疗期间呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率及治疗后28 d病死率低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗期间气胸发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肺复张联合有创-无创序贯性机械通气能有效缩短ARDS患者机械通气时间、ICU入住时间,改善患者呼吸力学指标,降低VAP发生率及短期病死率。     

序贯通气对于急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果

目的 研究序贯通气对于急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果.方法 将我院ICU于2009年5月至2011年5月期间收治的72例由于急性胰腺炎所致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者作为研究对象,将所有患者按照随机分组原则分为治疗组(序贯通气组)与对照组(机械通气组),各36例,其中治疗组采用序贯通气法治疗,对照组采用普通机械通气法治疗.对比两组患者于治疗前、治疗后16h及拔管时PaO2、PaCO2、pH值以及无创通气时间、机械通气时间、死亡率、治愈率及不良反应发生率.结果 ①序贯通气组有创通气时间为(2.34±1.24)d,少于机械通气组有创通气时间[(5.21±2.32)d,t=3.230,P＜0.05];②序贯通气组总机械通气时间为(4.38±2.15)d,与机械通气组总机械通气时间[(4.25±2.35)d]比较差异无统计学意义(t=3.230,P＞0.05);③序贯通气组于治疗后16hpH平均值恢复正常,PaO2高于机械通气组(t=3.440,P＜0.05),PaCO2亦高于机械通气组(t=5.125,P＜0.05);④序贯通气组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率为8.3％,低于机械通气组(16.7％,x2=15.644,P＜0.05);⑤序贯通气组治愈率(86.1％)高于机械通气组(75.0％),且不良反应发生率、死亡率均低于机械通气组.结论 使用有创-无创序贯通气治疗急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征,具有缩短有创通气时间、动脉血气水平恢复快、不良反应少、治愈率高等优点,值得于临床广泛推广使用.     

机械通气联合纳洛酮治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的:观察机械通气联合纳洛酮治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法:选择73例予有创机械通气治疗的COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者,依据是否使用纳洛酮分为治疗组(35例)和对照组(38例),比较2组临床疗效。结果:2组pH、PO_2、PCO_2、呼吸频率、心率、血压等均无明显差异,治疗组有效脱机率较对照组明显增高(88.57%vs 68.42%,P0.01),机械通气时间、住ICU时间明显缩短(P0.05)。7 d病死率和28 d病死率明显降低(P0.05)。结论:机械通气联合纳洛酮治疗COPD并发呼吸衰竭可以提高有效脱机率,缩短机械通气时间和住ICU时间,降低病死率。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.