肾脏疾病患者继发免疫缺陷与肺孢子菌肺炎

目的:探讨肾脏疾病患者继发免疫缺陷与肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的临床特征、并对影响其预后的危险因素进行分析。方法:回顾性分析肾脏疾病患者继发免疫缺陷临床诊断PCP的资料,根据预后分为好转组和死亡组,分析其临床特点、免疫功能状态与预后的关系。结果:共入组患者52例,其中14例为同种异体肾移植术后患者,38例自体肾脏病患者。所有患者感染前均曾接受免疫抑制治疗且外周血CD4~+淋巴细胞计数均200/μl。起病表现以胸闷、发热为主,所有患者肺部影像学均呈双肺弥漫性肺间质浸润影,血清1,3-β-D葡聚糖试验(真菌G试验)阳性。经治疗,好转39例,死亡13例。多因素Logistic回归分析发现CD4~+细胞低、真菌G试验进行性升高、重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)提示预后差。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线提示最低CD4~+细胞计数64/μl,预后较好。重复测序变量协方差分析提示入院前6天淋巴细胞计数持续低下患者死亡风险明显升高。结论:重度ARDS、CD4~+细胞计数低、真菌G试验进行性升高提示预后差,患者免疫状态和免疫功能重建能力是影响PCP患者预后的重要因素。     

侵袭性曲霉菌病的免疫学研究进展

随着免疫抑制剂的广泛应用和免疫抑制宿主的增多,曲霉菌感染率明显升高.侵袭性曲霉菌病成为免疫受损宿主死亡的重要原因.机体的免疫状态是宿主是否发病的重要因素.宿主对侵袭性曲霉菌病的防御包括固有性免疫和获得性免疫.本文对近年来侵袭性曲霉菌病的免疫学研究进展进行综述.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者曲霉菌感染的影响因素

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者曲霉菌感染的影响因素。方法选取慢性阻塞性肺疾病老年患者1100例,所有患者入组后采集清晨呼吸道分泌物标本,依据细菌培养及涂片镜检结果将所有慢性阻塞性肺疾病老年患者分为曲霉菌感染组和非曲霉菌感染组,统计记录所有患者临床资料,包括年龄、性别、是否合并糖尿病、是否合并高血压、长期吸烟史、有无侵入性操作、抗生素使用时间、血清白蛋白水平、平均住院天数、激素使用时间、抗生素使用种类数、有无机械通气操作、过去1年住院次数、慢性阻塞性肺疾病史等,分析两组上述资料的差异性,指出导致慢性阻塞性肺疾病老年患者发生曲霉菌感染的危险因素。结果入选1100例慢性阻塞性肺疾病老年患者中有150例发生曲霉菌感染,占13.64%;有950例未发生曲霉菌感染,占86.36%。单因素分析显示,曲霉菌感染组在年龄、性别、合并糖尿病、合并高血压、侵入性操作、慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史等方面与非曲霉菌感染组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);曲霉菌感染组在长期吸烟史、抗生素使用时间、血清白蛋白、平均住院天数、激素使用时间、抗生素使用种类数、机械通气操作、过去1年住院次数等方面与非曲霉菌感染组相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经Logistic多因素分析,长期吸烟史、抗生素使用时间≥10 d、血清白蛋白<30 g/L、平均住院天数≥10 d、激素使用时间≥14 d、抗生素使用种类数≥3种、机械通气操作、过去1年住院次数≥4次是导致老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者发生曲霉菌感染的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中约有13%患者发生曲霉菌感染,而长期吸烟史、长期使用抗生素、激素、低蛋白血症、使用多种类抗生素、机械通气操作、过去1年中多次住院且住院时间长是导致老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者并发曲霉菌感染的危险因素,临床治疗中应采取有效的预防措施,以期降低曲霉菌感染率,改善患者生活质量。     

肺结核和肺外结核患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群的检测意义探讨

目的探讨肺结核与肺外结核患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群的检测意义。方法选择72例结核病患者,其中肺结核患者41例(A组),肺外结核患者31例(B组),同期选择32例健康体检者作为对照组(C组),应用流式细胞术即(FCM)进行检测。结果三组外周血淋巴细胞亚群的表达率比较,有统计学意义(P0.05),三组在CD+3CD+4/CD+3CD+8比值比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肺结核与肺外结核患者行外周血淋巴细胞亚群的检测对分析免疫状态有重要意义。     

血清血管紧张素转换酶水平和外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞计数对肺结节病患者激素治疗反应及预后的预测价值研究

目的分析血清血管紧张素转换酶(sACE)水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数对肺结节病患者激素治疗反应及预后的预测价值。方法回顾性选取2017年1月至2022年3月郑州大学第一附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科收治的肺结节病患者91例为研究对象。收集患者的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨肺结节病患者激素治疗反应及预后的影响因素,采用ROC曲线分析sACE水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数及其联合对肺结节病患者激素治疗反应及预后的预测价值。结果91例患者中,接受糖皮质激素治疗71例(激素治疗反应情况:敏感40例,不敏感31例),预后良好38例、预后不良53例。激素治疗反应敏感患者与激素治疗反应不敏感患者就诊时临床症状明显者占比、sACE水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数、外周血淋巴细胞绝对值、病变累及肺外实质器官者占比比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。预后良好患者与预后不良患者就诊时临床症状明显者占比、sACE水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数、外周血淋巴细胞绝对值、病变累及肺外实质器官者占比比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,sACE水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数是肺结节病患者激素治疗反应不敏感、预后不良的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,sACE水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数及其联合预测肺结节病患者激素治疗反应不敏感的AUC分别为0.927〔95%CI(0.871,0.983)〕、0.882〔95%CI(0.783,0.981)〕、0.951〔95%CI(0.894,1.000)〕,最佳截断值分别为122.4 U/L、556个/μl、0.295,灵敏度分别为93.5%、96.2%、99.9%,特异度分别为80.0%、76.7%、83.3%;sACE水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数及其联合预测肺结节病患者预后不良的AUC分别为0.904〔95%CI(0.825,0.968)〕、0.898〔95%CI(0.820,0.976)〕、0.949〔95%CI(0.895,1.000)〕,最佳截断值分别为122.7 U/L、562个/μl、0.540,灵敏度分别为91.4%、85.7%、91.4%,特异度分别为83.3%、85.7%、91.4%。结论sACE水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数是肺结节病患者激素治疗反应不敏感、预后不良的独立影响因素;sACE水平、外周血CD_(4)+T淋巴细胞计数均对肺结节病患者激素治疗反应不敏感、预后不良有一定预测价值,且二者联合的预测价值更高。     

血清曲霉IgG抗体联合支气管肺泡灌洗液半乳甘露聚糖检测对肺曲霉菌病诊断价值分析

目的探讨血清曲霉IgG抗体联合肺泡灌洗液(BALF)半乳甘露聚糖(GM)检测对肺曲霉菌感染的诊断价值,为肺曲霉菌病的临床诊断提供新的方案。方法选择2016年3月至2017年9月首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院收治的疑似肺曲霉菌感染患者97例,对患者进行侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)和慢性肺曲霉菌病(CPA)诊断,同时检测患者血清曲霉IgG抗体以及BALF GM抗原,采用ROC曲线分析各检测方法对肺曲霉菌病的诊断价值。结果97例患者中,肺曲霉菌病患者确诊9例(9.28%)、临床诊断49例(50.52%)、排除肺曲霉菌感染患者39例(40.21%),将确定诊断、临床诊断患者58例作为病例组,排除肺曲霉菌感染患者39例作为对照组。病例组患者血清IgG抗体及BALF GM抗原水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中CPA患者血清IgG抗体显著高于IPA患者(P0.05)。血清曲霉IgG以140 kAU/L为临界值时,敏感度为53.4%,特异度为94.9%。支气管肺泡灌洗液GM以0.5为临界值时,敏感度为75.9%,特异度为76.9%。单独采用血清曲霉IgG抗体对肺曲霉菌病诊断曲线下面积为0.770,单独采用BALF GM抗原对肺曲霉菌病诊断曲线下面积为0.813,二者联合对肺曲霉菌病诊断曲线下面积为0.897。结论血清曲霉IgG抗体联合血清半乳甘露聚糖检测可有效提高对肺曲霉菌病患者的临床诊断价值,有助于患者的临床诊断,值得推广运用。     

肺部真菌感染42例临床分析

目的对肺部真菌感染的临床特点、诊断及治疗结果进行分析。方法呼吸内科近3年来收治的肺部真菌感染的患者病历资料,包括患者的基础疾病、感染的真菌种类以及治疗结果等进行分析。结果近3年来,共有42例患者诊断为肺部真菌感染。其中,肺孢子菌感染16例(38.10%),白色假丝酵母菌12例(28.57%),曲霉菌感染9例(21.43%),克柔假丝酵母菌1例(2.38%),热带假丝酵母菌1例(2.38%),光滑念珠菌1例(2.38%),奴卡菌1例(2.38%),近平滑假丝酵母菌1例(2.38%)。患者免疫缺陷或机体免疫力低下占32例(76.20%)。结论肺部真菌感染患者多有基础疾病或免疫缺陷,本组患者肺部感染的常见真菌为肺孢子菌,治疗效果与患者基础疾病及免疫状况有关。     

29例不同免疫状态肺隐球菌病临床分析

目的分析不同免疫状态肺隐球菌病的临床表现、治疗。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2011年5月我院确诊为肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料。结果确诊肺隐球菌病共29例,免疫低下组9例,免疫正常组20例。免疫低下组仅3例(33.3%)无症状,而免疫正常组有12例(60%)无症状。免疫低下组有6例(66.7%)累及双肺,而免疫正常组仅6例(30%)累及双肺。两组病例共随诊22例,均未发生隐球菌全身播散。结论肺隐球菌病起病隐匿,临床及影像学不特异,诊断主要依赖病原学及病理检查。治疗应根据不同患者的免疫状态采取合理的方法,免疫功能正常的患者预后较好。     

AECOPD合并高碳酸血症患者T淋巴细胞亚群的相关研究

目的观察和分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并高碳酸血症患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化和临床意义。方法根据AECOPD患者的血气分析结果分为高碳酸血症组和非高碳酸血症组,检测两组患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化,并与健康体检人员对照。结果 AECOPD合并高碳酸血症组和非合并高碳酸血症组的CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+比值均明显低于正常人(P0.01),高碳酸血症组较非高碳酸血症的CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+比值降低更为明显(P0.05)。高碳酸血症得到纠正后上述指标均有不同程度恢复,但和健康对照组对比仍有差异(P0.01)。结论 AECOPD的患者存在原发性免疫功能障碍,其中合并高碳酸血症患者的免疫功能障碍尤为严重,临床上监测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群对评估此类患者的免疫功能、指导临床治疗、判断病情进展、评估预后具有重要意义。     

不同免疫状态的隐球菌肺炎患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群水平比较

目的探讨隐球菌肺炎患者免疫状态改变特点。方法回顾2017年1月至2020年5月南京鼓楼医院收治的20例非免疫缺陷病毒(HⅣ)感染的隐球菌肺炎患者的临床资料,根据既往免疫状态,将患者分为无免疫抑制组(NICP)和免疫抑制组(ICP),比较组间淋巴细胞亚群及影像学特点。结果 20例患者中,男性12例,平均发病年龄(51.00±12.79)岁,NICP组12例。咳嗽是最常见症状。与健康人群相比,隐球菌肺炎患者的CD~+_3T淋巴细胞、CD~+_4T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、外周血淋巴细胞计数均降低(P0.05)。其中,除B淋巴细胞外,NICP组的上述指标均较ICP组高(P0.05)。NICP组和ICP组间B淋巴细胞计数无显著性差异(P0.05)。胸部HRCT中病灶多表现为双肺多发结节影或肿块影,可见空洞、毛刺、晕征等多种伴随征象,两组患者的影像学表现无显著差异。结论隐球菌肺炎患者的细胞免疫功能普遍低下,在免疫功能抑制患者中更为显著,隐球菌肺炎患者的体液免疫功能也有不同程度受损。     

Airway centered invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient: case report and literature review

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a major problem that occurs in severely immunocompromised patients. Airway centered invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is rare in patients with normal immunity or those without critical illness. Computed tomography (CT) is a very useful diagnostic modality, yielding characteristic imaging findings for early diagnosis of this infection in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. We describe the case of an immunocompetent patient with airway centered invasive aspergillosis, who was successfully treated with voriconazole.     

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis masquerading as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a noninvasive complex hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in immunocompetent patients with asthma. Aspergillus can invade and disseminate, but this more commonly occurs in severely immunocompromised patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids. We report the case of a 13-year-old immunocompetent male patient with moderate persistent asthma who appeared to have invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on radiographic studies. With further evaluation and workup, it was determined that the patient did not have invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, but that he met the diagnostic criteria for ABPA. Although initially there was a deceptive invasive appearance, proper identification of ABPA facilitated selection of corticosteroid treatment that resulted in prompt clearing of the concerning infiltrates.     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and pulmonary cryptococcosis really coexist in immunocompromised host

Fungal infections develop slowly in immunocompetent patients and rarely a severe disease, however, they progress rapidly and usually prove fatal in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections is essential to survival of immunocompromised patients. We report a 33-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus undergoing immunotherapy infected with combined invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and pulmonary cryptococcosis diagnosed by video-assisted thoracic surgery lung biopsy and she was successfully treated as a result of early diagnosis and treatment.     

Invasive tracheobronchial aspergillosis in an immunocompetent person

Tracheobronchial involvement is an uncommon form of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and is found mainly in immunocompromised individuals such as patients with leukemia and prolonged granulocytopenia due to cytotoxic therapy, organ transplant recipients receiving high-dose corticosteroids, or patients with chronic granulomatous diseases. Rarely, such a pattern can also be seen in immunocompetent persons or can involve atypical sites such as the paranasal sinuses, skin, and the tracheobronchial tree. Occasionally, these patients require a prolonged course of antifungal agents. We report a case of aspergillosis involving the tracheobronchial tree in an immunocompetent young male that presented a diagnostic dilemma.     

Invasive intracranial aspergillosis spread by the pterygopalatine fossa in an immunocompetent patient

Aspergillosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is an uncommon infection, mainly found in immunocompromised patients but rarely seen among immunocompetent patients. Herein we describe a 57 year-old immunocompetent man who suffered intracranial aspergillosis spread by the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) following a tooth extraction. Based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics, in this report we focus on the spreading routes of CNS aspergillosis via communicative structures of the PPF, the relationship between clinical manifestations and the locations of the lesion, and propose a therapeutic strategy to improve the prognosis.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis: comparison of clinical and radiographic characteristics in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We compared the clinical characteristics and imaging findings between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients in whom pulmonary cryptococcosis had been diagnosed to define the role of serum cryptococcal antigen (sCRAG) and radiographs during a follow-up period of up to 1 year. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: The clinical records, chest radiographs, and CT scan findings of 13 immunocompetent and 16 immunocompromised patients with a diagnosis based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, sCRAG titers, and cytologic or histologic confirmation of the presence of pulmonary cryptococcosis were reviewed during the course of the study. Two thoracic radiologists reviewed chest radiographs and CT scans for morphologic characteristics and the distribution of parenchymal abnormalities, and a final reading was reached by consensus. The correlation between serial radiographs and sCRAG titers was examined in 9 immunocompetent and 10 immunocompromised patients. MEASUREMENTS: Serum or CSF cryptococcal antigen. RESULTS: The most common clinical symptom was cough, which was present in 24 patients (82.8%). Pulmonary nodules were the most frequent radiologic abnormality. Cavitation within nodules and parenchymal consolidation were significantly less common in immunocompetent patients compared to immunocompromised patients (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). Immunocompromised patients tended to have a larger extent of pulmonary involvement than immunocompetent patients, the changes seen on their serial radiographs were more variable, and their corresponding sCRAG titers were higher (> 1:256). In the immunocompetent patients, the radiographic characteristics of lesions usually improved with a corresponding decrease in sCRAG titers over time. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that pulmonary cryptococcosis usually follows a benign clinical course in immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised patients often undergo an evolution to cavitary lesions that represent a more aggressive disease nature. Serial radiographic changes and changes in sCRAG titers reliably reflect disease progression and the response to therapy.     

Diagnosis of pulmonary infections by specific etiologic agents in secondary immunocompromised patients]

Ten cases of pulmonary infections by the specific etiologic agents in immunocompromised patients secondary to diseases and/or drugs were reported. Their infections included 5 tuberculosis, 4 pulmonary aspergillosis, 1 Pneumocystis Carinii and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. The early revelation of pulmonary abnormality, the sampling of non-contaminated diagnostic materials, the improvement of laboratory techniques, and a feasible scheme of clinical management for pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patient were discussed.     

Invasive aspergillosis in an immunocompetent host

Invasive aspergillosis is an uncommon opportunistic infection usually seen in immunocompromised patients. Despite extensive therapeutic measures the outcome is usually unfavourable. We report a case of invasive aspergillosis in an immunocompetent individual.     

Pulmonary invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis in immunocompromised patients: a comparative study of the high-resolution CT findings

The purpose of this study was to compare the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. The study included 54 immunocompromised patients (32 men, 22 women; 10 to 68 years of age, median 40 years) with a diagnosis of Aspergillus (n=32) or Candida (n=22) pulmonary infection obtained by sputum culture, bronchoalveolar lavage culture, transbronchial biopsy, surgical biopsy, or autopsy. High-resolution CT images were assessed for the presence and distribution of nodules, consolidation and ground-glass opacities. Presence of the CT halo sign and cavitation was also recorded and the overall distribution of abnormalities was assessed. Comparison was made using the Fisher exact test. Nodules were the most common finding, present in 84% (27 of 32) of patients with aspergillosis and 95% (21 of 22) of patients with candidiasis (P>0.3, Fisher exact test). Centrilobular nodules were more common in patients with aspergillosis (26 of 27, 96%) than in those with candidiasis (11 of 21, 52%) (P<0.001) and random nodules more common in candidiasis (10 of 21, 48%) than in aspergillosis (1 of 27, 4%) (P<0.001). Presence of the CT halo sign, cavitation, and ground-glass opacities was similar in both groups. In summary, pulmonary aspergillosis and candidiasis in immunocompromised patients manifest with similar high-resolution CT findings. Centrilobular nodules and consolidation are more common in aspergillosis. The presence of halo sign or cavitation is not helpful in the differential diagnosis.