山东省地方性氟中毒防治工作现状分析

目的了解山东省地方性氟中毒防治工作的现状.方法按照<山东省地方性氟中毒防治工作现状调查方案>的要求,对山东省所有改水降氟工程和改水病村接统一表格进行调查登记.结果山东省共建改水降氟工程5 934处,以打低氟井为主;运转基本正常的工程4 159处,占70.09%,不正常的工程26处,占0.44%,停用报废的工程1 749处,占29.47%.山东省病区已改水病村7 880个,占67.60%;未改水病村3 776个,占32.40%.已改水病村中,有5 689个村的工程运转基本正常,占73.54%;有2110个村的工程运转不正常和停用报废,占26.46%.在改水工程运转基本正常的病村中,有4 050个村的饮水含氟量≤1.00mg/L,占改水村的51%,占全部病村的35%.改水实际受益人口324万余人,仅占病区总人口的1/3.结论山东省现仍有7 600多个村、655万余人遭受高氟的危害,地方性氟中毒防治形势十分严峻,须进一步加大防治工作力度.     

滑县改水降氟打井工程水氟含量的调查

目的了解滑县降氟改水工程水氟含量和工程使用情况。方法对该县已建的226处降氟改水打井工程全部进行调查。结果正常使用的工程有184处，占81．4％；停止使用1年以上的工程42处，占18．6％，造成工程停用的主要原因为水井喷沙、管道损坏和管理不善。对184处正常使用的改水工程进行水氟含量测定，水氟超标工程32处，占17．4％。40m以内和41～60，61～99，100m以上的不同井深工程水氟含量超标率依次递减，分别为41．47％，15．5％，6．5％和0；32处水氟超标工程均为水泥管井壁，而该县的8处钢管井壁工程均未出现水氟超标。结论改水降氟打井工程水氟含量与井深的高度两者之间呈负相关；钢管井壁结构能够有效地防止地下水氟相互渗透。     

许昌市降氟改水工程使用情况和水氟含量调查

目的 了解许吕市降氟改水工程运转情况及饮用水含氟量.方法 对许昌市4个重点县(市、区)全部降氟改水工程进行调查,结果 共调查333处降氟改水工程,其中正常使用122处(占36.64%),报废工程211处(占63.36%).使用的122处降氟改水工程,水氟合格工程84处(占68.85%),水氟超标工程38处(占31.15%).结论 许昌市降氟改水工程报废及水氟超标情况严重.     

2010年湖北省随州市地方性氟中毒病区改水降氟工程及水氟水平调查结果分析

目的 了解随州市高氟病区改水降氟工程使用和水氟状况,为科学改水和防治地方病提供依据.方法 采取横断面调查方式,对随州市辖区内,在1986 - 2009年修建的全部改水降氟工程,进行全面调查;对正常使用的工程处,分别采集水源水和末梢水各3份;对停用和报废的工程处,选择3处饮用水供应量较大的地方,分别采集水样1份.检测全部水样氟化物、氯化物、总硬度、重金属等指标.结果 共调查改水工程21处,其中正常使用的14处(占66.7％),停用和报废工程7处(占33.3％).在正常使用的14处工程处,末梢水中氟化物平均含量≤1.0 mg/L的合格工程13处(占92.9％),氟化物含量＞1.0 mg/L的不合格工程1处(占7.1％).在停用和报废的7处工程处,氟化物平均含量全都＞ 1.0 mg/L(占100％).所有水样中的水砷、铅都在正常范围.在正常使用的14处工程中,末梢水中有2处水样含铁量超标,有1处水样的总硬度超标;报废停用的7处工程中,氯化物超标1处,锰超标1处,铁超标2处,总硬度超标3处.结论 随州市改水降氟工程存在停用和报废情况;工程停用和报废的地方,存在水氟超标状况.     

河南省降氟改水工程运行现状调查

目的了解河南省降氟改水工程运转及水氟情况。方法采取以县为单位整群抽样,对河南省 15个省辖市的45个重点县(市、区)降氟改水工程全部进行调查。结果共调查4 345处降氟改水工程,其中正常使用工程3 092处,占71．16％;间断供水工程137处,占3．15％;报废工程1 116处,占25．68％。调查3 158处降氟改水工程水氟,其中水氟合格工程2 605处,占82．49％;水氟超标工程553处,占17．51％。结论河南省降氟改水工程报废和水氟回升超标现象较为严重,探讨可持续性降氟改水防治策略,是今后值得研究的课题。     

河南省平顶山市改水降氟工程质量监测结果分析

目的 了解河南省平顶山市改水降氟工程质量情况,落实并完善改水措施. 方法 对平顶山市1982～2004年间所建工程进行调查,同时对正常运转工程进行水氟测定. 结果 共建改水降氟工程662处,其中正常供水523处(79%);停用工程139处,停用1年以上131处,占94.24%(131/139);正常运转工程中水氟含量低于1.0 mg/L者523处,占100%.结论 河南省平顶山市改水措施落实、工程发挥效益显著.     

2005年甘肃省改水降氟设施运行现状及影响因素调查

目的 了解2005年甘肃省改水降氟设施运行使用现状,为进一步完善管理机制和提高降氟工程效益提供依据.方法 对甘肃省33个重点病区县已建成的改水降氟设施运行情况(基本正常、间歇使用、报废)和非正常运行原因进行调查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法.结果 共调查改水降氟工程993处,覆盖3389个病区村,改水工程类型以打井和引水为主;其中水氟合格且运行基本正常的工程仅682处,占68.68%(682/993),覆盖2174个村,占病区村的64.15%(2174/3389),实际受益人口116.56万人,有311处工程间歇使用或报废,而不能发挥防病作用,占31.32%(311/993),主要原因是超过使用年限、水源不足、水氟超标和管理不善.结论 甘肃省大部分改水工程运行基本正常,但有近1/3的工程处于非正常运行状态,工程管理亟待改进和完善.     

山东省地方性氟中毒病区村水氟检测结果分析

目的了解山东省地方性氟中毒病区水氟分布。方法按照《山东省地方性氟中毒防治工作现状调查方案》的要求,采集山东省地方性氟中毒病村饮用水水样,进行水氟测定。结果共测定了11288个病村的水氟,占全部病村的96.84%。在测定的7729个已改水病村中,水氟≤1.00mg/L的4740个(61.33%),>1.00mg/L的2989个(38.67%),水氟最高为12.60mg/L。在测定的3559个未改水病村中,水氟≤1.00mg/L的仅有427个(12.00%),>1.00mg/L的3132个(88.00%),水氟最高为11.86mg/L。在改水降氟工程运转基本正常的5683个病村中,水氟≤1.00mg/L的4046个(71.19%),>1.00mg/L的1637个(28.81%),最高达9.00mg/L。结论山东省改水降氟工程的水氟超标现象严重。现仍有7600余个病村、600余万人遭受高氟的危害,防制任务依然十分艰巨。     

山东省梁山县地方性氟中毒5年监测结果分析

目的 了解梁山县改水降氟措施的落实情况和监测点徐东村地方性氟中毒病情变化，观察采取防治措施产生的预防效果。方法 儿童氟斑牙检查采用Dean法，水、尿测定氟采用氟离子选择电极法，成人氟中毒的体征、症状及氟骨诊断标准依照卫生部地病司《地方性氟中毒防治手册》执行。结果 梁山县共落实改水降氟措施131个病区村(109处工程)，占全部氟病村的60．9％，受益人口10余万人。已落实防治措施病村中正常运转的改水工程63处，含74个病村，占已改水病区村的56．5％。监测点东徐村8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率由1997年的68．9％降至2001年的32，2％，尿氟水平由1997年的1．31mg／L减低至2001年的1．06mg／L，成人氟骨症的患病率随改水时间的延长明显降低，且病变程度显著减轻。结论 改水降氟是控制饮水型地方性氟中毒切实可行的重要措施，改水设施的运行正常与否，是保证预防效果的关键。     

山东省改水降氟工程调查分析

为了解山东省改水降氟工程的使用、管理等情况,以期找出问题,制订对策,指导防治工作,作者对山东省改水降氟工程进行了调查。１材料与方法１．１改水工程的选择 根据不同地理地貌和不同的改水降氟工程类型,选择桓台、宫南、博兴、寒亭、肥城、嘉祥、梁山、郓城、县等９县（市、区）为改水降氟工程调查县。１．２调查内容１．２．１改水降氟工程基本概况工程建设、管理、运转情况以及工程覆盖村年人均收入等情况。１．２．２改水前后的水氟含量除检查平时的检验记录外,并当即采样化验水氟含量。１．２．３改水后儿童氟斑牙患病率查工程…     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.