高度近视眼黄斑区神经纤维层厚度分布特点及其与血流密度的关系

目的：研究高度近视眼黄斑区神经纤维层厚度和血流密度的分布特点并分析其相关因素。

方法：收集高度近视患者20例40眼,年龄为29.90±7.92岁,等效球镜屈光度为 -8.95±2.01 D。采用光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术(OCTA)测量黄斑区神经纤维层厚度,获取视网膜浅层毛细血管层、视网膜深层毛细血管层及脉络膜毛细血管层的血流分布图像并计算各层血流密度。直径6 mm的黄斑区分为9个亚区域：黄斑中心凹区,旁中心凹区和中心凹外区各自分为上方、下方、鼻侧和颞侧4个象限。比较黄斑不同亚区域的神经纤维层厚度的差别,分析其与屈光度、眼轴、各层血流密度的关系。

结果：旁中心凹区的4个象限中,上方神经纤维厚度最低,下方神经纤维厚度最高(均P<0.05)。中心凹外区4个象限中颞侧神经纤维厚度最低(均P<0.05)。中心凹外区上方神经纤维层厚度与屈光度存在负相关(r= -0.356,P=0.024)。视网膜浅层毛细血管层的血流密度与旁中心凹区鼻侧和下方象限,以及中心凹外区上方、鼻侧和下方象限的神经纤维层厚度呈正相关(r=0.314、0.408、0.467、0.655、0.737,均P<0.05); 脉络膜毛细血管层血流密度与中心凹外区的上方象限呈负相关(r=-0.356,P=0.024)。

结论：高度近视眼黄斑区神经纤维层具有各象限不均匀分布特点。随着屈光度的增加,局部神经纤维层变薄,并且存在区域特异性,部分区域神经纤维层厚度的变化与视网膜浅层毛细血管丛及脉络膜毛细血管层的血流密度相关。     

OCT及OCTA观察垂体腺瘤患者黄斑区视网膜结构和微循环的改变

目的：应用光学相干断层扫描(OCT)及光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)观察垂体腺瘤(PA)患者黄斑区视网膜结构和微循环的改变。

方法：横断面研究。纳入2021-09/2023-03在广东医科大学附属医院神经外科治疗的PA患者40例作为PA组，另选取年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者42例作为正常对照组，均进行视野、OCT和OCTA检查，并分析PA患者眼部参数的相关性。

结果：PA组患者黄斑区视网膜各层血管密度(VD)均低于正常对照组，且黄斑区浅层血管复合体(SVC)-VD与神经节细胞复合体(mGCC)厚度(除内环鼻侧、外环下方)均呈正相关(P<0.05)，黄斑区各象限mGCC厚度、视盘周围各象限视网膜神经纤维层(CP-RNFL)厚度与视野平均缺损(MD)值均呈负相关(P<0.05)，中心凹无血管区(FAZ)面积与MD值呈正相关(P<0.05)。

结论：OCT与OCTA检查相结合可以全面了解PA患者视网膜结构和微循环功能的微观变化，对评估PA患者术前视功能具有重要价值。     

屈光参差患者双眼血管密度与视网膜厚度的相关性研究

目的：研究屈光参差患者双眼在屈光度数、眼轴及OCTA黄斑区和视乳头区血流密度、黄斑区神经纤维厚度方面的差异,并研究眼轴与眼底血流密度及视网膜厚度的关系,分析其在屈光参差发生、发展中的临床意义。

方法：回顾性分析我院2018-05/11的符合纳入标准的屈光参差患者27例,所有患者均接受双眼的屈光度数、眼压、眼轴及OCTA黄斑区和视乳头区血流密度、黄斑区视网膜厚度的检查。应用SPSS 23.0软件,采用配对t检验分析对比患者双眼在各指标之间的差异。并分析眼轴和黄斑中心无血管区(FAZ)、脉络膜3.14mm²血流密度、黄斑区血流密度及视网膜厚度、视乳头血流密度的关系。

结果： 患者27例中,高度眼的屈光度数及眼轴均大于低度眼(t=-3.559、3.083,P<0.05)。高度眼和低度眼间在OCTA黄斑1mm及3mm浅层血流密度、深层血流密度、视网膜厚度上均无差异(P>0.05)。选取患者中高度眼较低度眼相比,视盘内血流密度大(t=2.36,P=0.022)和上鼻方(SN)血流密度小(t=-2.154,P=0.036)。屈光状态、黄斑中心凹浅层和深层血流密度、旁中心凹深层血流密度、黄斑中心凹及旁中心凹视网膜厚度与眼轴相关(r=-0.897、0.458、0.446、-0.328、0.301、-0.397,均P<0.05)。

结论：屈光参差患者高度眼较低度眼黄斑区3mm×3mm浅层和深层血流密度及视网膜厚度无差异,视盘内及上鼻方血流密度存在差异,余视乳头分区无差异。眼轴与屈光状态、黄斑中心凹浅层和深层血流密度、旁中心凹深层血流密度、黄斑中心凹及旁中心凹视网膜厚度相关。     

基于OCTA分析妊娠期高血压患者产后视网膜微循环的变化

目的：利用光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术(OCTA)定量分析产后6mo以上妊娠期高血压综合征(PIH)患者的视网膜微循环变化。

方法：分别测量19例PIH患者、23例正常妊娠女性(HPW)及19例未妊娠女性(CNPW)的屈光度、最佳矫正视力及眼轴长度,并使用OCTA测量三组视乳头及黄斑区血流参数、神经纤维层厚度和脉络膜厚度。所有妊娠患者数据均采集自分娩6mo以后。运用统计软件SPSS20.0,单因素方差分析比较三组间视网膜微循环相关参数的组间差异。

结果：PIH组的黄斑区无灌注区面积(FAZ)明显大于HPW组和CNPW组(均P<0.05); 三组间的黄斑区各区域视网膜浅层血管密度无差异; PIH组的视乳头各区域浅层血管密度,其中视乳头整层6mm区域、外层、下外侧、鼻外侧高于HPW组和CNPW组; 视神经纤维层平均厚度三组间无差异,但PIH组的视神经颞侧纤维层厚度明显低于HPW组和CNPW组(均P<0.05); PIH组的黄斑中心区视网膜厚度明显低于HPW和CNPW(均P<0.05); 中心凹下脉络膜厚度三组间无差异。

结论：PIH患者产后视网膜部分区域血管密度、黄斑中心区厚度及颞侧视神经纤维层厚度与HPW及CNPW组间均存在差异,提示PIH对视网膜微循环的影响可能在产后仍持续存在。     

基于OCTA的单眼近视患儿黄斑区视网膜毛细血管血流密度及厚度分析

目的：应用光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术(OCTA)观察单眼近视患儿黄斑区视网膜毛细血管血流密度及各层视网膜厚度,并探讨上述视网膜参数与眼轴长度(AL)之间的关系。

方法：横断面研究。选取2020-11/2021-04于南京医科大学眼科医院就诊的单眼近视患儿32例64眼,平均年龄10.88±2.34岁。根据患儿的等效球镜度(SER)分组,SER≤-0.75D纳入近视组,平均SER -2.15±1.10D; 对侧健眼纳入非近视组,平均SER 0.01±0.48D。所有患儿均行眼科一般检查并采用OCTA检查黄斑区浅层视网膜毛细血管(SCP)血流密度、深层视网膜毛细血管(DCP)血流密度及各层视网膜厚度。

结果：近视组UCVA低于非近视组,SER、AL高于非近视组(均P<0.01),眼压、角膜平坦K值无差异(均P>0.05)。近视组黄斑区上方SCP血流密度及黄斑中心凹DCP血流密度明显大于非近视组(P=0.029、0.010),余区域视网膜毛细血管血流密度无差异(均P>0.05)。除中心凹以外,近视组黄斑区颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方的全层视网膜厚度均明显低于非近视组(均P<0.01)。近视组黄斑区颞侧内层视网膜厚度略低于非近视组(P=0.043)。近视组黄斑中心凹、黄斑区颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方的外层视网膜厚度均明显小于非近视组(均P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,黄斑中心凹SCP、DCP血流密度与AL呈正相关(r=0.432、0.541,均P<0.01)。黄斑中心凹、黄斑区颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方内层视网膜厚度与AL呈正相关(r=0.452、0.389、0.313、0.401、0.445,均P<0.05)。黄斑区上方、鼻侧及下方外层视网膜厚度与AL呈负相关(r=-0.308、-0.309、-0.330,均P<0.05)。

结论：单眼近视患儿近视眼黄斑区上方SCP及中心凹DCP呈代偿性血流密度升高状态; 除中心凹以外,黄斑区全层视网膜厚度显著降低。AL延长与黄斑区内层视网膜厚度增加,上方、鼻侧及下方外层视网膜厚度变薄相关。     

近视人群视盘旁神经纤维层厚度和视盘形态学相关性研究

目的：应用OCT研究近视人群视盘旁神经纤维层厚度和视盘形态学变化以及两者的关系。

方法：前瞻性研究。共纳入近视患者61例95眼,平均年龄27.76±7.05岁; 对照组15例30眼,平均年龄28.33±3.08岁。根据屈光度将近视患者分为中低度近视组14眼(-3D≤屈光度<-6D)、高度近视组56眼(-6D≤屈光度≤-9D)和超高度近视组25眼(屈光度>-9D)。所有受试者均行标准综合验光(SE)、眼轴长度(AL)、眼压(IOP)、散瞳眼底和OCT检查。分析视盘旁平均视网膜神经纤维层厚度和上、下、鼻、颞四个象限的神经纤维层厚度,以及视盘旁萎缩灶面积(PPA)、视盘椭圆度(OI)和视盘水平倾斜角(HOT)。

结果：各象限的神经纤维层厚度,四组受试者均有差异(均P<0.01)。平均神经纤维层厚度、上方和鼻侧神经纤维层厚度比较,对照组显著高于三个近视组(均P<0.05)。颞侧神经纤维层厚度比较,对照组低于高度近视组和超高度近视组(P<0.001、0.002),中低度近视组亦低于超高度近视组(P=0.043); 四组受试者PPA比较有差异(P<0.001),其中超高度近视组和高度近视组大于中低度近视组和对照组(均P<0.01); 四组受试者HOT有差异(P=0.020),其中高度近视组和超高度近视组高于对照组(P<0.001)。上、下象限神经纤维层厚度与OI、HOT和PPA均呈负相关(均P<0.05),而颞侧神经纤维层厚度与OI、HOT和PPA均呈正相关(均P<0.05)。

结论：近视患者平均和上、下方神经纤维层厚度变薄,颞侧变厚,鼻侧无变化。高度近视患者HOT和PPA增大,且与神经纤维层厚度有密切联系。     

对疑似高眼压症者视神经相关参数的分析研究

目的：研究正常者与疑似高眼压症者眼底视神经相关参数的差异性。

方法：分别对疑似高眼压症组36眼,正常眼压对照组43眼的各部位视网膜神经纤维层厚度(pRNFL)、视盘相关参数、黄斑区神经节细胞复合体厚度(mGCCT)及视野指数进行测定,对其所测结果进行对比分析。

结果：正常组与疑似高眼压症组的平均、上方及下方视网膜神经纤维层厚度,视盘相关参数(盘沿面积,视杯容积,平均杯盘比)相比均有显著性差异(P<0.01),黄斑区上方、下方及平均神经节细胞复合体厚度相比有显著性差异(P<0.01); 鼻侧视网膜神经纤维层厚度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),颞侧视网膜神经纤维层厚度、视盘面积、平均变异(MD)和模式标准差(PSD)相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。

结论：疑似高眼压症者的平均、上、下方及鼻侧视网膜神经纤维层厚度,视盘相关参数(盘沿面积,视杯容积,平均杯盘比),黄斑区上方、下方及平均神经节细胞复合体厚度与正常人相比发生了改变。     

视盘周围血管密度和视网膜神经纤维层厚度与眼轴长度和屈光度的相关性分析

目的　应用光学相干断层扫描血管成像（optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA）观察视盘周围血管密度和视网膜神经纤维层（retinal nerve fibre layer,RNFL）厚度与眼轴长度和屈光度之间的关系。方法　纳入受试者40名40眼,测量屈光度和眼轴长度,通过OCTA检查各上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧四个象限及整体视盘周围血管密度,测量相应区域的视盘周围RNFL厚度,分析两者之间及两者分别与眼轴长度和屈光度之间的相关性。结果　视盘周围整体RNFL厚度与眼轴长度呈显著负相关（r=-0.760,P<0.001）,与屈光度呈显著正相关（r=0.625,P<0.001）。且上方、下方和鼻侧象限的视盘周围RNFL厚度均与眼轴长度呈显著负相关（r=-0.506、-0.667、-0.700,均为P<0.01）,与屈光度呈显著正相关（r=0.409、0.506、0.556,均为P<0.01）。视盘周围整体及颞侧象限的血管密度与眼轴长度均呈显著负相关（均为P<0.05）,与屈光度均呈显著正相关（均为P<0.05）。视盘周围血管密度与RNFL厚度整体上呈显著正相关（r=0.500,P=0.001）,而仅在鼻侧象限发现视盘周围血管密度与RNFL厚度存在显著正相关（r=0.550,P<0.001）。结论　视盘周围血管密度和RNFL厚度与屈光度及眼轴长度相关,且视盘周围血管密度和RNFL厚度具有相关性。     

DART-OCTA对视网膜分支静脉阻塞黄斑区毛细血管灌注的观察研究

目的：通过高清断层光学相干断层扫描血管造影术(DART-OCTA)观察累及黄斑区的视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)的影像学特点,分析其对黄斑区毛细血管灌注成像的诊断价值。

方法：纳入2020-06/12在温州医科大学附属眼视光医院确诊的BRVO患者51例51眼,分别行荧光素血管造影术(FA)、光学相干断层扫描血管造影术(OCTA)和DART-OCTA检查观察BRVO黄斑区影像学特点,根据视网膜毛细血管灌注情况将纳入患者分为毛细血管灌注成像组和非成像组,比较三种检查方法BRVO黄斑区毛细血管灌注成像检出结果,并对DART-OCTA图像中病变累及区与非累及区毛细血管血流密度进行定量分析。

结果：本研究纳入患者51眼中,FA、OCTA、DART-OCTA检查可对毛细血管灌注成像者分别为10、14、34眼,三种检测方法BRVO黄斑区毛细血管灌注成像检出结果比较,DART-OCTA较FA和OCTA对缺血区毛细血管灌注成像的敏感性更高。DART-OCTA检查中,毛细血管灌注成像组和非成像组患者病变累及区视网膜毛细血管血流密度均低于非累及区(0.65±0.20/mm vs 1.16±0.31/mm,0.41±0.16/mm vs 1.06±0.38/mm,均P<0.0001)。

结论：DART-OCTA可以提供更清晰的断层视网膜毛细血管灌注成像,采用其观察累及黄斑区的BRVO时黄斑区毛细血管灌注成像受黄斑出血的影响最小,对伴有明显视网膜出血的BRVO是重要的补充检查手段。     

光学相干断层扫描在高度近视黄斑病变中的应用研究

目的：探讨光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)在高度近视黄斑病变中的应用价值。

方法：前瞻性纳入2016-06/2017-05我院收治的高度近视患者作为观察组(50例50眼),选择同期来我院体检的正常健康人(50例50眼)作为对照组,入院后所有对象均完成传统眼科检查和OCT检查,记录患者视力、眼压、屈光度、眼轴、黄斑部厚度及形态学改变情况,统计不同检查方式对高度近视黄斑病变检出情况。

结果：(1)观察组传统眼科检查黄斑区正常37眼,异常13眼(26%); OCT检查正常12眼,异常38眼(76%)。OCT检出黄斑病变异常率高于传统眼科检查,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),OCT检出视网膜下或脉络膜新生血管、黄斑前膜率高于传统眼科检查,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); 对照组传统眼科检查与OCT检出正常所占比例比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)高度近视黄斑病变患者眼压、屈光度、眼轴长度高于对照组,BVCA较对照组差,视网膜黄斑区厚度、视盘上方神经厚度、视盘下方神经厚度、视盘颞侧视神经厚度、视盘鼻侧视神经厚度均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：OCT可定量测定高度近视患者视网膜周围神经纤维层厚度,清晰显示黄斑区病变特点,可为高度近视黄斑病变诊断提供可靠的定量数据。     

Follow-up studies in pattern VECP in demyelinating diseases in children

Spectral sensitivity functions and the transient decrease of sensitivity to short wavelengths after the offset of yellow light (transient tritanopia) were measured by increment threshold techniques in patients suffering from hereditary macular degenerations. Color vision defects were determined by arrangement tests and the anomaloscope. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy was found to produce a mild protan defect and to reduce foveal spectral sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum by a factor of 100; it also abolishes transient tritanopia. Electroretinogram (ERG) was normal, electrooculogram (EOG) subnormal. Stargardt's disease, despite numerous fluorescent macular spots, does not abolish transient tritanopia nor does it reduce spectral sensitivity, although scotopic matches were performed on the Nagel anomaloscope. Only in severe, advanced cases was transient tritanopia reduced and spectral sensitivity found to follow the absorption spectrum of rods. Routine ERGs and EOGs were normal. Vitelliform macular degeneration, despite the ophthalmoscopically pronounced dystrophic macula, produced only very small changes in spectral sensitivity and transient tritanopia, although a widened matching range on the Nagel anomaloscope and electrophysiological abnormalities were found. Apparently damage of the retinal circuit which connects long and short wavelength-sensitive cones, caused by hereditary conditions, is different from that caused by retinotoxic drugs.     

p53 expression in pterygium in two climatic regions in Turkey

Purpose:

To assess accumulation of p53 protein in samples of primary pterygium from people living in two different climatic regions in Turkey.

Materials and Methods:

Group 1 included 101 pterygium specimens from people in Adana located in southern Turkey. Group 2 included 39 pterygium specimens from people in Ankara, located in the middle of Turkey. Climatic conditions throughout the year are sunnier and warmer in Adana than they are in Ankara. The control group (Group 3) included 30 specimens of conjunctiva that had been excised during cataract surgery from 30 patients without pterygium. The pterygial specimens and control conjunctiva were studied by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against p53 protein. Pearson''s chi-square test was used to compare the p53 immunoreactivity.

Results:

The p53 immunoreactivity in Groups 1 and 2 was greater than it was in the control group (P<0.001). There were no differences in p53 immunoreactivity between Groups 1 and 2 (P= 0.060).

Conclusion:

The p53 immunoreactivity was not correlated with ultraviolet irradiation exposure. The p53 immunoreactivity in our pterygium specimens suggests that pterygium could be a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation.     

Changes in Bruch's membrane in experimental hypercholesteremia in rats

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of high cholesterol diet for the aging changes in Bruch's membrane of rats. METHODS: After feeding a 4% cholesterol diet for 15 weeks to three young rats 3 months old and four aged rats 23 months old, we observed the morphological changes of Bruch's membrane by electron microscopy, and made a comparison with rats fed an ordinary diet. RESULTS: In one young rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris formed multiple folds separated from the plasma membrane of the endothelium and showed lamellar thickening and crack in some areas. The elastic fiber layer in Bruch's membrane disappeared partly and some new microfibrils appeared. In one aged rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris showed more lamellar thickening with lumps in some parts. Compared with rats fed an ordinary diet, rats fed a high-cholesterol diet showed thickening of the basement membrane and the changes were more severe. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that high-cholesterol diet might promote age-related changes of Bruch's membrane.     

Trends in Patterns of Anterior Uveitis in a Tertiary Institution in Singapore

Purpose: To report the trends in etiology of patients with anterior uveitis (AU) in Singapore over 6 years.

Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical records of all new patients who presented with anterior uveitis to the uveitis subspecialty clinic from 2005 to 2010 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.

Results: There were 552 new cases of AU. This comprised 59.5% of a total of 928 new patients diagnosed with uveitis from 2005 to 2010. The mean age was 48.0?±?17.2 years. There was a male predominance (62.5%), with a male:female ratio of 1.7:1. The majority were of Chinese ethnicity (69%), followed by Malays (13.2%). Most cases were unilateral (79.5%) and idiopathic (50.4%). Common etiological causes included Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) (5.6%), ankylosing spondylitis (AS)-related AU (5.1%), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (4.7%), and herpes zoster virus (HZV) (4.5%). There were increasing trends in AS-related AU from 3.2% in 2008 to 6.5% in 2010, and psoriasis-associated AU from 1.7% in 2005 to 4.0% in 2008. There were decreasing trends in the incidence of FHI from 10.6% in 2006 to 4.7% in 2009. No change in incidence of viral etiologies was noted, but cytomegalovirus-related immune-recovery uveitis (IRU) comprised 7.4%. IRU showed an increasing trend from 1.7% in 2005 to 11.9% in 2007, then decreased to 3.3% in 2010. Using the Pearson chi-square test, there was no statistically significant association between ethnicities (Chinese, Malay, Indian) comparing infectious and noninfectious cases (p?=?0.788), idiopathic and nonidiopathic cases (p?=?0.170), or between the various etiologies of uveitis (p?=?0.168).

Conclusions: AU was the predominant form of uveitis seen at our centers. Infectious etiologies (18.5%) are the most common among nonidiopathic cases, with herpes viruses (9.2%) being most prevalent. Despite increased use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of microbial and viral DNA, there was no overall increase in detection of infectious causes for uveitis. The changes in CMV-related immune recovery uveitis from 2005 to 2010 could reflect a change in HIV management in Singapore.     

实验性糖尿病视网膜微血管病变的病理研究

目的：观察糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）的组织学改变。方法：应用光镜、免疫组织化学、电镜及组织化学电镜等技术,研究在不同时间点Spregue-Dawley(SD)大鼠视网膜毛细血管基底膜中的Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白和视网膜毛细胞血管基底膜的厚度,以及其负电荷位点数目的变化。结果：随着糖尿病病程的发展,视网膜毛细血管基底膜下不断增厚伴有Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,同时负电荷位点数目减少。结论：视网膜毛细血管基底膜增厚,Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,负电荷位点数目减少可能是导致DR渗出性病变的病理基础。     

Orthokeratology practice in children in a university clinic in Hong Kong*

Purposes: The aim of this study was to analyse clinical data of children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho‐k) and to investigate patients’/parents’ perspective on ortho‐k via telephone interviews. Methods: Clinical records of children undergoing ortho‐k from a university optometry clinic were reviewed and the effects of ortho‐k on refraction, vision and cornea were investigated. A telephone interview was conducted to solicit patients’/parents’ perspective of the treatment. Results: One hundred and eight files were reviewed. Median age of the children was nine years (range six to 15); mean (±SD) pre‐treatment refractive sphere was ‐3.56 ± 1.49 D and the median refractive cylinder was ‐0.50 D (range zero to ‐4.25 D). Significant refractive spherical reduction (58 per cent), improvement in unaided vision and corneal topographical changes were noted after only one night of wear. No significant change in astigmatism was found. Corneal staining was the most commonly observed complication with ortho‐k and more than 80 per cent of patients were advised to apply ocular lubricants to loosen the lens before lens removal. Ortho‐k was mainly undertaken for myopic control and about 90 per cent of the respondents reported good/very good unaided vision after ortho‐k and ranked the treatment as satisfactory or very good. Lens binding and ocular discharge were the most frequently reported problems during the treatment. Conclusion: Under close monitoring, overnight ortho‐k is effective and safe for reducing low to moderate myopia and the treatment is well accepted by the children.     

Advances in imaging in oculoplastics

Color Doppler imaging, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are the most precious imaging tools for the clinician in the field of oculoplastics. Orbital and facial vasculature, with its dynamic changes and flow velocities seen in orbital varices, carotid-cavernous fistulas, and dural cavernous arteriovenous malformations, is best detected by Color Doppler imaging. Computed tomography remains the dominant imaging modality in the evaluation of orbital trauma. Helical CT axial scanning with multiplanar reconstruction and three-dimensional CT imaging are most helpful in assessing iatrogenic, traumatogenic, and teratogenic orbital abnormalities. Despite its poor histologic specificity, MR imaging provides superior soft tissue contrast, and contrast-enhanced MR imaging has an established role regarding soft tissue tumor infiltration. The greatest value of MR studies in the evaluation of orbital and palpebral tumors is that it has the capacity to show the precise relation between lesions and adjacent structures before the clinician contemplates a surgical approach. Finally, contrast-enhanced MR imaging proved to be a valuable vascularization indicator based upon the extent of relative enhancement within porous orbital implant in anophthalmic socket.     

内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎的巨噬细胞中Toll样受体4的表达

目的 探讨在内毒素诱导的Wistar大鼠葡萄膜炎中Toll样受体4(TLR4)阳性细胞与虹膜组织中巨噬细胞的动态变化和分布.方法 实验研究.Wistar大鼠50只,用随机数字法随机分为5组,每组10只,分别为正常对照(0 h)组、6 h组、12 h组、24 h组及48 h组.除0 h组外其余各组均足垫部注射霍乱弧菌内毒素200μg,注射后于裂隙灯显微镜下观察双眼前节炎症反应变化.按实验分组于0、6、12、24、48 h处死大鼠.取虹膜一睫状体及脉络膜组织.通过葡萄膜铺片免疫组织化学方法检测TLR4和巨噬细胞的标记CD163的表达.人工计数虹膜中TLR4~+与CD163~+的细胞并计算细胞密度,计算圆形和多形性的CD163~+细胞占所有CD163~+细胞的百分比.进一步采用免疫荧光双标记检测TLR4和CD163共表达的情况.通过单因素方差分析分别对大鼠虹膜内阳性细胞密度以及圆形、多形性CD163~+细胞的百分比进行统计学检验.结果 正常大鼠虹膜睫状体组织不表达TLR4.6 h组有2只大鼠虹膜内可见少量TLR4~+细胞,12～48 h组所有大鼠虹膜内TLR4~+细胞明显增多(F=167.2,P＜0.001),虹膜内TLR4~+细胞密度分别为(506.1±39.5)个/mm~2(12 h组)、(492.3±54.5)个/mm~2(24 h组)及(663.8±150.2)个/mm~2 (48 h组).在注射LPS后12～48 h期间TLR4~+细胞形态无明显变化.0～48 h组大鼠虹膜内均有CD163~+细胞,0 h组圆形和多形性CD163~+细胞百分比为13%,12～48 h组其百分比约为80%,且圆形细胞主要位于虹膜基质层.免疫荧光双标记可见TLR4和CD163的共表达,TLR4位于细胞膜,CD163位于细胞质.5组大鼠脉络膜内均未见TLR4表达.结论 内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎中虹膜内TLR4表达增高,部分虹膜固有巨噬细胞表达TLR4.TLR4可能在葡萄膜炎的发生发展中起一定作用.