眼压作为眼部交感神经非对称性的指征

目的:以眼压为指征来明确眼部的交感神经活性的非对称性。方法:在回顾性横断面研究中,对150名新生儿、80名年轻人和159名老年人表面麻醉后使用Tono-pen笔式眼压计测量眼压。结果:在新生儿的眼压右眼16.16mmHg、左眼15.79mmHg,在年轻人的眼压右眼是15.04mmHg、左眼14.71mmHg,在老年人的眼压右眼是15.16mmHg、左眼15.03mmHg。右眼眼压具有统计学差异的是新生儿(P=0.03)和年轻人(P=0.02),在老年人是没有统计学差异(P=0.26)。右眼更高的眼压表明其交感神经活性的降低。结论:我们猜测在双侧器官存在的交感神经活性非对称性是有助于建立身体器官的优势模式。     

Stress on the eyeball caused by mechanical vibration. Studies of patient transport and experimental models

The acceleration forces which occur in the eye and in the head region in transport of patients were investigated. It was to be established whether the finding often deteriorates appreciably in perforating eye injuries between the accident site and the ophthalmological operating theater. The investigation showed that smaller acceleration forces become active in the eye in the sitting position than in the lying position in patient transport. In transport in the hospital area, e.g., in the patient lift and on a stretcher, the maximum acceleration amplitudes which occur are greater than those occurring in the ambulance.--In the second part of the study, the region of the eyeball most sensitive to oscillation was determined experimentally in cadaver eyes in order to permit an evaluation of the acceleration parameters relevant in patient transport. It was shown that the eye is largely insensitive to the accelerations occurring in patient transport. It was shown that the eye is largely insensitive to the accelerations occurring in patient transport. Furthermore, it was shown that a vitreous prolapse cannot occur for this reason in an experimentally induced sclera injury.--Therefore, deteriorations in the condition of the bulb occurring in patient transport are due to movements of the eyelid and eyeball.     

Results of prevention of retinal detachment by using photocoagulation

Prophylactic retinal photocoagulation (in order to prevent the retinal detachment) was performed in the Ophthalmological Department of Medical School in Poznań in the period 1980-1984 and 1987-1988 in 114 eyes, in the Ophthalmological Department in Halle in the period 1982-1983 in 160 eyes. Qualified for coagulation were following changes: holes in the upper quadrants, tears, lattice-like degeneration and vitreoretinal adhesions in the fellow-eye, in high myopia, in aphakia, in cases with subjective symptoms (flashes) or in cases with suspected family history (familial incidence of retinal detachment). In our material the percentage of retinal detachment in the fellow-eye amounted 3.5 p.c. In the Poznań Department in spite of performed prophylactic intervention retinal detachment occurred in 3 eyes, in Halle in 7.     

脑红蛋白在视网膜中的研究现状

脑红蛋白（Ngb）是最近发现于哺乳动物大脑中的一类携氧球蛋白,在视网膜组织中脑红蛋白有比其他部位更高程度的表达,虽然视网膜的耗氧量大于脑,但视网膜对缺血缺氧的忍受时间却远远大于同样情况下大脑所能忍受的时间。同其他中枢神经元一样,脑红蛋白在视网膜上的表达升高也与缺氧有关,提示Ngb在视网膜氧的摄取和利用过程中起着重要作用。     

Increased pigmentation of iridial melanocytes in primates induced by a prostaglandin analogue.

The melanocytes in the mammalian eye have been thought to produce melanin only during fetal development and in the very young individual. The recent discovery that latanoprost, a prostaglandin analogue used in the treatment of glaucoma, causes increased pigmentation of the iris in monkeys and in humans indicates that the iridial melanocytes can produce melanin in adult individuals. Using microautoradiography of HG-(3)H-methimazole, a false melanin precursor, we observed in an earlier study that there seems to be an ongoing melanogenesis in adult mice in the iridial melanocytes and in the iridial pigment epithelium.In the present study latanoprost (13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF(2alpha)-isoprop yl ester) was applied once daily to the right eye of seven cynomolgus monkeys; the left eye served as an untreated control. Two animals developed clear-cut increased pigmentation of the iris in the treated eye during the first three months of treatment. These animals were injected intravenously with G-(3)H-methimazole and were killed 24 hr after the injection. The eyes were removed, fixed in 4% formalin supplemented with 10% acetic acid and embedded in paraffin or Polybed 812. Sections from the eyes were used for microautoradiography and light microscopic examination. A high uptake of radioactivity was observed in a few melanocytes in the iris of the untreated eye. There were also a low uptake in the melanocytes in the stroma of the ciliary body and the choroid. No accumulation was observed in the iridial or retinal pigment epithelium. In the iris of the treated eye the only observed difference from the untreated eye was an increased amount of melanin in the iridial melanocytes and an increased uptake of radioactivity in a great number of these cells. Thus it seems likely that treatment with latanoprost in some individuals causes an increase of the low normal melanin synthesis in iridal melanocytes.     

The effect of Indomethacin on the anterior segment of the eye after paracentesis

The prostaglandin-inhibiting effect of Indomethacin (IN) was studied in rabbits, using paracentesis as a stimulus and rise in aqueous protein and fluorescein concentration after intravenous fluorescein injection as parameters. In eyes pre-treated with IN eye-drops the rise in fluorescein and protein concentration in the secondary aqueous was less than in the control eyes; the rise in the control eyes was less than in the eyes of rabbits not treated with IN. There was a good correlation between the rise in protein and the rise in fluorescein concentration in the secondary aqueous.The four different 0.5% IN suspensions used showed different PG-inhibiting activity, attributed to the difference in physicochemical composition.     

In vitro incubation paralleling changes occurring during mouse cataract formation

Certain biochemical and morphological changes involved in the formation of osmotic cataracts in the Nakano mouse and galactosemic rat lenses also occur in vitro. Incubation of young, normal, albino mouse lenses in glucose-free medium for 48 hr resulted in a gain in wet weight due to dramatic hydration. The glucose deprived lenses showed a marked decrease in the soluble protein content as is noted in cataract formation in vivo. Chromatography of the soluble protein demonstrated a substantial increase in heavy molecular weight material in the lenses incubated without glucose in comparison to the fresh lenses. A decrease in β_H-crystallin was also striking and might be correlated with the disappearance of a 31 000 mol. wt polypeptide band seen by SDS-PAGE gel. Interestingly, the membrane polypeptides in the in vitro incubated lenses mimicked changes observed during cataract formation in vivo. A 23 000 mol. wt polypeptide band became prominent in the membrane fraction of these lenses and there was a concomitant decrease in the 26 000 mol. wt component. Messenger RNAs were present in the glucose deprived lenses as shown by cell-free translation in vitro, although no [³⁵S]methionine incorporation into crystallin was noted. Both the hexokinase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the glucose deprived lenses fell rapidly and were virtually absent at the end of 48-hr incubation period. The data in this report suggest that the glucose deprived incubated mouse lens may serve as an in vitro model to the study of some biochemical and morphological changes occurring in the development of osmotic cataract in vivo.     

Polyamines in normal and cataractous human lenses: Evidence for post-translational modification

The polyamine composition of normal and cataractous human lenses has been studied. Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) have been shown to occur in the unbound form in the acid-soluble fraction and in the bound form in the acid-insoluble fraction of the lens. It has also been shown that only putrescine occurs in both conjugated and non-conjugated states in the lens, while putrescine as well as spermidine occur in both forms in the aqueous fluid. Estimation of the polyamine content in cataractous lenses indicates elevated levels of both bound and unbound polyamines in these lenses in comparison to the normal lenses. Evidence is presented which indicates an increase in the level of polyamines covalently bound to protein, in a γ-glutamyl linkage, in the cataractous lens.     

From immature to mature pattern ERG and VEP

Electrophysiological parameters in children reflect not only pathological processes, but also maturation of the visual system. This review investigates PERG and PVEP changes in infants and schoolchildren in order to establish the time scale for electrophysiological maturation of the visual system. Studies using pattern-reversal and pattern-onset stimulation are presented. Maturational changes have been found to be rapid in infants and gradual in schoolchildren. PERG age-related changes in infants were seen as a decrease in latency and in schoolchildren as a decrease in amplitude. PVEP age-related changes in infants were seen as a decrease in latency, an increase in amplitude and the development of the waveform. In schoolchildren, PVEP changes were more gradual, with a decrease in latency, a decrease in amplitude and transformation of the waveform. In conclusion, electrophysiological maturation proceeds until adulthood. Therefore, in paediatric clinical work, normative values in infants and schoolchildren are an important factor in differentiating maturation of the visual system from pathological processes.     

Binocular Segregation in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

ABSTRACT In most mammals the optic nerve fibres from the two eyes terminate in separate layers in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd). The layers of retinal input in the LGNd can be revealed by transneuronal degeneration of cells in the LGNd or anterograde optic fibre degeneration following removal of one eye, by transport of radioactive amino acids to the optic terminals in the LGNd or by electrophysiological recording of single neurons in the LGNd. The laminar organisation of the LGNd is described in man, rhesus monkey, cat and some Australian marsupials. In Australian possums and kangaroos the optic fibres from the two eyes terminate in separate layers in the LGNd whereas in the Australian carnivorous marsupials there is significant overlap of optic fibres from the two eyes in the LGNd. The development of the normal laminar organisation of the LGNd is described for a number of species. Early in development there is little evidence of lamination in the LGNd and optic fibres from both eyes spread over the whole LGNd. The adult pattern of lamination generally appears at birth or shortly afterwards. Binocular interaction in the LGNd is described in the cat, where it arises both from intrageniculate circuits and via binocular cortico-geniculate fibres. It is suggested that the function of lamination in the LGNd is to provide separate channels for some of the different types of information brought in from the retina.     

Distribution of spectrin and lectin-binding materials in surface lamina of RPE cells

Explants of embryonic chick retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) form colonies in primary cultures in which the cells occupying the center of the colony are cuboidal, pigmented, and resemble closely the differentiated RPE cells found in vivo, while those towards the periphery gradually become less differentiated, flatter, nonpigmented, and motile. In the present article we describe the distribution of alpha-spectrin in cells in different parts of the RPE colony and compare it with that of the surface lamina components that bind the lectins, concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Spectrin is present predominantly in the cell cortex in both differentiated and undifferentiated cells and seems to be accumulated especially heavily in the differentiated RPE cells in the colony center that have acquired the in vivo morphology. The distribution of lectin-binding materials in the surface lamina of the RPE cells is similar but not identical to that of alpha-spectrin. This is particularly evident in the flatter RPE cells along the edge of the colony in which surface lamina components visualized by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-WGA are distributed in the punctate pattern that is distinctly different from the reticular pattern in which alpha-spectrin is distributed. Also, in cells of the intermediate and central zones, strong staining along the edge of the cells was seen with antibodies to alpha-spectrin but not with FITC-WGA. Thus, a codistribution similar to that reported for the spectrin-like proteins and WGA-binding material in mesenchymally derived cells is not found in RPE cells.     

Further evidence for the role of proprioception in space perception

In this paper results are presented of errors in spatial localization found after encircling procedures for retinal detachment both in the operated and in the normal eye. Also changes in spatial localization were found in strabismus patients in which a stretch on the operated muscle was exerted after an adjustable recession. In both groups of patients a manipulation of the eye muscle was performed without inducing an eye muscle imbalance in the retinal detachment patients and without modifying the eye position in the strabismus patients in which a stretch was exerted. These data provide further evidence in favour of the role of proprioceptive information in space perception.     

Tear histamine during allergic conjunctivitis challenge

Tear histamine was measured in 14 patients with allergic conjunctivitis during a challenge test performed at a symptom-free point in time. The allergen challenge caused a rapid increase in the amount of tear histamine in only two-thirds of the patients, but there was a clinical reaction in all. The increase in the tear histamine content occurred in both the challenged and contralateral non-challenged eye, and the increase was also equally high in both. It is probable that the histamine release in the challenged eye takes place in the conjunctiva, whereas in the contralateral eye it is possibly induced by some sympathetic mechanism in the lacrimal gland.     

三个时期糖尿病视网膜病变多焦视网膜电图的差异

目的研究三个时期糖尿病视网膜病变的多焦视网膜电图特征及其临床意义。方法采用VERISⅣ视觉诱发反应图像系统测量和分析了34例非增殖期、15例增殖前期和15例增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变的多焦视网膜电图的差异。结果与正常对照眼比较,增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变,多焦视网膜电图的N     

Layer differences in the effect of monocular vision in light- and dark-reared kittens

We compared the effect of 2 days of monocular vision on the ocular dominance of cells in the visual cortex of light-reared kittens with the effect in dark-reared kittens at 6, 9, and 14 weeks of age, and analyzed the results by layer. The size of the ocular-dominance shift declined with age in all layers in light-reared animals. There was not a large change in the ocular-dominance shift with age in dark-reared animals in any layer, suggesting that dark rearing largely keeps the cortex in the immature 6-week state until 14 weeks or longer, although there was a slight decrease in layers II, III, and IV, and a slight increase in layers V and VI. At 14 weeks, the difference between light- and dark-reared animals was smallest in layer IV, larger in layers II/III, and largest in layers V/VI, suggesting that dark rearing has a large effect on intracortical synapses and a small effect on geniculocortical synapses. There was a significant ocular-dominance shift in layer IV at 14 weeks of age in both light- animals and dark-reared animals, showing that the critical period for ocular-dominance plasticity is not ended at this age. While the ocular-dominance shift after 26 h of monocular deprivation in 6-week animals was similar in light- and dark-reared animals, after 14 h it was smaller in dark-reared animals, showing that ocular-dominance changes occur more slowly in dark-reared animals at this age, in agreement with Mower (1991). Increases in selectivity for axis of movement after 26 h of monocular vision were seen in dark-reared animals at 6 weeks of age, but not at 9 or 14 weeks of age, showing that the critical period for axial selectivity ends earlier than the critical period for ocular dominance in dark-reared animals, as it does in light-reared animals.     

Phospholipids in lenses of the cac mouse

Changes of the phospholipid content of lenses were studied in the cac mouse, with inherited cataracts, during the course of development of cataracts. In the cac mice the total phospholipid content decreased with age and was lower than in the control (cac/ddY) mice at 35 days of age. The total cholesterol content increased with age in both mice, but it was lower in the cac mice than in the controls at 35 days of age. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was smaller in the cac mice than in the controls at 14 days of age, while the ratio became greater in the cac mice than in the controls at 21 days of age or more. Phospholipids were mainly composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine (PS) and sphingomyelin (Sph), with a trace of phosphatidylinositol. With age, the PS content increased gradually in the controls while it decreased in the cac mice and the Sph content was unchanged in the controls while it increased in the cac mice. These results suggest some metabolic alterations of phospholipids, especially of PS and Sph in the lenses of the cac mouse with aging.     

Multicenter trial of an intraocular hydrogel lens implant

Several features suggest that hydrogels may have potential advantages as an intraocular lens material. The IOGEL lens is a single piece hydrogel composed of 38% poly HEMA. Clinical experience with the IOGEL lens in Australia has been published, and the safety and efficacy of the lens is currently being investigated in a multicenter trial in Europe, the U.S.A., Canada, Australia, and Japan. This is the first large-scale study of a hydrogel implant. The IOGEL lens clinical study was initiated in May 1986 in Europe, in September 1986 in the U.S.A., and in November 1986 in Canada and Australia. The enrollment progress in May 1987 showed that 501 cases had been implanted in Europe, Canada, and Australia and 100 cases in the U.S.A. The visual acuity outcome is equivalent to that reported in the literature. Patients in the multinational trial achieved 20/40 or better in 86% of cases and in 96% of cases excluding unrelated pathologies. Although hydrogels have only had limited use in the clinical situation, the results of this study suggest that the IOGEL lens is a viable alternative to polymethylmethacrylate lens implants.     

青少年近视在不同阅读距离调节状态下眼前段结构的变化

目的分析和探讨不同程度青少年近视在不同阅读距离诱导的调节状态下眼前段结构的变化。方法收集我院屈光门诊14～18岁间青少年近视95例（95眼），正视眼34例（34眼）作对照，其中男66例，女63例。所有被试者行主觉验光、调节幅度测定，眼前节OCT测量在不同阅读距离诱导的调节状态下（OD、3D、6D）的前房深度、晶状体厚度及瞳孔直径，采用SPSS11．5forWindows行统计学分析。结果①在调节放松情况下，随着近视度数增加，暗瞳直径明显减小（P〈0．05），各组间晶状体厚度差异无显著性，前房深度差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。（D随着阅读距离的减小，调节运用的增加，各组前房深度变浅值、晶状体厚度变厚值、暗瞳直径变小值均显著增加（P〈0．01）。③随着近视度数增高，诱发3D调节时前房深度变浅值显著增加（P〈0．01），晶状体厚度变厚值明显增加（P〈0．05），暗瞳直径变小值差异无显著性。④随着近视度数增高，诱发6D调节时前房深度变浅值显著增加（P〈0．01），晶状体厚度变厚值明显增加（P〈0．05），暗瞳直径变小值显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论在青少年中，随近视程度加深，阅读距离减小，运用调节量的增加可引起眼前房显著变浅，晶状体明显变厚：暗瞳直径缩小值在诱发6D调节时随近视度数增高而增大。     

Possibilities of spontaneous regression in active phase of ROP

PURPOSE: To evaluate the possibilities of spontaneous regression of changes in the retina and vitreous in active stage 1-5 retinopathy in prematurity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 168 premature infants with active stages 1-3 and 91 with stages 4-5 ROP, was observed by the author in years 1995-2002. RESULTS: Spontaneous regression of changes in the retina and vitreous was observed in 85% of children with stage 1, in 56% in stage 2 and in 25% in stage 3. In stage 3 regression occurred in 35% in stage 3 A, in 18% in 3 B and in 12% in stage 3 C. With changes in zone III regression can be expected in 95%, in zone II in 45% and in zone I in 6%. Spontaneous reattachment of the retina was observed in 27% of children with stage 4A, in 15% with stage 4B and only in 6% in stage 5. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the occurrence of spontaneous regression, laser therapy should be performed in every stage, if changes are observed in zone I and in every case of stage 3 B and 3 C.     

RetCamⅡ早产儿眼底筛查仪在婴幼儿眼病筛查中的应用价值

目的探讨RetCamⅡ早产儿眼底筛查仪在婴幼儿各种眼病筛查中的应用价值,了解婴幼儿眼病的发病情况。方法收集2009年7月到2010年3月在我院行RetCamⅡ眼底检查的婴幼儿,记录其出生胎龄、出生体重、年龄、家族疾病史等临床资料。结果共有32例婴幼儿完成眼部检查,其中,双眼角膜白斑1例、双眼颞侧巩膜化角膜1例、瞳孔区出血1例（1只眼）、先天性白内障3例（3只眼）、小儿黄疸2例（2只眼）、先天性脉络膜缺损1例（1只眼）,双眼视网膜母细胞瘤2例、视神经胶质瘤术后视神经前新生血管1例（1只眼）、双眼先天性色素不均1例、双眼视网膜出血1例。其中1例双眼视网膜母细胞瘤患儿行RetCamⅡ荧光素眼底血管造影检查。结论 RetCamⅡ不仅可用于早产儿视网膜病变的筛查,并且可用于婴幼儿的眼病筛查、术后复查、眼底荧光血管造影等,可提高婴幼儿眼病的诊断率,有利于其早期发现,早期治疗。