Vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade in the treatment of severely traumatized eyes with the visual acuity of no light perception

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment of vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade in the treatment of severely traumatized eyes with the visual acuity of no light perception (NLP).METHODS: This was a retrospective uncontrolled interventional case-series of 19 patients of severely traumatized eyes with NLP who underwent vitrectomy surgery at the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University (Qingdao, China) during a 3-year period. We recorded perioperative factors with the potential to influence functional outcome including duration from the injury to intervention; causes for ocular trauma; open globe or closed globe injury; grade of vitreous hemorrhage; grade of endophthalmitis; grade of retinal detachment; size and location of intraocular foreign body (IOFB); extent and position of retinal defect; grade of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR); type of surgery; perioperative complications and tamponade agent. The follow-up time was from 3 to 18 months, and the mean time was 12 months.RESULTS: After a mean follow-up period of 12 months (3-18 months) 10.53% (2/19) of eyes had visual acuity of between 20/60 and 20/400, 52.63% (10/19) had visual acuity less than 20/400 but more than NLP, and 36.84% (7/19) remained NLP. Visual acuity was improved from NLP to light perception (LP) or better in 63.16% (12/19) of eyes and the rate of complete retinal reattachment was 73.68% (14/19). Good visual acuity all resulted from those patients of blunt trauma with intact eyewall (closed globe injury). The perioperative factors of poor visual acuity prognosis included delayed intervention; open globe injury; endophthalmitis; severe retinal detachment; large IOFB; macular defect; a wide range of retinal defects and severe PVR.CONCLUSION:The main reasons of NLP after ocular trauma are severe vitreous hemorrhage opacity; refractive media opacity; retinal detachment; retinal and uveal damages and defects, especially defects of the macula; PVR and endophthalmitis. NLP after ocular trauma in some cases does not mean permanent vision loss. Early intervention of vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade and achieving retinal reattachment of the remaining retina, may make the severely traumatized eyes regain the VA of LP or better.     

Prognostic factors for open globe injuries and correlation of Ocular Trauma Score at a tertiary referral eye care centre in Singapore

Objective:

To evaluate the factors influencing final vision outcome after surgical repair of open globe injuries and to correlate the Ocular trauma score.

Materials and Methods:

Retrospective case analysis of patients with open globe injuries at a tertiary referral eye care centre in Singapore was performed. Pre-operative factors affecting final vision outcome in patients with open globe injury and correlation of ocular trauma score in our study with international ocular trauma scoring system was performed.

Results:

Case records of 172 eyes with open globe injury were analyzed. Mean age was 36. 67 years. Mean follow up was 12.26 m. Males were pre-dominantly affected. Initial visual acuity was ≥20/40, 20/50 < 20/200, 20/200- CF, HM– PL and NLP in 24 (14%), 39 (22.7%), 16 (9.3%), 66 (38.4%) and 27 (15.7%) eyes respectively. Final visual acuity was ≤20/40, 20/50 < 20/200, 20/200- 1/200, HM– PL and NLP in 76 (44.2%), 28 (16.3%), 11 (6.4%), 30 (17.4%) and 27 (15.7%) eyes respectively. Ocular trauma score in our study correlates with international ocular trauma scoring system.

Conclusion:

The present study showed pre-operative variables such as mode of injury, pre-operative visual acuity, traumatic cataract, hyphaema, relative afferent papillary defect, vitreous lossand vitreous hemorrhage to be adversely affecting the final vision outcome. Our study showed a good synchrony with international ocular trauma score (OTS) and based on this study we were able to validate application of OTS in Singapore population. Recognizing these factors can help the surgeon in evidence based counseling.     

Pre-operative variables affecting final vision outcome with a critical review of ocular trauma classification for posterior open globe (zone III) injury

Purpose:

To identify pre-operative variables affecting the outcome of posterior open globe (zone III) injuries. Secondary objective was to re-look at the definition or landmarks for zone III injury and its clinical significance for predicting visual prognosis following open globe injury.

Materials and Methods:

Retrospective review of medical records of all hospitalized patients with surgical repair of open globe injury over last 10 years at a tertiary referral eye care center in Singapore. Out of 172 eyes with open globe injury, 28 eyes (16.3%) with zone III injury was identified and reviewed further. Pre-operative visual acuity (VA) and other variables, extent of scleral wound in reference to rectus insertion, relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and final vision outcome were recorded.

Results:

Median age was 37 years with male predilection (92.9%). Mean follow-up was 12.9 months. Pre-operative VA was no light perception (NLP) in 16 (57.1%) eyes. Final VA remained NLP in 14 eyes (50.0%). The factors contributing to poor post-operative vision based on univariate regression analysis were the presence of RAPD, poor pre-operative VA, blunt trauma, extent of trauma, associated traumatic cataract, hyphema, vitreous loss and associated vitreo-retinal trauma. Further on, zone III injuries with scleral wound limited anterior to rectus insertion (6 eyes) had better vision outcome than those with injuries extending beyond rectus insertion (22 eyes).

Conclusion:

Initial VA, blunt ocular trauma, visual axis involvement, loss of light perception, presence of RAPD, traumatic cataract, hyphema, vitreous loss were the important determinants for final visual outcome in patients with zone III injury. Wound extending posterior to rectus insertion has poorer outcome as those limited anterior to rectus insertion. We suggest that there may be a need to relook at zone III injuries with reference to rectus insertion for prognostic significance, and further studies are warranted.     

机械性眼外伤后无光感眼的手术治疗分析

目的 回顾性总结严重机械性眼外伤后视力无光感眼的伤情、相应的手术治疗方式及其手术治疗后效果,分析对手术后视力结果和眼球最终结局的影响因素.方法 对42例42只眼严重眼外伤所致的无光感眼施行玻璃体视网膜联合手术,观察其疗效.术后随访6～36个月,平均15个月.结果 42例外伤后无光感眼中,15例术后恢复了光感或光感以上的视力,27例仍无光感,其中2例行眼球摘除.严重眼外伤无光感眼视功能丧失主要原因为致密浓厚玻璃体积血、视网膜脱离及视网膜、脉络膜严重广泛的损伤、缺损.而术前伤情、玻璃体手术时机等均会影响手术的成功和视力预后.结论 严重眼外伤后无光感并不意味着视力永久性的丧失,正确的早期修复和适时、恰当的玻璃体视网膜手术,可获得一定的视力,视力无法恢复者可暂时维持眼球外观.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of vitreoretinal surgery in the treatment of traumatized eyes with no light perception. Methods Vitreoretinal surgery on 42 eyes of traumatized eyes with no light perception of 42 patients was performed. The patients after the operations were followed up for 6-36 months (averaged 15 months). Results Postoperatively; 15 of 42 patients had visual acuities of LP to 0.1, 27 eyes remained NLP in which 2 had enucleation. The traumatic condition; the opportunity of vitreoretinal surgery were the most important factors influencing the prognosis of postoperative VA in severe mechanical injuried eye.Conclusions The dense vitreous hemorrhage, the damaged or detached retina and the choroid edema are the main causes of NLP. Therefore; NLP does not always mean permanent loss of vision. Some patients of NLP may get some visual acuities after proper primary repair of the wound and timely vitreoretinal surgery. The eyes with NLP can maintain eyeball- shape.     

机械性眼外伤后无光感眼的手术治疗分析

目的 回顾性总结严重机械性眼外伤后视力无光感眼的伤情、相应的手术治疗方式及其手术治疗后效果,分析对手术后视力结果和眼球最终结局的影响因素.方法 对42例42只眼严重眼外伤所致的无光感眼施行玻璃体视网膜联合手术,观察其疗效.术后随访6～36个月,平均15个月.结果 42例外伤后无光感眼中,15例术后恢复了光感或光感以上的视力,27例仍无光感,其中2例行眼球摘除.严重眼外伤无光感眼视功能丧失主要原因为致密浓厚玻璃体积血、视网膜脱离及视网膜、脉络膜严重广泛的损伤、缺损.而术前伤情、玻璃体手术时机等均会影响手术的成功和视力预后.结论 严重眼外伤后无光感并不意味着视力永久性的丧失,正确的早期修复和适时、恰当的玻璃体视网膜手术,可获得一定的视力,视力无法恢复者可暂时维持眼球外观.     

Complete Visual Rehabilitation in a Patient with No Light Perception after Surgical Management of a Penetrating Open-Globe Injury: A Case Report

Open-globe injuries with no light perception (NLP) carry a poor prognosis, and many ophthalmologists select a primary enucleation or evisceration as a result. We present a case of complete visual rehabilitation in a patient who presented with NLP after a zone III penetrating open-globe injury. We recommend patient counseling regarding decision making and management of ocular trauma with NLP, since timely intervention and close follow-ups may restore useful or complete vision even in severely traumatized eyes.Key Words: Ocular trauma, Open-globe injury, No light perception, Foreign body, Penetrating injury, Visual outcome, Middle East, Lebanon     

玻璃体切除术拯救外伤后无光感眼

目的观察外伤后无光感眼采用玻璃体切除术治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析10例（10眼）行玻璃体切除术的眼外伤后无光感眼的临床资料。开放性眼外伤8例,闭合性眼外伤2例。术前并发症有视网膜脱离10眼、脉络膜脱离8眼、睫状体脱离4眼、玻璃体积血10眼、无晶状体5眼、无虹膜3眼及角膜血染1眼。所有病例均为硅油填充者。随访6个月以上。结果术后9眼视网膜解剖复位。5眼硅油填充眼压正常,2眼硅油填充眼压低,2眼取硅油后眼压正常,1眼眼球萎缩行眼球摘除术。术后视力5眼仍为无光感。2眼为手动,1眼为数指,1眼为0．05,1眼最佳矫正视力为0．2。结论玻璃体切除术可以拯救部分外伤后早期无光感眼,甚至可以恢复部分视功能。     

Metallic intraocular foreign bodies: characteristics, interventions, and prognostic factors for visual outcome and globe survival

PURPOSE: To describe metallic intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries and identify prognostic factors for visual outcome and globe survival. DESIGN: Interventional, consecutive, retrospective case series. METHODS: setting: Wills Eye Hospital. study population: Ninety-six eyes of 96 patients with metallic intraocular foreign bodies. procedures: Metallic IOFB injuries between January 1991 to June 2002 were reviewed for clinical characteristics, surgical intervention, and outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic variables. main outcome measures: Final visual acuity and globe survival. RESULTS: The average patient age was 33.0 years with a male predominance (94%). Forty percent of eyes had a presenting vision of 20/50 or better. Following IOFB removal, 40% of patients required additional interventions. Thirty-one percent of eyes had a final acuity of 20/50 or better. Eight percent of patients ultimately required enucleation or evisceration. Excellent visual outcome (defined as > or =20/50) was associated with multiple variables, including normal lens at presentation and anterior segment IOFB (P< .003). Factors associated with poor visual outcome (defined as <20/200) included uveal prolapse and posterior segment IOFB (P < .0003). Globe loss was associated with younger age, presenting light perception (LP) or no light perception (NLP) vision, BB/pellet injury, and the presence of an afferent pupillary defect (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple prognostic factors were identified in this large analysis of metallic IOFB injuries, which may help predict visual outcome and globe survival. Most of these variables were independent of intervention and can be identified at the time of initial presentation.     

Visual outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery in eyes with severe open-globe injury presenting with no-light-perception vision

Background  Severe ocular trauma causing no light perception (NLP) typically carries a dismal prognosis, and implies no further therapeutic intervention. We have identified a cohort of patients with verified NLP following open-globe injury who have recovered vision of light perception (LP) or better. We evaluated the outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery performed on eyes that were NLP post open-globe injury. Methods  Retrospective review of outcomes of secondary vitreoretinal surgery performed at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2006 on all cases of open-globe repair (OGR) that had NLP prior to OGR or on the first post-operative day. Results  A total of 648 cases of OGR were performed in the study period. Eighty-eight patients had NLP prior to OGR or on the first post-operative day after OGR. Twenty-three patients from the above group (26.1%) spontaneously recovered a vision of light perception (LP) or better. Eight of the 23 patients had a secondary vitreoretinal surgery. All eyes that did not undergo vitreoretinal surgery returned to NLP or became phthisical within 7 months. Among the eight eyes that underwent surgery, five had improvement, with vision ranging from hand motion to 20/70. Prognostic indicators for successful surgical outcome were hand motion or better vision prior to vitreoretinal surgery, recovery of vision within 5 days of OGR, and vitreoretinal intervention within 5 weeks of the initial open-globe injury. Conclusion  Patients with severe open-globe injury and NLP occasionally recover LP or better vision. These patients may regain useful vision after vitreoretinal surgery if prompt referral and intervention is attempted and if the spontaneous visual recovery occurs within the first week after OGR. The authors have no financial interests. The authors have full control of all primary data and they agree to allow Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology to review their data upon request.     

Descriptive study on ocular survival, visual outcome and prognostic factors in open globe injuries

A prospective observational study was done to assess ocular survival, visual outcome and prognostic factors of open globe injury. Eighty eyes of penetrating trauma between 2004 and 2006 were categorized according to the ocular trauma classification system. Primary repair was done and outcomes were assessed at one, three and six months. The final vision was categorized as per World Health Organization classification of visual impairment. Factors at presentation were evaluated for prognostic value towards visual outcome. Sixty-nine eyes with minimum one month follow-up were included for analysis. Statistical analysis was done using Univariate and Multivariate analysis. We found Grade IV visual acuity (<5/200) at presentation (64%) as the most important factor contributing to poor visual outcome. Statistically insignificant factors were time since injury, cataract, and presence of intraocular foreign body. Ocular survival was 97%. We concluded that initial visual acuity, hyphema, zone and length of injury, retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage are statistically significant factors affecting outcome in open globe injuries.     

玻璃体切除治疗Ⅲ区开放性眼外伤的效果

目的 评价玻璃体切除治疗Ⅲ区开放性眼外伤的效果.方法 本研究为前瞻性分析.2012年7月至2013年8月收治Ⅲ区开放性眼外伤36例（36只眼）,记录致伤原因、术前最佳矫正视力、外伤眼特征、手术时机、手术方式、手术效果,分析影响治疗效果的因素.结果 36例Ⅲ区开放性眼外伤巩膜全层裂伤达角膜缘后（以最远距离为准）5 ～20 mm,平均（9.0±3.7）mm.术后最佳矫正视力提高者21只眼（59.3％）.术前无光感的11只眼中术后无光感2只眼,光感3只眼,手动2只眼,眼内容摘除4只眼;术前视力光感的19只眼中术后光感3只眼,视力提高13只眼,眼内容摘除3只眼.视网膜脱离34只眼中视网膜复位26只眼,其中首次玻璃体切除硅油填充术后视网膜复位16只眼;联合巩膜外加压术复位10只眼（包括联合视网膜前膜剥除术8只眼,同时联合2次玻璃体切除和部分视网膜切除只2眼）.结论 Ⅲ区开放性眼外伤,经过玻璃体切除联合手术和相应的治疗,能够在一定程度上挽救眼球,并且恢复一定的视功能.     

Ocular injuries from improvised explosive devices

Purpose

To document the characteristics, treatments, and anatomical and functional outcomes of patients with ocular trauma from improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

Methods

Retrospective review of ocular injuries caused by IEDs, admitted to our tertiary referral centre.

Results

In total, sixty-one eyes of the 39 patients with an average age of 24 years (range, 20–42 years) were included in the study. In total, 49 (80%) eyes of the patients had open-globe and 12 (20%) had closed-globe injury. In eyes with open-globe injury, intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injury was the most frequently encountered type of injury, observed in 76% of eyes. Evisceration or enucleation was required as a primary surgical intervention in 17 (28%) of the eyes. Twenty-two (36%) eyes had no light perception at presentation. Patients were followed up for an average of 6 months (range, 4–34 months). At the last follow-up, 26 (43%) of 61 eyes had no light perception. Postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) developed in 12 (50%) of the 24 eyes that underwent vitreoretinal surgery, and four of these eyes became phthisical. There were no cases of endophthalmitis. The presence of open-globe injury and presenting visual acuity worse than 5/200 were significantly associated with poor visual outcome (<5/200, P<0.05). In eyes with open-globe injury, the presence of an IOFB was not associated with poor visual outcome (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Ocular injuries from IEDs are highly associated with severe ocular damage requiring extensive surgical repair or evisceration/enucleation. Postoperative PVR is a common cause of poor anatomical and visual outcome.     

Open globe injuries: factors predictive of poor outcome

OBJECTIVE: Despite advances in ocular and orbital imaging, instrumentation, materials, and surgical procedures, the management of open globe injuries continues to pose difficult management dilemmas. In this retrospective study, we identify clinical characteristics and outcome of a series of open globe injuries presenting to a major UK centre. METHOD: Operating department records were reviewed to identify all patients who had undergone repair of an open globe injury from 1 January 1998 to 1 January 2003 at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital. Case notes were examined to determine demographic data, mechanisms of injury, influence of alcohol/drugs, and location of injury. The Snellen visual acuity on presentation and initial clinical signs were recorded. RESULTS: In total, 115 cases of open globe injury were identified of which 107 cases notes were available for review. Injury to the eye with a sharp object accounted for 71/107 (66%) cases and blunt mechanisms for 30/107 (28%) cases. In six (6%) cases the cause of injury was unknown. The rate of secondary enucleation in our series of 107 open globe injuries was 13/107 (12%). Significant risk factors on presentation associated with eventual enucleation included relative afferent pupillary defect (P<0.001), absence of a red reflex (P<0.001), presence of a lid laceration (P<0.02), a blunt mechanism of injury (P<0.02), and an initial VA worse than 6/60 (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: From this retrospective study, we have identified several factors that may aid the clinician in deciding on the prognostic value of primary repair. Blunt injuries associated with adnexal trauma, with poor initial visual acuity, the presence of an RAPD or retinal detachment, and the absence of a red reflex are associated with a significantly higher rate of subsequent enucleation.     

Open globe injuries in children.

PURPOSE: A retrospective review of open globe injuries in children was performed to identify the common types of injury and to correlate features of the injuries and surgical management with visual prognosis. METHODS: The hospital records of 70 patients were reviewed to determine demographic data, the nature and location of the injuries, the anatomic and functional status of the injured eye before the initial repair, the details of all primary and subsequent surgical procedures, and the final visual outcome. RESULTS: Fifty of the patients studied (71%) were male and 20 (29%) were female. The average age of the patients was 5 years. Sharp objects caused the majority of injuries (67%). Most of the injuries happened at home (72%). The cornea was involved in a majority of the injuries (92%). Thirty-two eyes (46%) required only primary repair; 15 eyes (21%) required primary repair with anterior vitrectomy and primary lensectomy; 17 eyes (24%) underwent secondary lensectomy or vitreoretinal surgeries, and 5 eyes (7%) were enucleated. Visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved by 45% of those patients who required only primary repair. Of those patients requiring a second procedure, 19% had a visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Initial clinical findings associated with an unfavorable visual outcome were retinal detachment, relative afferent pupillary defect, vitreous hemorrhage, and hyphema. CONCLUSION: The prognosis after an open globe injury in children is strongly influenced by the nature of the injury and the extent of the initial damage. Visual outcome is better in eyes that require only primary repair.     

Microperimetry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in myelinated retinal nerve fibers

AIM: To complete the data of ocular trauma in central China, as a well-known tertiary referral center for ocular trauma, we documented the epidemiological characteristics and visual outcomes of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in this region. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in central China from 2006 to 2011 was performed. RESULTS: This study included 5964 eyes of 5799 patients. The average age was 35.5±21.8y with a male-to-female ratio of 2.8:1. The most common age was 45-59y age group. Most patients were farmers and workers (51.9%). The most common injuries were firework related (24.5%), road traffic related (24.2%), and work related (15.0%). Among the most common causative agents were firecrackers (24.5%), followed by metal/knife/scissors (21.4%). Most injuries occurred in January (14.2%), February (27.0%), and August (10.0%). There were 8.5% patients with ocular injuries combined with other injuries. The incidence of open ocular injuries (4585 eyes, 76.9%) was higher than closed ocular injuries (939 eyes, 15.7%). The incidences of chemical and thermal ocular injuries were 1.2% and 0.6%. Ocular trauma score (OTS) predicted final visual acuity at non light perception (NLP), 20/200-20/50 and 20/40 with a sensitivity of 100%, and light perception (LP)/hand motion (HM) and 1/200-19/200 with a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides recent epidemiological data of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in central China. Some factors influencing the visual outcome include time interval between injury and visit to the clinic, wound location, open or closed globe injury, initial visual acuity, and OTS.     

Vitreoretinal surgery after childhood ocular trauma

AIM: In adults modern vitreoretinal surgery allows many traumatised eyes to be salvaged. However, one third of serious eye injuries occur in the paediatric age group and trauma is a leading cause of monocular blindness in childhood. This study aims to report the indications, complications and outcomes for vitreoretinal surgical intervention after childhood ocular trauma. METHODS: Retrospective case note review of 61 children (age 16 years or less) undergoing vitreoretinal surgical procedures following ocular trauma at a tertiary referral centre. RESULTS: Twenty-eight children (45.9%) had open globe injuries (OGI) and 33 closed globe injuries (CGI, 54.1%). The mean age of children with OGI was 9.5 years and with CGI 12.3 years (P=0.0068). Forty-seven children had traumatic retinal detachments (77.1%), which in 17 cases were treated with conventional scleral buckling surgery and in 30 by vitrectomy. Retinal re-attachment was achieved after one procedure in 70.6% with scleral buckling and 46.7% with vitrectomy. Fourteen children (22.9%) had attached retinas but required vitrectomy for other reasons. After a mean follow-up of 19.6 months, the median visual acuity (VA) of the children improved from counting fingers at presentation to 6/36 at final review (P=0.0031). Traumatic retinal detachment requiring vitrectomy was associated with poor visual outcome (P=0.0003). CONCLUSION: Vitreoretinal intervention resulted in an improvement in vision in 32 children (57.1%) and stabilised 11 at their presenting acuity (19.6%). Two thirds of the children attained a final VA of 6/60 or better. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy was the cause of redetachment in 68.2% of cases and was significantly associated with a poor outcome (P<0.0001).     

Traumatic pediatric retinal detachment: a comparison between open and closed globe injuries

PURPOSE: To compare retinal detachment as a result of open and closed globe trauma in a pediatric age group. DESIGN: Retrospective, comparative, consecutive, interventional case series study. SETTING: Tertiary referral medical center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One-hundred thirty-eight (5.7%) of 2,408 retinal detachments that were treated at our facility between 1980 and 2000 occurred in children aged 18 years or younger. Of these, 37 eyes (26%, n = 36) had retinal detachment following open globe injury and 23 eyes (14%, n = 20) had retinal detachment following closed globe injury. Those were compared with regard to the retinal detachment characteristics, number, types and timing of surgeries, and the anatomic and functional surgical outcome. RESULTS: Similar incidence was found in the type of retinal detachment, number of tears, extent, macular attachment type, and timing of surgery. Anatomic surgical success was achieved in 16 eyes (46%) with open globe injury and in 13 eyes (65%) with closed globe injury. The improvement in visual acuity was limited and comparable in both groups (23% to 25%), and lower than the expected according to the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS). The only predictor for favorable visual outcome of > or =20/200 was preoperative macular attachment (P =.003, Fisher exact test). CONCLUSION: The type, extent, and severity of the retinal detachment were similar in both open and closed globe injuries, suggesting that the detachment is caused by secondary indirect impact of globe deformation. The anatomic and functional surgical outcome was guarded and similar, suggesting that further surgical innovation is required to improve the visual outcome in this age group.     

Open globe injuries with positive intraocular cultures: factors influencing final visual acuity outcomes

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical features influencing final visual acuity outcomes of eyes with positive intraocular cultures after open globe injuries. DESIGN: Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-seven patients. METHODS: The medical records were reviewed of all patients with positive intraocular cultures after open globe injuries treated at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Final visual acuity. Clinical features investigated included the following: (1). presence or absence of clinical endophthalmitis; (2). virulence of the cultured organism (coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Corynebacterium, and Propionibacterium acnes were classified as nonvirulent organisms, whereas all other organisms were classified as virulent organisms); (3). presence of intraocular foreign body (IOFB); (4). presence of retinal detachment; (5). interval between ocular injury and surgical repair; (6). severity of vision loss at presentation; (7). zone of injury; (8). wound length; and (9). presence of vitreous hemorrhage. RESULTS: The study included 37 eyes of 37 patients with a mean age of 30 years (range, 18 months-85 years) and a median follow-up of 13 months (range, 1-71 months). Study eyes were stratified into two groups: group 1 eyes (n = 16) were those in which clinical endophthalmitis did not develop, whereas group 2 eyes (n = 21) were those in which clinically diagnosed endophthalmitis developed at some point during their clinical course. Presenting visual acuity was similar in the two groups (mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] acuity, 1.91 and 2.22 [Snellen equivalents, 2/162 and 2/331] respectively; P = 0.33). Final acuities in the two groups were different, but not to a statistically significant level (mean logMAR acuity, 1.14 and 2.05 [Snellen equivalents, 20/276 and 2/224], respectively; P = 0.069). In group 1, final visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to no light perception (median acuity, 20/186); 12 eyes (75.0%) achieved a final visual acuity of 20/400 or better. In group 2, final visual acuity ranged from 20/25 to no light perception (median acuity, 7/200); of 20 eyes with known final visual acuity, 10 (50.0%) retained 20/400 or better vision. In group 1, three eyes (19%) eyes had virulent organisms, and 13 eyes (81%) had nonvirulent organisms. In group 2, 12 eyes (57%) had virulent organisms, and nine eyes (43%) had nonvirulent organisms. A final acuity of 20/60 or better was achieved in 14 eyes (41%), and a final acuity of 20/400 or better was achieved in 22 eyes (59%). Better presenting visual acuity (P = 0.038), culture of a nonvirulent organism (P = 0.011), lack of a retinal detachment (P = 0.002), absence of clinical endophthalmitis (P = 0.069), and shorter wound length (P = 0.024) were associated with better visual acuity outcome. In four of six eyes (67%) with both an IOFB and clinical endophthalmitis (group 2), the final visual acuity was no light perception (IOFB was not itself significantly associated with final visual acuity; P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Among eyes with positive intraocular cultures after open globe injury, the visual prognosis is guarded. Clinical features associated with better visual acuity outcomes include better presenting visual acuity, culture of a nonvirulent organism, lack of a retinal detachment, absence of clinical endophthalmitis, and shorter wound length.     

Characteristics and visual outcomes of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in central China: 2006–2011

AIM

To complete the data of ocular trauma in central China, as a well-known tertiary referral center for ocular trauma, we documented the epidemiological characteristics and visual outcomes of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in this region.

METHODS

A retrospective study of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in central China from 2006 to 2011 was performed.

RESULTS

This study included 5964 eyes of 5799 patients. The average age was 35.5±21.8y with a male-to-female ratio of 2.8:1. The most common age was 45-59y age group. Most patients were farmers and workers (51.9%). The most common injuries were firework related (24.5%), road traffic related (24.2%), and work related (15.0%). Among the most common causative agents were firecrackers (24.5%), followed by metal/knife/scissors (21.4%). Most injuries occurred in January (14.2%), February (27.0%), and August (10.0%). There were 8.5% patients with ocular injuries combined with other injuries. The incidence of open ocular injuries (4585 eyes, 76.9%) was higher than closed ocular injuries (939 eyes, 15.7%). The incidences of chemical and thermal ocular injuries were 1.2% and 0.6%. Ocular trauma score (OTS) predicted final visual acuity at non light perception (NLP), 20/200-20/50 and 20/40 with a sensitivity of 100%, and light perception (LP)/hand motion (HM) and 1/200-19/200 with a specificity of 100%.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides recent epidemiological data of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in central China. Some factors influencing the visual outcome include time interval between injury and visit to the clinic, wound location, open or closed globe injury, initial visual acuity, and OTS.     

严重开放性眼球外伤的玻璃体视网膜手术

目的 探讨玻璃体视网膜手术治疗严重开放性眼球外伤的临床效果.方法 9例（9眼）严重开放性眼球外伤,均有巩膜裂伤.均进行I期急诊眼球伤口缝合术.9～14 d行Ⅱ期三通道闭合式玻璃体视网膜联合手术.结果 8例术后视力有不同程度的提高.1例因后期眼球萎缩行眼球摘除联合义眼台植入手术.2例出现术后低眼压（5～9 mmHg）（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）,均有不同程度的眼球萎缩,但视力均为光感.结论 玻璃体视网膜手术能够有效挽救伤眼和恢复有用视力,手术时机的选择和熟练的手术技巧尤为重要.