宫颈防癌筛查的临床分析

对我院妇科门诊2012年1月~2013年1月未进行宫颈防癌筛查的患者246例进行液基细胞学(TCT)检查,检出宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)18例,后经阴道镜下取活检组织病理学诊断和HPV检测,结果显示,CINⅠ11例(53%),CINⅡ4例(26%),CINⅢ3例(20%)。被检病例HPV检测91%呈阳性,且高危病毒检出率占95%。通过被检出的CINⅠ、CINⅡ的全部患者进行综合治疗,3个月~1年随诊复查,TCT全部正常,HPV清除率达90%,CINⅢ3例行宫颈锥切术1例,追访另外2例在外院行子宫切除术。结论 1年1次的宫颈防癌筛查可有效预防宫颈癌的发生,积极治疗癌前病变可大大降低宫颈癌的发生率。     

宫颈细胞学联合高危型HPV检测在子宫颈癌及癌前病变检出中的作用

目的 对宫颈细胞学、高危型HPV和联合检测(细胞学联合高危型HPV检测)3种方法在检出宫颈癌及癌前病变中的作用进行了比较。方法 从2014年1月至2015年12月在北京大学第三医院妇科门诊自愿行机会性筛查的妇女,进行宫颈细胞学检查和高危型HPV检测及阴道镜检查和宫颈活检组织病理学检查。宫颈细胞学采用Surepath和Thinprep液基薄片的方法,高危型HPV检测采用HC2和Cobas 4800检测系统。结果两年间共有3 467例妇女入组进行机会性筛查,年龄24~65岁,宫颈细胞学检出宫颈癌及癌前病变的漏诊率(9.03%)高于高危型HPV检测(2.66%)和联合检测(0.21%),差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。高危型HPV阳性的ASC-US、ASC-H、LSIL、HSIL和AGC经组织病理学检出≥CIN2病变的概率均比HPV阴性者高(P0.05)。结论 联合检测检出宫颈癌及癌前病变的漏诊率低于细胞学和HPV检测,联合检测能为异常筛查结果的管理提供更多指导临床的信息,并有助于提高宫颈腺癌的检出。     

子宫颈液基细胞学、高危型HPV及联合检测在子宫颈癌机会性筛查中的价值

目的评价宫颈细胞学、高危型HPV及联合检测在宫颈癌机会性筛查中的作用。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2014年10月在北京大学人民医院妇科门诊行宫颈癌机会性筛查异常行阴道镜检查的女性3 939例的临床资料。结果 1宫颈液基细胞学异常(≥ASC-US)2 632例,阴道镜病理提示宫颈高级别及以上病变(≥CIN2)患者981例,液基细胞学对≥CIN2筛查的灵敏度为77.47%(760/981),特异度为36.71%(1086/2 958),阳性预测值为28.88%(760/2 632),阴性预测值为83.09%(1 086/1 307)。诊断符合率为46.86%(1 846/3 939)。2高危型HPV阳性3268例,阴性671例,病理提示≥CIN2患者1 070例,高危型HPV对≥CIN2筛查的灵敏度为87.66%(938/1 070),特异度为18.79%(539/2 869),阳性预测值为28.70%(938/3 268),阴性预测值为80.33%(539/671)。诊断符合率为37.50%(1 477/3 939)。3液基细胞学和高危型HPV联合检测,液基细胞学异常且高危型HPV阳性2 300例,均阴性339例,病理提示≥CIN2 749例,液基细胞学及高危型HPV均异常对≥CIN2筛查的灵敏度为97.86%(733/749),特异度为17.09%(323/1 890),阳性预测值为31.87%(733/2 300),阴性预测值为95.28%(323/339)。诊断符合率为40.02%(1 056/2 639)。结论细胞学与高危型HPV联合检测对≥CIN2筛查的灵敏度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均为最高,假阴性率最低,建议在门诊机会性筛查宫颈病变中联合应用细胞学与高危型HPV检测。     

人乳头瘤病毒检测与薄层液基细胞学技术在宫颈癌筛查中的应用

目的:了解青岛市崂山区妇女生殖道高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的感染状况,探讨HPV DNA检测(HC2)与薄层液基细胞学技术(LCT)在宫颈癌筛查中的应用。方法:以崂山区35~64岁妇女为研究对象,8000例行LCT检测,对LCT≥宫颈不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASC-US)的女性进行阴道镜检查及宫颈活体组织检查;3633例行HPV联合LCT检测,对HPV(+)且LCT≥ASC-US,以及LCT(-)但HPV高负荷量(HPV≥1000pg/ml且年龄40岁或HPV≥100pg/ml且年龄≥40岁)的女性进行阴道镜检查及宫颈活体组织检查。两组均以组织病理学结果为最终诊断。结果:LCT组中133例行病理检查:18例CINⅠ、18例CINⅡ、19例CINⅢ、19例宫颈癌,CINⅡ+检出率为0.7%。HPV联合LCT组中,HPV阳性检出率为13.16%;98例行病理检查,其中HPV(+)且LCT≥ASC-US的病理检查67例,LCT(-)但HPV高负荷量者病理检查31例。病理结果:22例CINⅠ、6例CINⅡ、17例CINⅢ、10例宫颈癌,CINⅡ+检出率为0.9%。HPV联合LCT组的病理阳性检出率(1.51%)明显高于LCT组(0.93%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:HPV联合LCT法进行宫颈癌筛查有助于发现宫颈病变高危人群,降低单独采用细胞学进行筛查的漏诊率,值得临床推广应用。     

宫颈癌机会性筛查的应用与探讨

目的:探讨宫颈癌机会性筛查的应用及意义。方法:为2008年1月~12月在新疆自治区人民医院妇产科门诊就诊的患者行机会性筛查,以液基细胞学、HPV检测和阴道镜为筛查方法,活检组织病理学诊断为最终诊断标准,评价机会性筛查用于宫颈癌早诊、早治的意义。结果:4485例患者中一半以上患者不了解宫颈癌相关知识;患者筛查顺应性为98.79%(4431/4485),检出细胞学阳性569例,阳性检出率12.68%(569/4485);561例行高危HPV检测,感染率36.54%(205/561);549例行阴道镜+活检,活检病理结果为:CINⅠ62例,CINⅡ-Ⅲ46例、SCC 8例。2008年宫颈癌筛查参与率及宫颈病变检出率与2007年同期比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:通过机会性筛查相关干预措施有助于提高患者对宫颈癌的认知程度,是全面防治宫颈癌的重要内容;机会性筛查顺应性好,能够早期发现宫颈病变,是行之有效的宫颈癌筛查方法,值得推广应用。     

HPV亚型感染的地域分布与宫颈病变的关系

目的:探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)亚型感染与宫颈病变的关系.方法:以桂北地区育龄妇女为研究对象,对门诊就诊的1086病例进行HPV分型检测和液基细胞学检查,对细胞学诊断≥ASCUS及HPV检测为阳性的病例进行阴道镜下宫颈组织活检.结果:①HPV检测阳性率为43.92%(477/1086);液基细胞学诊断≥ASCUS为31.49%(342/1086).在ASCUS、LSIL、HSIL、SCC中HPV的检出率分别为51.45%、70.27%、91.30%、100%.②细胞学诊断阳性≥LSIL(18.78%.204/1086)与组织学诊断阳性≥CIN Ⅰ(21.36%,232/1086)比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.250,P＞0.05),细胞学与组织学诊断符合率100%为SCC、80.23%为HSIL和90.98%为LSIL.组织学诊断CIN Ⅰ、CIN Ⅱ、CIN Ⅲ、SCC病变中HPV检出率以68.03%、81.67%、93.37%、100%依次递增.③1086例样本中HPV感染共检出21种亚型,低危型4种占17.19%、高危型17种占82.81%,随宫颈病变程度的增加,HPV亚型分布有所变化,低度病变组(CIN Ⅰ)以HPV16、58、18、56、11和52为常见类型;而高度病变组(CINⅡ～Ⅲ)以HPV16、58、18、56、33、52和11型为最常见.24例宫颈癌共检出6种高危亚型HPV,分别是HPV16、58、18、59、66和33型.HPV16亚型随宫颈病变级别加重感染率呈上升趋势(P＜0.0125).结论:桂北地区宫颈病变常见的HPV亚型是HPV16、58、18、56、33、52和11型,HPV16致癌性最强;HPV分型检测因其准确性高并能明确基因类型,联合液基细胞学和组织学更能有效地筛查宫颈病变细胞.为临床防治宫颈癌提供更可靠的科学依据.     

生殖道人乳头瘤病毒感染与宫颈病变、宫颈癌相关性研究

目的 了解生殖道人乳头瘤病毒感染与宫颈病变、宫颈癌的关系，以便早期发现和治疗宫颈上皮内瘤样变（CIN）和原位癌。方法 应用TCT液基细胞学薄片检测法对宫颈病变做阴道细胞学分析，对CIN进行分级（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）鉴定。对高危病人（如ASCUS、CIN、宫颈原位癌）应用基因杂交捕获法（Hybrid Capture，HC-Ⅱ）分型检测HPV，同时用PCR法检测HPV—DNA，进一步做HPV分型鉴定。最后所有病人均进行阴道镜检查及病理组织学诊断。结果 2003年2月～2005年3月将标本送往广州金域医学检验中心进行TCT和HPV检测（HC—H），其中TCT检测1086例，发现不典型鳞状细胞39例、CINⅠ25例、CINⅡ3例、CINⅢ5例，原位癌3例。高危病人（如ASCUS、CIN、宫颈原位癌）进行HC—Ⅱ检测40例，阳性25例（其中原位癌、CINⅢ和CINⅡ均阳性）。结论 HPV感染与宫颈病变，特别是宫颈癌、宫颈癌前病变的发生有明显的相关性，病变越重，HPV的感染率越高。提示宫颈癌的防治重点应放在高危型HPV感染者。     

hrHPV E6/E7 mRNA用于宫颈癌机会性筛查的临床价值

目的:研究hrHPVE6/E7 mRNA在宫颈筛查中的准确性,探索其用于宫颈癌机会性筛查的临床价值。方法:选取2013年1月至2015年12月在青岛市市立医院及城阳区人民医院妇科门诊行机会性筛查的女性共7791例,年龄25~65岁。所有受试女性均行宫颈液基薄层细胞学检查(LBC)。每位受试者同时行HPV检测,根据采取的HPV方法不同分为3组:HC2组(2417例),HPV分型组(2456例),E6/E7组(2906例)。比较4种筛查方法的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阴道镜转诊率、CINⅡ+/CINⅢ+检出率。结果:E6/E7检测CINⅡ+/CINⅢ+的灵敏度分别为93.02%和94.83%,NPV分别为99.52%和99.88%,与HC2及HPV分型之间无统计学差异(P0.05)。E6/E7检测CINⅡ+/CINⅢ+的特异度分别为90.20%和86.90%,与LBC、HC2及HPV分型两两比较均有统计学差异(P0.01)。以HC2和HPV分型为参照时,E6/E7检测CINⅡ+/CINⅢ+的RR均1。E6/E7的阴道镜转诊率为14.73%,低于另两种HPV检测方法,高于LBC,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。3种HPV检测方法的CINⅡ+/CINⅢ+检出率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:hrHPV E6/E7 mRNA与HC2和HPV分型相比,灵敏度相同、特异度高,阴道镜转诊率低,CINⅡ+/CINⅢ+检出率无差别,可用于宫颈癌的机会性筛查。     

高危型人乳头状瘤病毒DNA检测与细胞学联合检查对子宫颈癌前病变筛查的研究

目的评价高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)DNA检测联合宫颈细胞学检查对宫颈癌前病变筛查的效果。方法2003年1月至2004年6月,对广东省人民医院妇科门诊5210名妇女进行宫颈癌前病变筛查,采用第二代杂交捕获试验(HC-Ⅱ)检测高危型HPV DNA联合细胞学检查,同时进行阴道镜检查,并以宫颈活检的组织病理学结果为确诊标准。结果受检者平均年龄(34±9)岁,筛查并最后经病理诊断为HPV感染890例,宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ级83例,CINⅡ73例,CINⅢ80例,宫颈浸润癌54例,子宫内膜癌5例,阴道上皮内瘤样病变1例,宫颈结核1例。以组织病理学为确诊标准,高危型HPV DNA检测CINⅡ、Ⅲ的敏感度是92·22%,特异度是74·71%,阳性预测值5·19%,阴性预测值99·84%。宫颈细胞学筛查CINⅡ、Ⅲ,以未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS)为分界点的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是90·00%、80·34%、11·94%和99·63%;以低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)为分界点的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是70·13%、91·58%、11·11%和99·51%;以高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)为分界点的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是48·05%、98·46%、31·90%和99·21%。高危型HPV DNA检测联合细胞学检查筛查CINⅡ、Ⅲ的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是98·70%、73·08%、5·21%和100·00%。高危型HPV DNA在不同宫颈病变中的阳性率分别是:宫颈癌85·2%(46/54),CINⅢ92·5%(74/80),CINⅡ86·3%(63/73)和CINⅠ45·8%(38/83)。结论高危型HPV DNA检测在宫颈癌前病变的筛查中有很高的敏感度和阴性预测值,高危型HPV DNA检测联合细胞学检查可使敏感度和阴性预测值有提高,但特异度未能提高。     

人端粒酶RNA基因检测在子宫颈病变筛查中的意义

目的 探讨人端粒酶RNA(hTERC)基因检测在宫颈病变筛查中的意义.方法 选择经宫颈液基细胞学检查为正常一高度鳞状上皮内瘤变(HSIL)的301例患者为研究对象,采用人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)杂交捕获2代(HC2)方法检测其高危型HPV感染状况,病理学检查明确其病变性质,荧光原位杂交(visa)技术检测其hTERC基因异常扩增情况.以病理学结果为金标准,将FISH技术检测结果与液基细胞学和HC2方法检测结果进行比较.结果 301例患者中,宫颈液基细胞学检查为正常、不典型鳞状细胞(ASC)、低度鳞状上皮内瘤变(LSIL)与HSIL细胞中,hTERC基因异常扩增率分别为3.0%(6/203)、21.2%(14/66)、44.4%(8/18)和92.9%(13/14),两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.01).有病理检查结果的98例患者中,炎症或湿疣、宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ、CIN Ⅱ、CIN Ⅲ和浸润癌患者的hTERC基因异常扩增率分别为4.4%(2/45)、20.0%(4/20)、6/8、86.7%(13/15)和100.0%(10/10),炎症或湿疣、CIN Ⅰ细胞中hTERC基因异常扩增率明显低于其他病变(P<0.01).23例高级别CIN(即CINⅡ～Ⅲ)患者中,FISH技术检测为hTERC基因异常扩增阳性19例(82.6%,19/23),液基细胞学检查为HSIL者仅4例(17.4%,4/23),FISH技术检测筛出高级别CIN的敏感度明显高于液基细胞学检查(P<0.01).高危型HPV DNA感染率,CIN Ⅰ患者为75.0%,高级别CIN和浸润癌患者均为100.0%.hTERC基因异常扩增检出高级别CIN和浸润癌的敏感度分别为82.6%和100.0%,分别与高危型HPV DNA检测检出高级别CIN和浸润癌的敏感度(均为100.0%)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);而特异度前者明显高于后者(分别为67.8%～73.5%和25.6%～27.7%,P<0.01).FISH技术检测结果显示,CIN Ⅰ细胞中hTERC基因异常扩增信号为2:3型者占84.9%,2:4型占15.1%,4:4型为0;CIN Ⅱ～Ⅲ细胞中异常扩增信号为2:3、2:4和4:4型者分别占44.6%、24.8%和17.8%,与CIN Ⅰ比较,2:3型比例明显下降(P<0.01),2:4型比例呈上升趋势(P>0.05),4:4型比例明显升高(P<0.01).结论 应用FISH技术检测hTERC基因异常扩增情况可辅助液基细胞学检查和HPV HC2方法诊断高级别CIN;且hTERC基因异常扩增信号为2:4和4:4型以上可能是进展为高级别CIN的预测指标.     

New techniques in evaluation of the cervix

The process of parturition is poorly understood, but the cervix clearly plays a key role. Because of this, recent research efforts have been directed at objective quantification of cervical remodeling. Investigation has focused on two basic areas: (1) quantification of tissue deformability and (2) presence, orientation, and/or concentration of microstructural components (e.g. collagen). Methods to quantify tissue deformability include strain elastography and shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI). Methods to describe tissue microstructure include attenuation and backscatter. A single parameter is unlikely to describe the complexities of cervical remodeling, but combining related parameters should improve accuracy of cervical evaluation. This chapter reviews options for cervical tissue characterization.     

Screening history in women with cervical cancer in a Danish population-based screening program

Objective.

The aim of this study was to explore the screening histories of all cervical cancers in a Danish screening population. The intention was to decide suboptimal sides of the screening program and to evaluate the significance of routine screening in the development of cervical cancer.

Methods.

The study describes the results of a quality control audit, performed on all new cervical cancer cases diagnosed in the years 2008-2009 at two major Danish screening-centers. All relevant cytological and histological cervical samples were reviewed.

Results.

202.534 cytological samples were evaluated in the study period, while 112 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer. The histological diagnoses comprised: 62 (55.4%) squamous cell carcinomas, 20 (17.9%) microinvasive squamous cell carcinomas, 25 (22.3%) adenocarcinomas and 5 cancers of different histology. The mean age of study subjects was 46.6 years. 51 (45.5%) women had deficient screening histories, while 45 (40.2%) women had followed the screening recommendations and had normal cervical samples in review. 11 (9.8%) women were diagnosed with false negative cytology, 2 women had false negative histological tests, while pathological review was not feasible for 3 subjects.

Conclusions.

More than 45% of the cervical cancer cases in our study were due to deficient cervical screening, stressing the importance of increasing the screening-uptake and coverage. 40% interval cancers emphasize the relevance of further cervical testing of women with relevant symptoms, despite of prior normal cervical samples. Finally, 9.8% false negative cytological samples are consistent with previous reports, but still a part of the screening program that should be improved.     

人宫颈癌脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测的意义

目的 研究宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN )和宫颈癌脱落细胞端粒酶激活的意义。方法 采用端粒酶PCR-ELISA法检测13例CIN和17例宫颈癌脱落细胞端粒酶活性,并与相应的组织标本中端粒酶活性相比较,11例正常宫颈脱落细胞作为对照。结果8例(61.54％)CIN、14例(82.35％)宫颈癌脱落细胞表达端粒酶活性,正常宫颈无端粒酶活性,CIN、宫颈癌及正常宫颈脱落细胞端粒酶活性平均值分别为0.328±0.192、1.329±0.259和0.039±0.084,三组间端粒酶表达率和量存在显著差异。CINⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级之间端粒酶活性无明显差异。CIN及宫颈癌组织中端粒酶活性和相应脱落细胞一致。结论 端粒酶的激活是宫颈癌的早期改变,在宫颈癌发生发展过程中起重要作用;宫颈脱落细胞和组织中端粒酶活性可能成为宫颈癌早期诊断、预后判断和肿瘤浸润的标记物。     

Sonographic diagnosis of cervical incompetence in twin pregnancies

Transvaginal sonography (TVS) of the cervix has been shown to be superior to the digital examination in detecting patients at risk for sponatenous preterm birth. The cervical length, width, length or area of the internal os (funneling) and, to some extent, the position and structure of the cervix, can be determined from ultrasound images. We have established longitudinal sonographic criteria separate for twin and singleton pregnancies in a vertical and horizontal position of the patient. Shortening of the cervical length and funneling occur earlier in an upright compared to a supine maternal position and in twin compared to singleton pregnancies. For dividing high-risk and low-risk groups, we considered the cut-off values specific for gestational age, position and singleton or twin pregnancy. Multiple logistic regression revealed that, between 20 and 24 + 6 weeks and between 25 and 29 + 6 weeks, funnel width in an upright position and the detection of fibronectin were the most significant independent variables to diagnose subsequent preterm birth. Receiver-operator curve analysis demonstrated that measurements of the cervical length and funnel width in an upright position had higher detection rates of patients at risk for spontaneous preterm birth than examinations in a supine position. There seems to be some evidence from the use of historic controls that the rate of spontaneous preterm birth may decrease with the application of early longitudinal TVS, indicating lifestyle changes, and the use of a vaginal pessary designed to support the incompetent cervix. Although TVS has its place in the follow-up of twin pregnancies with advanced dilatation and prolonged interval between deliveries, it is recommended to perform TVS early enough to recognize symptoms in a reversible instead of an irreversible phase. In the future, TVS may help to indicate and control interventions aimed at prevention or therapy of cervical incompetence.     

Dicer1在宫颈肿瘤组织中的表达及意义

目的:探讨Dicer1在正常宫颈上皮、宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌的表达及意义。方法:Western blot和RT-PCR法检测正常细胞系(End1/E6E7)、宫颈内瘤变细胞系(S12)及宫颈癌细胞系(Ca Ski、He La、Si Ha和C33A)中Dicer1蛋白及其mRNA表达水平,免疫组织化学技术检测Dicer1在正常宫颈、宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌中的表达水平。结果:正常宫颈上皮细胞系Dicer1表达水平低于宫颈癌细胞系表达量。随着恶性程度增加,Dicer1呈驼峰状表达,即在正常宫颈组织及Grade III级宫颈鳞癌中表达较低,但在宫颈上皮内瘤变及高分化宫颈肿瘤(grade I级)中表达较高。结论:Dicer1在正常宫颈、宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌中的表达有差异,为进一步研究Dicer1在宫颈癌发生发展中的作用及分子机制提供依据。     

Cervical cerclage in twin pregnancy

Cervical cerclage in women with twin pregnancy is not routinely indicated but appears to be beneficial in subjects with a history of preterm birth or very short cervix or dilated cervix. There is a paucity of literature data regarding transabdominal or laparoscopic cervical cerclage (LCC) in twin pregnancy. It is uncertain whether LCC is more effective than transvaginal cerclage. Our own experience of 24 cases of LCC in twin pregnancy showed encouraging results. Further, well-planned studies are required to answer whether, when, and how cervical cerclage should be performed in women with twin pregnancy.     

Aggressive characteristics of cervical cancer in young women in Taiwan

Objective

To compare the characteristics and prognosis of cervical cancer in young women (under 30 years) with those of older women (over 30 years).

Methods

A retrospective study of 2443 patients diagnosed with FIGO stage IA-IIA cervical cancer who underwent surgical procedures between January 1983 and December 2007.

Results

Thirty patients (1.2%) were 30 years or younger. The proportion of non-squamous cell carcinoma was higher in patients 30 years or younger compared with in patients over 30 years (14/30, 46.7% vs 10/30, 33.3%; P = 0.001). A higher rate of parametrial involvement was found in the younger group of patients compared with those over 30 years (10/30, 33.3% vs 289/2413, 12.0%; P = 0.001). Patients under 30 years had a higher rate of distant metastases compared with older patients (60% vs 49.7%; P = 0.036).

Conclusions

Non-squamous histology, parametrial involvement, a higher rate of distant metastases, and poorer prognosis are more common in women aged 30 or younger with cervical cancer than in older women with the disease.     

1134例宫颈组织病理检查结果分析

目的:探讨宫颈癌及CIN的发病趋势。方法:对2000~2001年及2004~2005年我院1134例宫颈组织病理学检查、HPV检测结果及患者年龄进行比较分析。结果:与2000~2001年比较,2004~2005年宫颈癌的发生率下降;CINⅡ~Ⅲ的发生率,尤其是≤35岁的CINⅡ~Ⅲ的发生率显著升高,差异有显著性或非常显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01);宫颈癌、CINⅡ~Ⅲ的平均发病年龄均下降(P<0.05);HPV感染发生率升高(P<0.01);宫颈癌、CIN患者中HPV感染平均年龄下降(P<0.05),≤35岁的宫颈癌、CIN患者HPV感染发生率高于>35岁者,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:宫颈癌、CINⅡ~Ⅲ的年轻化趋势明显,且与HPV感染有关。     

Tubal ligation frequency in Oklahoma women with cervical cancer

Objective

Infrequent Pap screening is an important risk factor for cervical cancer. We studied the association between contraceptive methods, screening frequency, and cancer.

Methods

Women (n = 2004) enrolled in the cross-sectional Study to Understand Cervical Cancer Endpoints and Determinants (SUCCEED) underwent colposcopy to evaluate an abnormal Pap test. Questionnaire data were compared between those with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3/adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and those with invasive cancer to identify factors associated with cancer. Logistic regression was used to calculate age-stratified measures of association between contraceptive method and Pap frequency as well as tubal ligation (TL) and cancer risk.

Results

In all age groups, women with TL were more likely to have had no Pap screening in the previous 5 years compared to women using other contraception: 26-35 years (OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.4-8.6; p < 0.001), 36-45 years (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.1-7.0; p < 0.001), and 46-55 years (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.9; p = 0.050). Subjects with cancer (n = 163) were more likely to have had a TL (41% vs. 21%, p < 0.001) than those with CIN 3/AIS (n = 370). Age-stratified analyses showed increased odds of tubal ligation in women with cancer versus those with CIN 3/AIS between 25 and 45 years, with a significant increase in women 26 to 35 years old (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4-8.1; p = 0.009). Adjusting for Pap frequency changed the effect only slightly, suggesting that increased risk was not fully mediated by lack of screening.

Conclusion

Contraceptive type is associated with Pap screening. Women with TLs obtain less frequent Pap testing and may be at an increased risk for cervical cancer.