初产妇产后早期盆腔器官脱垂的高危因素分析

目的：探讨初产妇足月阴道分娩后产后早期盆腔器官脱垂（POP）发生的高危因素。方法：选取2017年1-4月在上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院产后6～8周复诊的经阴道足月分娩的初产妇1 216例。同时行盆腔器官脱垂定量分度法（POP-Q）评分,按评分结果分为POP组（644例）和对照组（572例）,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析各种产科因素与产后早期发生POP的相关性。结果：在1 216例阴道分娩的初产妇中,POP的发生率为52.96%（644/1 216）;POP组的年龄、分娩孕周、新生儿出生体质量以及产钳助产率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;而2组产妇孕前体质量指数（BMI）、孕期体质量增加量、产时BMI、第二产程时间、是否会阴裂伤和是否会阴侧切比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,与年龄＜28岁的产妇相比,年龄≥36岁的产妇产后早期POP的发生风险显著升高（OR=2.352,P=0.010,95%CI：1.222～4.526）;与新生儿出生体质量＜3 000 g的产妇相比,新生儿出生体质量为3 500～3 999 g和≥4 000g的产妇产后POP的发生风险均显著增加（OR=2.039,P=0.000,95%CI：1.385～3.003;OR=2.676,P=0.007,95%CI：1.303～5.495）;与自然分娩的产妇相比,行产钳助产的产妇产后POP发生风险显著升高（OR=1.760,P=0.019,95%CI：1.097～2.823）。结论：初产妇阴道分娩产后POP的发生与年龄、新生儿出生体质量以及产钳助产有关。阴道分娩产后POP发生率高,应加强产妇盆底疾病的预防及重视产后康复训练,尤其是有高危因素的产妇。     

产科因素对产后早期盆底功能障碍性疾病发生的影响

目的探讨不同产科因素对产后早期盆底功能障碍性疾病（PFD）发生的影响,旨在为其预防和治疗提供理论依据。方法对2008年1月至2009年12月406例单胎初产妇产前及产后6～8周进行问卷调查,同时行POPQ评分,分析产科相关因素与PFD发生的相关性。结果孕期压力性尿失禁（SUI）的发生率为28.33%（115/406）;产后SUI的发生率为18.47%（75/406）,其中58例孕妇SUI症状由分娩前持续至分娩后,占产后SUI的77.33%（58/75）;产后盆腔器官脱垂（POP）发生率为49.51%（201/406）。其中选择性剖宫产组SUI和POP的发生率为7.49%（27/227）和37.89%（86/227）,阴道分娩组为32.40%（58/179）和64.25%（115/179）,剖宫产组与阴道分娩组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,产后SUI的发生与妊娠期SUI、年龄、第二产程时间、会阴撕裂、产钳助产、新生儿出生体重和分娩前BMI有关（P〈0.05）。结论孕期SUI的发病率高于产后;选择性剖宫产可能对盆底功能具有保护作用,与产后早期PFD的发生降低有关;产时及其他相关因素可使产后早期PFD发生的风险增加。     

初产妇产后早期盆腔器官脱垂的高危因素分析

目的:探讨初产妇足月阴道分娩后产后早期盆腔器官脱垂(POP)发生的高危因素。方法:选取2017年1—4月在上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院产后6~8周复诊的经阴道足月分娩的初产妇1 216例。同时行盆腔器官脱垂定量分度法(POP-Q)评分,按评分结果分为POP组(644例)和对照组(572例),采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析各种产科因素与产后早期发生POP的相关性。结果:在1 216例阴道分娩的初产妇中,POP的发生率为52.96%(644/1 216);POP组的年龄、分娩孕周、新生儿出生体质量以及产钳助产率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);而2组产妇孕前体质量指数(BMI)、孕期体质量增加量、产时BMI、第二产程时间、是否会阴裂伤和是否会阴侧切比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,与年龄28岁的产妇相比,年龄≥36岁的产妇产后早期POP的发生风险显著升高(OR=2.352,P=0.010,95%CI:1.222~4.526);与新生儿出生体质量3 000 g的产妇相比,新生儿出生体质量为3 500~3 999 g和≥4 000g的产妇产后POP的发生风险均显著增加(OR=2.039,P=0.000,95%CI:1.385~3.003;OR=2.676,P=0.007,95%CI:1.303~5.495);与自然分娩的产妇相比,行产钳助产的产妇产后POP发生风险显著升高(OR=1.760,P=0.019,95%CI:1.097~2.823)。结论:初产妇阴道分娩产后POP的发生与年龄、新生儿出生体质量以及产钳助产有关。阴道分娩产后POP发生率高,应加强产妇盆底疾病的预防及重视产后康复训练,尤其是有高危因素的产妇。     

重庆市产后42天妇女盆腔器官脱垂的危险因素及康复效果分析

目的分析重庆市产后42 d妇女盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)的危险因素,观察康复治疗效果。方法选取2016年1月至2018年12月自愿来重庆市妇幼保健院参与盆底功能筛查的1 179例产后42 d妇女为研究对象,统计POP发生率,分析其发生的独立危险因素,并对POP患者的康复效果进行随访调查。结果 1179例调查对象中,POP发生率为19.6%。年龄、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、分娩方式、分娩次数、盆底肌肉综合肌力、文化程度、便秘史、糖尿病史为POP发病的危险因素(P0.05)。Logistic多元回归模型分析结果显示年龄≥35岁、BMI≥24 kg/m~2、自然分娩、分娩次数≥2次、盆底肌肉综合肌力异常、文化程度≤高中、糖尿病史为POP发病的独立危险因素。231例POP患者治疗6个月有效率为76.2%。结论重庆市产后42 d POP发生率为19.6%,康复治疗效果较好,临床中应针对危险因素进行提前干预,并在孕前、生产及产后给予适时宣传教育,增强妇女的自我保健意识,切实改善女性产后生活质量。     

产后盆底功能障碍性疾病与盆底肌收缩力及其相关因素分析

目的:探讨产后盆底功能障碍性疾病(PFD)与盆底肌收缩力的关系及其相关因素。方法:选择产后42~60天有产后尿失禁(UI)或盆腔器官脱垂(POP)的妇女为研究组(102例),其中UI患者66例(UI组),POP患者36例(POP组);另选择同期产后复查的正常产妇100例为对照组。对研究组和对照组的一般情况进行问卷调查,并采用肌电图描记法对UI组、POP组和对照组的盆底肌力进行评估。结果:1研究组的年龄、分娩前体重指数(BMI)、新生儿体重、阴道分娩率及有腹压增高史率明显高于对照组(P0.05;P0.01)。2研究组肌电图持续收缩值和快速收缩值均明显低于对照组(P0.01)。3研究组中UI组的快速收缩值明显低于POP组和对照组(P0.01),研究组中POP组的持续收缩值明显低于UI组和对照组(P0.01)。结论:产后PFD的发生可能与年龄、分娩前BMI、新生儿体重、阴道分娩等因素有关;产后PFD与盆底肌收缩力下降有关,其中POP可能与Ⅰ类肌力下降有关,而UI可能与Ⅱ类肌力下降有关。     

早期子宫颈癌患者术后盆腔淋巴囊肿的发生情况及原因分析

目的：探究早期子宫颈癌患者接受手术治疗后盆腔淋巴囊肿的发生及其与临床病理因素的相关性。方法：回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年12月,以及2019年1月至2019年12月于云南省肿瘤医院妇科接受初始根治性手术的663例早期子宫颈癌患者的临床资料,并根据术后是否发生盆腔淋巴囊肿分为淋巴囊肿组和无淋巴囊肿组。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析术后盆腔淋巴囊肿形成的危险因素。结果：663例接受手术治疗的早期子宫颈癌患者术后盆腔淋巴囊肿的发生率为62.59%(415/663)。单因素分析显示盆腔淋巴囊肿的发生与使用的引流管类型和术后是否接受辅助化疗有关（P <0.05）。多因素分析结果显示使用负压引流管是术后盆腔淋巴囊肿发生的保护因素（P <0.05）。单因素分析显示盆腔淋巴囊肿的发生时间与FIGO分期、肿瘤分化程度、子宫颈肌壁浸润深度、切除淋巴结总数、切除髂总淋巴结总数、是否存在淋巴结转移、使用引流管类型和术后是否接受放化疗有关（P <0.05）。多因素分析显示使用负压引流管、术后未接受辅助放化疗是淋巴囊肿早期形成的保护因素（P <0.05）。结论：相较传统T型引流管,使用负压引流管可能可以降低早期子宫颈癌患者术后盆腔淋巴囊肿的发生率;术后接受辅助放化疗的患者发生盆腔淋巴囊肿的时间可能更早。     

初产妇产后6～8周腹直肌分离与尿失禁、盆腔器官脱垂的关系

目的:了解初产妇产后6～8周腹直肌分离的发生情况,探讨腹直肌分离与尿失禁、盆腔器官脱垂之间的关系。方法:选择产后6～8周至河南省人民医院产后门诊复查的初产妇为研究对象,共626例,对其进行腹直肌间距、盆底肌力的检测,同时进行盆腔器官脱垂分度（POP-Q）和尿失禁问卷调查;根据超声测量腹直肌分离的宽度是否大于2.5 cm分为腹直肌分离组和无腹直肌分离组,对两组间的数据进行统计学分析。结果:（1）腹直肌分离发生率达76.84%,最常发生的部位位于脐水平（83.07%）。（2）腹直肌分离组的孕期增加体质量、新生儿出生体质量、分娩前腹围均大于无腹直肌分离组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,两组的年龄、体质量指数、分娩方式、妊娠胎数、分娩孕周比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。（3）腹直肌分离组的Ⅰ类肌、Ⅱ类肌肌力严重受损、UI、POP的发生率均低于无腹直肌分离组,但差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:产后6～8周的初产妇普遍存在腹直肌分离和盆底肌肌力严重受损情况,其腹直肌分离与UI和POP的发生可能无关。     

妊娠期高血压疾病不良结局预测模型的构建及验证

目的:建立及验证妊娠期高血压疾病（hypertensive disorders of pregnancy,HDP）不良结局的预测模型。方法:回顾性分析2011年5月1日至2019年4月30日于苏州大学附属第一医院和四川省妇幼保健院分娩的HDP患者资料。根据入院48 h内是否发生不良结局,对HDP患者进行分组（不良结局组...     

子宫内膜非典型增生术后病理升级的高危因素分析

目的 探讨子宫内膜不典型增生术后病理升级的高危因素并构建预测模型,旨在为早期识别高危人群及制定针对性管理方案提供更多借鉴。方法 回顾性纳入2019年1月至2022年1月在中国人民解放军海军第九七一医院行诊断性刮宫确诊子宫内膜不典型增生的患者共110例,根据全子宫切除术后是否升级为恶性病变分为恶变组（37例）和非恶变组（73例）,采用单因素和多因素法评估刮宫术后病理组织学检查升级为恶性病变的独立危险因素,构建基于上述独立危险因素列线图模型,描绘受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析列线图模型用于刮宫术后病理组织学检查升级为恶性病变风险的预测临床效能。结果 单因素分析结果显示,绝经状态和超声评估>Ⅰ级血流信号均可能与刮宫术后病理组织学检查升级为恶性病变有关（P <0.05）;Logistic回归模型多因素分析结果显示,已绝经和超声评估>Ⅰ级血流信号均是刮宫术后病理组织学检查升级为恶性病变的独立危险因素（P <0.05）。基于上述独立危险因素构建列线图,其中已绝经和超声评估>Ⅰ级血流信号分别赋值为23分、100分;Bootstrap软件内部验证结果显示上述列线图模型一...     

产后子宫脓性肌瘤2例并文献复习

目的:探讨产后子宫脓性肌瘤的临床特点。方法:分析2019年至2020年北京大学第一医院妇产科收治的2例产后子宫脓性肌瘤患者的临床病例资料,并回顾2000年至2020年国内外报道的16例产后子宫脓性肌瘤病例,对这18例进行总结分析。结果:18例患者中,12/15为初产妇（3例未报告孕产史）,孕期子宫肌瘤最大径线［ ...     

Parturition and urinary incontinence in primiparas

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence and relative risk of postpartum urinary incontinence in primiparas. METHODS: Over 3 years (1996-1998), healthy nulliparas with no significant history of urinary tract abnormalities were prospectively enrolled. Power analysis indicated that 452 women must complete the study. Participants completed a questionnaire about urinary, fecal, and flatal incontinence. At 6 weeks' and 6 months' postpartum, the same questionnaire was mailed to participants. Statistical analysis consisted of chi-square and Fisher exact tests for nominal variables and analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests for interval variables. Logistic regression tested independence of variables. RESULTS: A total of 690 primiparas were enrolled in the study and 595 delivered at our hospital: 147 (25%) cesareans, 333 (56%) spontaneous vaginal deliveries, and 115 (19%) instrumental vaginal deliveries. Median birth weight was 3489 g. Urinary incontinence rate at 6 months was 26%. Vaginal delivery was associated with a higher incidence of urinary incontinence (relative risk, 2.8) compared with cesarean. Forceps delivery increased the risk of urinary incontinence (relative risk, 1.5) compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery. There was no significant difference between cesareans done before and during labor. None of the obstetric risk factors were independently significant. CONCLUSION: Cesarean delivery at any stage of labor reduces postpartum urinary incontinence. With multivariable analysis, obstetric risk factors are not significant.     

Prediction of postpartum blood transfusion – risk factors and recurrence

Abstract

Objective: The aim was to find clinically useful risk factors for postpartum transfusion and to assess the joint predictive value in a population of women with a first and second delivery.

Methods: All Danish women with a first and second delivery from January 2001 to September 2009 who gave birth in a hospital that reported transfusion of red blood cells to a national database: A total of 96 545 women were included.

Results: Retained placental tissue explained more than all other risk factors in vaginal deliveries. Retained placental tissue at first delivery was associated with postpartum transfusion at a second vaginal delivery, and may also be used as an early predictor in parallel with a history of either placental abruption, postpartum transfusion or caesarean delivery. The positive predictive values of having more than one risk factor was low (2.2%–2.7%).

Conclusions: Prediction of postpartum transfusion is difficult. Retained placental tissue is the strongest predictor of postpartum blood transfusion in vaginal deliveries. Retained placental tissue is usually diagnosed for the first time when the bleeding starts, which limits the clinical value of prediction. We need tools for an early diagnosis of retained placenta to intervene early before transfusion is needed.     

A nomogram model predicting the risk of postpartum stress urinary incontinence in primiparas: A multicenter study

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common gynecological urinary system disease, and globally, 200 million or more people suffer from it. However, the existing literature mostly focuses on postpartum urinary incontinence (UI) or UI in middle-aged and elderly people, with little focus on primiparas. To analyse urinary incontinence prevalence and its risk factors in primiparas and establish a nomogram prediction model, 360 parturients were recruited from three hospitals between April and September 2021. A homemade electronic questionnaire was used to investigate the general demographic and perinatal characteristics of primiparas. The SUI was diagnosed by the physicians. Logistic regression analysis of independent risk factors for SUI and a nomogram prediction model were established. Ninety people were diagnosed as SUI. The number of pregnancies (OR = 3.322, 95% CI = 1.473–7.492), residence (OR = 5.451, 95% CI = 2.725–10.903), occupation (OR = 3.393, 95% CI = 1.144–10.064), education level (OR = 3.551, 95% CI = 1.223–10.308), delivery method (OR = 10.270, 95% CI = 4.090–25.789), and oxytocin use (OR = 2.166, 95% CI = 1.142–4.109) were independent risk factors for SUI. The C-index of the nomogram prediction model was 0.798 (95% CI = 0.749–0.846). The POPDI score, CRADI score, UDI score, and PFDI scores of women with SUI were significantly higher than those of non-SUI women, while I-QOL scores were significantly lower than those of non-SUI women. In conclusion, the prevalence of SUI among primiparas in Fuyang, China, was 25.00%, which exhibited a large impact on the quality of life of puerperae. The present study successfully established an individualized nomogram prediction model of SUI for primiparas with good discrimination and diagnostic efficiency, which was helpful for the early clinical identification of high-risk primiparas with SUI.     

Length of the second stage of labor as a predictor of perineal outcome after vaginal delivery

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate possible risk factors for spontaneous and induced perineal damage during vaginal delivery. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, observational study was conducted with 300 patients at 37-42 weeks of singleton gestation who presented in active labor. Sociodemographic data, birth circumstances and past medical history were obtained upon admission. Perineal damage was assessed before repair and 24 hours postpartum. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed to investigate independent risk factors for spontaneous perineal lacerations. RESULTS: Of 300 women included, 139 were primiparas. Episiotomy was performed in 32% of the population (62% in primiparas, 6% in multiparas). Spontaneous perineal tears requiring suturing occurred in 28%. Severe perineal tears (grades 3 and 4) occurred in 1%. Risk factors for adverse perineal outcome in the nonepisiotomy group included younger maternal age, non-Israeli ethnic background, use of epidural analgesia, nulliparity, shorter interval since last vaginal delivery, longer active phase and prolonged second stage. Prolonged second stage (> 40 minutes) and low parity were independent risk factors for perineal tears in a multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: Identifying women in specific subgroups at high risk for perineal lacerations may minimize perineal damage. Women with a prolonged second stage of labor and low parity are prone for spontaneous damage and therefore deserve special attention.     

Does cesarean delivery prevent anal incontinence?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence and severity of anal incontinence in primiparas after cesarean delivery versus spontaneous vaginal delivery. METHODS: A total of 184 primiparas who delivered by cesarean (104 emergency, 80 elective) and 100 who delivered vaginally were interviewed 10 +/- 2 months postpartum. A comprehensive bowel function questionnaire was completed. Bowel-specific questions included bowel habits, laxative use, urgency, flatus, urge and passive incontinence, soiling, and pad use, before and during pregnancy and postpartum. Obstetric details were confirmed from obstetric records. RESULTS: Anal incontinence was first present in nine (5%) mothers after cesarean delivery and eight (8%) after vaginal delivery (relative risk 0.611, 95% confidence interval 0.25, 1.53). Severe symptoms necessitating pad use affected two (3%) mothers after elective cesarean and one (1%) after vaginal delivery. Two (3%) mothers after elective cesarean, one (1%) after emergency cesarean, and two (2%) after vaginal delivery had at least two symptoms. Anal incontinence followed prelabor emergency cesarean in two mothers. Of the 22 mothers who sustained a second-degree tear, five (23%) had new anal incontinence compared with only one (3%) of 40 mothers with an intact perineum (Fisher exact test value = 9.697, P =.014). CONCLUSION: Because severe anal incontinence followed elective and prelabor emergency cesarean, it seems that pregnancy itself can lead to pelvic floor disorders. A high incidence of anal incontinence is associated with a second-degree tear. Measures to detect and reduce postpartum anal incontinence should target all pregnant women and mothers, even after prelabor cesarean delivery.     

Effect of postpartum oxygen inhalation on vaginal blood loss

Aim.?To assess the efficacy of oxygen inhalation immediately after normal delivery on blood loss.

Method.?A prospective randomised study conducted on 104 primiparas divided into two groups who underwent normal vaginal delivery. The study group (O₂ inhalation group), 52 women, received 8 l/min oxygen via a facemask for 2 h after the third stage of labour, whereas the control group, 52 women breathed room air in addition to conventional management. All women were evaluated hourly for vaginal blood loss. Blood loss volume was measured from the end of placenta delivery to 2 h postpartum and compared between the two groups.

Results.?The study and the control groups were similar in age, gestational age, body weight and induction rate. The mean vaginal blood loss 2 h postpartum was 27.7 ± 5.8 ml in O₂ inhalation group and 48.8 ± 8.4 ml in the controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.?Postpartum oxygen inhalation appears to reduce blood loss after normal vaginal delivery.     

Risk factors for cesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery after successful external cephalic version

Aim of this article is to examine if we could identify factors that predict cesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in women who had a successful external cephalic version. We used data from a previous randomized trial among 25 hospitals and their referring midwife practices in the Netherlands. With the data of this trial, we performed a cohort study among women attempting vaginal delivery after successful ECV. We evaluated whether maternal age, gestational age, parity, time interval between ECV and delivery, birth weight, neonatal gender, and induction of labor were predictive for a vaginal delivery on one hand or a CS or instrumental vaginal delivery on the other hand. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Among 301 women who attempted vaginal delivery after a successful external cephalic version attempt, the cesarean section rate was 13% and the instrumental vaginal delivery rate 6%, resulting in a combined instrumental delivery rate of 19%. Nulliparity increased the risk of cesarean section (OR 2.7 (95% CI 1.2–6.1)) and instrumental delivery (OR 4.2 (95% CI 2.1–8.6)). Maternal age, gestational age at delivery, time interval between external cephalic version and delivery, birth weight and neonatal gender did not contribute to the prediction of failed spontaneous vaginal delivery. In our cohort of 301 women with a successful external cephalic version, nulliparity was the only one of seven factors that predicted the risk for cesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery.     

The B-Lynch technique for postpartum haemorrhage: an option for every gynaecologist

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and sonographic predictors of ultimate successful vaginal delivery in women undergoing external cephalic version. STUDY DESIGN: The study population consisted of women with external cephalic version performed at or after 36 weeks of gestation. They were randomized into group A or B, each consisted of half of the total study population. Logistic regression was performed on group A to identify the significant independent variables in predicting successful cephalic vaginal delivery, which were used to construct a prediction model. The derived regression model was then tested in group B to assess its accuracy. RESULTS: The study included 407 pregnancies. Maternal weight (kg) at the time of version, maternal height (cm), multiparity, engagement of fetal presenting part, and fetal head palpable were significant independent variables of successful version and vaginal delivery (regression coefficients are: -0.084, 0.085, 1.752, -1.271, and 0.725, respectively). A prediction model was constructed based on these independent variables. The weighted average of the overall accuracy in predicting success or failure of version and vaginal delivery was 70.9%. The regression model was then applied to study group B. Using 0.50 as the cutoff value, the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were 75.4, 58.8, 73.7, and 61.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A regression model constructed based on clinical variables failed to provide an accurate predictive tool of successful external cephalic version and vaginal delivery. However, in women who are equivocal about external cephalic version, a high prediction of success would be encouraging.