激励式呼吸训练联合口腔去污染对老年胃癌患者手术后肺炎的影响

目的 探讨激励式呼吸训练联合口腔去污染对老年胃癌患者手术后肺炎（POP）的影响。方法 前瞻性收集2019年1月—2020年6月在福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院行胃癌根治术老年患者,随机分成试验组和对照组。对照组行围手术期常规护理,试验组在此基础上采用激励式肺计量器训练联合洗必泰口腔去污染。分析两组POP发病率、口咽部定植菌检出率等指标。结果 共纳入96例老年胃癌手术患者,试验组和对照组各48例。13例患者发生POP,POP发病率为13.54%。试验组患者POP发病率为6.25%,低于对照组的20.83%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。干预后试验组患者口咽部定植菌检出率（6.25%）低于对照组（20.83%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;干预后试验组患者6 min步行距离及呼吸训练依从性均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;试验组术中机械通气时间、术后住院日数、抗菌药物费用、总住院费用均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论 老年胃癌患者围手术期进行激励式呼吸训练和口腔去污染有助于改善运动耐量,减少呼吸道微生物定植,降低POP发病率,促进患者康复。     

梯度压力带联合那屈肝素钙在股骨颈骨折患者术后治疗中的应用

目的 探讨梯度压力带联合那屈肝素钙在股骨颈骨折患者术后治疗中的应用价值。方法 选取2020年10月至2022年10月医院收治的94例股骨颈骨折行人工髋关节置换术患者作为研究对象,随机分为两组,各47例。对照组给予那屈肝素钙预防治疗,试验组在对照组基础上给予梯度压力带预防治疗,比较两组凝血指标变化、患肢肿胀程度及下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）发生率。结果 术后1 d,两组凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）及纤维蛋白原（FIB）、D-二聚体（DD）水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（P> 0.05）;术后10 d,两组PT、APTT均长于同组术后1 d,FIB、DD水平均低于同组术后1 d,且试验组PT、APTT均长于对照组,FIB、DD水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组大腿周径差、小腿周径差均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组下肢DVT发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 梯度压力带联合那屈肝素钙预防治疗可明显改善股骨颈骨折患者术后凝血指标,减轻患肢肿胀程度,降低下肢DVT发生率。     

神经外科肿瘤患者术后感染对住院日和住院费用的影响

目的 研究神经外科肿瘤患者术后感染对住院日和住院费用的影响。方法 以2015年7月1日至2017年6月30日神经外科肿瘤术后患者为研究对象,在院发生术后感染患者为病例组,未发生感染者为对照组,按住院时间（±3月）、年龄（±5岁）及手术部位进行1∶1配对,比较两组平均住院日和各项医疗费用。结果 神经外科肿瘤患者术后感染率为5.66%,以手术部位感染（54.72%）和下呼吸道感染（31.32%）为主;病例组平均住院日为20.5 d,较对照组延长8.5 d（Z=-10.618,P<0.001）;病例组平均费用为91 573.42元,较对照组增加30 518.17元（Z=-9.988,P<0.001）;其中手术部位感染和下呼吸道感染患者平均费用分别为84 888.50元和110 442.64元,较对照组分别增加23 627.49元（Z=-6.627,P<0.001）和43 631.36元（Z=-4.954,P<0.001）。结论 术后感染将延长患者住院日并增加住院费用,影响医院的社会效益和经济效益,应引起各级医院的高度重视。     

父母地中海贫血与早产及低出生体重的关系研究

目的 探讨父母妊娠合并地中海贫血（地贫）对新生儿早产和低出生体重的影响。方法 选择2017年1－12月在广西壮族自治区靖西市、德保县人民医院或妇幼保健院进行产前检查的孕妇及其丈夫作为研究对象,从中选取经过地贫基因诊断确诊一方或双方均为地贫且有妊娠结局的父母共758对作为地贫组,选择地贫基因诊断为正常或者地贫筛查、血红蛋白电泳检测均为阴性且有妊娠结局的父母共758对作为非地贫组,并将地贫组按是否罹患地贫分为母亲地贫组、父亲地贫组以及父母双方地贫组,收集研究对象的临床、妊娠结局资料,采用独立样本t检验、χ²检验以及Cox回归分析等统计学方法对父母罹患地贫与新生儿早产和低出生体重的关系进行分析。结果 新生儿早产发生率在地贫组和非地贫组中分别约为6.5%、1.6%,低出生体重发生率分别约为7.3%、0.8%。校正可能存在的混杂因素后,Cox回归分析结果显示,母亲地贫组（aRR=3.45,95% CI：1.35～8.81,P=0.010）、父亲地贫组（aRR=4.93,95% CI：2.16～11.21,P<0.001）及父母双方地贫组（aRR=5.13,95% CI：2.62～10.04,P<0.001）均与新生儿早产风险增加相关;母亲地贫组（aRR=12.98,95% CI：4.91～34.30,P<0.001）、父亲地贫组（aRR=9.40,95% CI：3.40～25.95,P<0.001）及父母双方地贫组（aRR=10.74,95% CI：4.44～26.00,P<0.001）均与新生儿低出生体重风险增加相关;父母双方罹患地贫比父母单方罹患地贫发生新生儿早产（趋势检验χ²=22.72,P<0.001）以及低出生体重（趋势检验χ²=34.03,P<0.001）的风险更高。结论 父母双方罹患地贫或任意一方罹患地贫均可增加新生儿早产和低出生体重的风险,且父母双方罹患地贫发生早产和低出生体重的风险更高。     

食管癌手术患者医院感染直接经济损失分析

目的 分析食管癌患者术后发生医院感染情况及其造成的直接经济损失,为医院感染防控提供依据。 方法 采用1∶1病例对照研究方法回顾性分析某院2018年1月—2019年12月食管癌手术患者,术后发生医院感染者为病例组,术后未发生感染者为对照组,比较两组患者住院时间和医疗费用的差异。 结果 病例组患者住院日数中位数为37.0 d,对照组为16.0 d,因感染导致住院日数增加21.0 d,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001）。病例组患者住院总费用中位数为131 170.3元,对照组为90 455.6元,因感染导致直接经济损失40 714.7元,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001）。多部位感染患者住院日数、住院费用均高于单部位感染患者,差异有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）,其中肺部合并血流感染患者的住院日数、住院费用均高于对照组。 结论 食管癌患者术后发生医院感染明显延长其住院时间,增加住院费用,不同感染部位对患者的直接经济损失影响有一定差别,应针对重点环节加强食管癌手术患者医院感染的防控工作。     

中国成年人慢性病与肌肉重量、力量及质量的相关性分析

目的 探索我国成年人主要慢性病与肌肉重量、力量和质量的关系。方法 主要利用中国慢性病前瞻性研究项目的第二次重复调查,采用logistic回归分析主要慢性病种类、个数及患病年限与肌肉重量、力量和质量的相关性。结果 在24 242名研究对象中,糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中和慢性阻塞性肺疾病（慢阻肺）的患病率分别为9.6%、5.8%、3.2%和26.8%,患以上任一慢性病者占38.8%。患上述任一慢性病与低手握力和低上肢肌肉质量（AMQ）呈正相关,且其患病年限越长,风险越高（线性趋势P值均<0.001）,患任一慢性病≥ 10年者低手握力和低AMQ的OR值（95%CI）分别为1.64（1.42~1.90）和1.83（1.60~2.10）;患1、2、≥ 3种慢性病者低手握力的OR值（95%CI）分别为1.26（1.17~1.37）、1.42（1.23~1.64）和2.27（1.55~3.32）,低AMQ的OR值（95%CI）分别为1.28（1.18~1.38）、1.67（1.46~1.92）和2.41（1.69~3.45）,且关联均存在线性趋势（线性趋势P值均<0.001）。糖尿病、冠心病和脑卒中均与低手握力和低AMQ呈正相关;慢阻肺患者低四肢肌肉重量指数（ASMI）、低全身肌肉重量指数（TSMI）和低手握力的风险高于非慢阻肺患者,且风险与患病年限呈正相关（线性趋势P值均<0.05）,患慢阻肺≥ 10年者低ASMI和低TSMI的OR值（95%CI）分别为2.39（1.36~4.20）和2.41（1.37~4.26）。结论 慢性病患者肌肉力量和质量更低,且随患慢性病个数及年限延长,低手握力、低AMQ的比例更高。     

外科患者手术后医院感染直接经济损失评价

目的 探讨外科患者手术后医院感染所造成的直接经济损失及特点,为医院感染管理部门决策提供科学依据。方法 选择2016年1月1日-2018年12月31日某三级甲等综合性医院外科手术后发生医院感染的100例患者为病例组,采用1：1配对病例对照研究方法,选择100例手术后未发生医院感染的患者为对照组,采用配对设计的秩和检验方法,比较两组患者直接经济损失及住院日数差异。结果 病例组与对照组比较,住院费用（中位数）增加19 866.3元（Z=-8.338,P<0.01）,住院日数（中位数）增加8.0 d（Z=-6.857,P<0.01）;住院费用增加前三的手术为同种异体肾移植术、神经系统手术及泌尿系统手术,住院日数增加前三的手术为胆囊切除术、椎间盘破坏或切除术、泌尿系统手术,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;住院费用增加前三的感染为多部位感染、下呼吸道感染及腹腔内组织感染,住院日数增加前三的感染为多部位感染、深部切口感染及表浅切口感染,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论 外科患者手术后发生医院感染可导致巨大的直接经济损失,医院感染控制部门应采取有效的防控措施,减少外科多部位感染、下呼吸道感染及手术部位感染等感染的发生,减轻患者经济负担。     

北京市18~65岁慢性病患者吸烟状态、戒烟态度及危险因素分析

目的 了解北京市18~65岁高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、COPD、哮喘患者的吸烟状态、戒烟态度及危险因素。方法 数据来源于2014年北京市成人慢性病与危险因素监测,即在北京市16个区/县采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取180个社区共19 815名调查对象,以其中18~65岁人群作为研究对象。结果 18 405例有效样本中,男性高血压、血脂异常患者现在吸烟比例均高于非患者（分别χ²=17.695,P<0.001;χ²=39.292,P<0.001）;女性高血压、COPD、哮喘患者现在吸烟者比例均高于非患者（分别χ²=6.649,P=0.010;χ²=6.276,P=0.012;χ²=8.245,P=0.004）。吸烟者中,高血压患者1年内想戒烟比例低于非高血压患者（χ²=20.487,P<0.001）,COPD患者1年内想戒烟比例高于非COPD患者（χ²=6.085,P=0.048）。男性中糖尿病（χ²=9.219,P=0.010）、血脂异常（χ²=13.513,P=0.001）患者中已戒烟者控制情况好于现在吸烟者。多因素logistic回归结果显示,吸烟是高血压（OR=1.17）、血脂异常（OR=1.25）、COPD（OR=1.78）、哮喘（OR=1.57）的影响因素。结论 北京市18~65岁居民中部分慢性病患者现在吸烟比例高且戒烟意愿低;吸烟是高血压、血脂异常、COPD、哮喘的危险因素。     

基于公共数据库挖掘肝细胞癌预后相关的长链非编码RNA分子标签

目的 通过对癌症和肿瘤基因图谱（TCGA）公共数据库中肝细胞癌病例癌和癌旁组织RNA测序数据的分析,挖掘与肝细胞癌预后相关的长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）分子标签。方法 截至2018年2月,从TCGA数据库中获得377例肝细胞癌病例的癌及癌旁组织RNAseq数据及临床预后信息,将50对癌和癌旁组织的lncRNA表达水平进行差异t检验分析,进而采用LASSO Cox回归分析筛选肝细胞癌预后相关的lncRNA,并构建lncRNA分子标签。将所有病例按分子标签表达水平分为4组（<P₂₅、P₂₅～、P₅₀～、≥P₇₅）,采用Cox回归计算P₂₅～、P₅₀～、≥P₇₅组相对于<P₂₅组的预后风险比,进而评估分子标签表达水平对肝细胞癌病例总体生存率的影响。结果 筛选出951个癌和癌旁组织中表达水平有统计学意义差异的lncRNA,通过LASSO Cox回归分析进一步筛选出3个lncRNA（LNCSRLR、MKLN1-AS及ZFPM2-AS1）,并构建分子标签。分子标签表达水平≥P₇₅组的死亡风险是<P₂₅组的1.57倍（95% CI：1.06～2.31,P<0.05）。结论 通过对TCGA数据库的挖掘,由LNCSRLR、MKLN1-AS及ZFPM2-AS1构建的lncRNA分子标签表达水平与肝细胞癌病例的预后有关。     

ICU危重症患者侵袭性肺曲霉病抗真菌药物联合治疗临床经验初探

目的 探讨伏立康唑联合卡泊芬净治疗能否改善重症监护病房（ICU）并发侵袭性肺曲霉病（IPA）危重症患者的预后。 方法 回顾性收集2014年6月—2019年6月ICU临床诊断及确诊为IPA患者的临床资料,比较伏立康唑单药治疗组（单药组）及伏立康唑联合卡泊芬净治疗组（联合组）两组患者临床疗效、急性肾损伤情况、抗真菌治疗42 d生存状况的差异,分析IPA危重症患者死亡的危险因素。 结果 共纳入IPA危重症患者35例,其中单药组25例（71.4%）,联合组10例（28.6%）。联合组患者临床总有效率、对肾功能的影响以及治疗42 d生存状况,与单药组患者比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。多因素Cox回归分析显示,联合治疗（HR=0.664,95%CI：0.222~1.984,P=0.464）不是IPA危重症患者死亡的独立影响因素。 结论 伏立康唑联合卡泊芬净治疗ICU危重症IPA患者未能改善其预后。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.