中国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行特征

目的 分析我国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行情况,为制定肥胖防治策略提供科学依据。方法 利用"2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测"中6~17岁儿童青少年调查资料,分析我国儿童青少年超重肥胖现状。6岁儿童采用WHO 2007年推荐的分年龄性别BMI超重肥胖判定标准判定超重肥胖,7~17岁儿童青少年采用《中国学龄儿童青少年超重和肥胖预防与控制指南》中的分年龄、性别的BMI超重肥胖判定标准进行判定。结果 6~17岁儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为9.6%和6.4%,其中城市儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为11.0%（男生：12.8%,女生：9.0%）和7.7%（男生：9.7%,女生：5.5%）,农村儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为8.4%（男生：9.3%,女生：7.4%）和5.2%（男生：6.2%,女生：4.1%）。按家庭经济收入水平分,高、中和低家庭收入儿童青少年的超重率分别为12.3%、10.7%和8.2%,肥胖率分别为8.6%、7.2%和5.7%。结论 2012年,我国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖表现为城市高于农村,男生高于女生;患病率与家庭经济收入水平有关。     

7～17岁超重肥胖儿童青少年代谢综合征流行现况

目的描述7～17岁超重肥胖儿童青少年中代谢综合征(MS)的流行现况。方法采用分层多阶段整群随机抽样方法,对7～17岁儿童青少年2752人进行分析。采用Cook标准进行代谢综合征判定。结果研究人群代谢综合征患病率为3.2%,在体重正常、超重、肥胖的儿童青少年中,MS患病率分别为0.7%、8.0%、23.9%。在控制了其他影响因素后,MS各组分患病率、MS患病率在超重和肥胖儿童青少年中都成倍增加。较多发生的异常为腹型肥胖(超重、肥胖者:41.6%和77.9%)、高血清甘油三酯(超重、肥胖者:36.4%和50.7%)和高血压(超重、肥胖者:19.6%和39.0%)。在体重正常、超重和肥胖者中,至少有1项MS组分的分别为40.3%、65.6%和90.6%;肥胖者中有62.9%至少有2项MS异常;3项以上异常聚集者在肥胖者中为23.9%;有4项以上异常聚集的均为超重和肥胖儿童青少年。结论超重肥胖儿童青少年多存在明显的代谢紊乱。     

新疆哈萨克族人群代谢综合征患病率调查

目的 调查新疆哈萨克族人群代谢综合征(MS)患病状况,并应用美国国家胆固醇教育成人治疗组(NCEP-ATP Ⅲ)、中华医学会糖尿病学会分会(CDS)、国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)诊断标准对哈萨克族MS患病率进行对比分析.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,对新疆部分地区常住哈萨克族居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和血生化检测,共收集资料完整者2745例;分别应用NCEP-ATP Ⅲ、CDS、IDF标准诊断MS及组分,分析哈萨克族MS患病率及组分分布特点.结果 NCEP-ATP Ⅲ、CDS、IDF标准诊断MS粗患病率分别为18.5%、14.2%和26.6%;年龄标化后患病率依次是14.2%、10.9%和20.1%.NCEP-ATPⅢ和IDF标准男性MS患病率高于女性,CDS标准则相反,3种标准的MS患病率都随年龄增加而上升.3种标准诊断的MS组分中肥胖、血压升高和HDL-C异常检出率较高;≥1、≥2、≥3、≥4、5个MS组分检出率由高到低依次是IDF标准、ATP Ⅲ标准、CDS标准.结论 3种诊断标准的哈萨克族MS患病率和性别分布有差异,IDF标准患病率最高,IDF标准对早期发现哈萨克族心血管病风险优于其他两种标准.     

新疆哈萨克族、维吾尔族和汉族农村居民超重、肥胖流行病学调查

目的 分析新疆哈萨克(哈)族、维吾尔(维)族和汉族农村居民超重、肥胖及腹型肥胖流行现状和分布特点,为该地区不同民族肥胖的防治提供理论依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取调查现场年龄≥1 8岁哈族、维族及汉族常住居民1l 377人进行问卷调查和体格检查,分析并比较3个民族人群超重、肥胖及腹型肥胖患病率。结果哈族、维族和汉族人群超重率分别为27.8%、24.5%和40.3%,肥胖率分别为17.9%、11.5%和13.7%,腹型肥胖患病率分别为58.0%、53.9%和59.9%,汉族人群超重和腹型肥胖患病率最高,哈族肥胖率最高(P值均P值均<0.05),3个民族人群肥胖和维族腹型肥胖患病率均为女性高于男性(P值均<0.01);3个民族超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖患病率均随年龄增加呈现递增趋势,且男女性各年龄段人群腹型肥胖患病率均高于同年龄段超重及肥胖患病率。结论新疆农村地区哈族和维族是肥胖和腹型肥胖高发人群,汉族是超重高发人群,且3种患病率存在民族、年龄及性别差异,腹型肥胖患病率均高于全国水平。     

广州市中小学生超重肥胖与代谢综合征关联性

了解广州市儿童青少年代谢综合征(MS)的流行现况,探讨儿童青少年超重和肥胖与MS的关系.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法在广州市区抽取7所中小学共1 242名10~17岁的中小学生为研究对象,进行身高、体重、腰围、血压的测量和血液中MS组分的检测,比较不同体质量指数(BMI)组儿童青少年MS组分的水平及异常情况,计算MS患病率.结果 超重和肥胖组儿童青少年的腰围(WC)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和三酰甘油(TG)水平均高于正常体重组,高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)水平低于正常体重组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).肥胖组的WC,SBP,DBP,TG和HDL-C异常检出率均最高,而正常体重组最低(P值均<0.05).广州市10~17岁儿童青少年MS患病率为2.9%,其中正常体重、超重和肥胖儿童青少年MS检出率分别为1.0%,13.7%和32.4%.结论 超重和肥胖儿童青少年MS患病率显著高于正常体重组,且随BMI增加而增加,预防和控制儿童青少年肥胖和代谢综合征的发生势在必行.     

广东省2002-2012年6~17岁儿童青少年超重/肥胖变化趋势分析

目的 分析2002-2012年广东省6～17岁儿童青少年超重/肥胖的流行状况及其变化趋势。方法 2002年营养调查采用多阶段分层与整群随机抽样方法,在全省抽取13个监测点共7 075名6～17岁儿童青少年进行调查。2009-2012年的广东省居民营养调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在广东省9区/县城乡调查点抽取2 319名6～17岁儿童青少年,进行身高和体重测量。结果 2009-2012年广东省6～17岁儿童青少年平均超重率和肥胖率分别为7.3%和4.5%,男生超重率和肥胖率（8.9%和6.5%）均高于女生（5.3%和2.2%）,城市超重率和肥胖率（9.3%和5.6%）均高于农村（4.7%和3.2%）;以9～11岁组超重率（8.8%）和肥胖率（6.0%）最高。与2002年比较,除城市女生肥胖率下降外,城市男生、农村男生和女生的超重率和肥胖率均明显上升,其中农村超重和肥胖增幅高于城市,男生增幅高于女生。结论 广东省6～17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖率较2002年有较大上升,其中农村、男生和9～11岁超重/肥胖比例较高,应重点关注。     

成都市儿童青少年静态生活方式现状及其与超重/肥胖的关系

目的 明确成都市儿童青少年静态生活方式现状及其与超重/肥胖的关系,探讨预防儿童青少年超重/肥胖的可能性。方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,抽取成都市2 211名7～15岁儿童青少年测量身高、体重等,同时使用自行设计的基础问卷和体力活动问卷进行调查,了解该人群基本情况及静态生活方式。结果 采用国际肥胖特别工作组（IOTF）标准,非超重、超重和肥胖组中男生周末看电视时间≥2 h/d报告率分别为34.80%、4.21%和1.92%（P=0.016 0）,女生做家庭作业时间≥2 h/d报告率分别为12.17%、0.89%和0.49%（P=0.036 0）。采用中国肥胖问题工作组（WGOC）标准,在男生组得出相似结果;女生组三种静态生活方式（看电视、使用计算机及做家庭作业）在3个组中的差异均无统计学意义。分年龄组比较后发现,WGOC标准下13～15岁女生非超重组周末看电视时间≥2 h/d的报告率最高,其次为超重组和肥胖组（P=0.035 1）。以体力活动水平分组,采用Schofield标准,均表现为随体力活动水平的增加,男女生WHR有增加的趋势;采用中国营养学会（CNS）标准,只有男生组差异有统计学意义,且趋势不变。结论 成都市儿童青少年肥胖组静态生活方式报告率高于超重组和非超重组。但超重/肥胖与静态生活方式的关系还有待进一步研究。     

中国2010-2012年成年人代谢综合征流行特征

目的 分析我国≥18岁成年人代谢综合征（MS）流行现状及特点。方法 数据来自2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测。采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的整群随机抽样方法进行抽样,研究对象为31个省份150个监测点104 098名≥18岁成年人。采用中华医学会糖尿病分会的诊断标准分析MS流行情况。采用2009年国家统计局公布的人口数据,进行复杂抽样加权处理,计算患病率及95%CI。结果 我国成年人MS患病率为11.0%,城市高于农村,男性高于女性,随着年龄的增加呈递增的趋势。MS的4项组分患病率比较显示,以血脂异常率和超重/肥胖率最高,分别为33.7%和32.3%,高血压率为22.4%,血糖升高率为16.2%。结论 2010-2012年我国成年人MS患病率呈上升趋势,已成为影响国民健康的公共卫生问题。     

三种诊断标准下代谢综合征的适用性比较

目的 按照美国国家胆固醇教育计划(national cholesterol education program,NCEP)成人组第三次报告(adult treatment panelⅢ,ATPⅢ)、国际糖尿病联盟(intemational diabetes federation,IDF)、中华医学会糖尿病学分会(Chinese diabetes society,CDS)的3种诊断标准计算代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)的患病率,探讨不同诊断标准下MS的患病特点并对其进行一致性检验.方法 采用多阶段整群抽样方法,在哈尔滨市6个社区中抽取925位居民作为研究对象进行现况调查.结果 按照ATPⅢ、IDF、CDS的诊断标准,MS的人群粗患病率分别为24.69％、34.55％、19.49％,其患病率间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);使用ATPⅢ和IDF诊断标准,男性MS的患病率低于女性,而使用CDS诊断标准则相反.ATPⅢ、IDF和CDS标准对诊断女性MS的一致性好于男性,ATPⅢ与IDF标准对诊断女性MS的一致性较高,Kappa值为0.678 4;而CDS与IDF标准的一致性较低.结论 哈尔滨市居民MS患病率较高;采用ATPⅢ与IDF标准对人群诊断MS较CDS标准灵敏,有助于及早发现MS.     

代谢综合征不同诊断标准在公安民警中的应用研究

目的调查天津市公安民警代谢综合征(MS)患病率,探讨和比较4种MS诊断标准用于该人群MS诊断时其患病率一致性和应用差异。方法以2007年3月～2008年3月在天津市公安医院接受健康体检的10944名公安民警(男性9886例,女性1058例)为研究对象,分别应用ATPⅢ、修订的NCEP-ATPⅢ、CDS和IDF4种MS标准诊断MS,比较其患病率和一致性。结果经IDF、CDS、ATPⅢ和修订的NCEP-ATPⅢ标准诊断的MS年龄标化患病率分别为18.60%,10.57%,9.97%和20.31%。4种诊断标准检出的男性MS患病率高于女性(P0.001)。男女MS患病率均不表现为增龄趋势。CDS标准对MS各异常组分检出率均较高,应用IDF标准诊断为非MS人群中,12.4%的个体有3个以上危险因素聚集。4种诊断标准合并的一致率为79.36%,其中修订的NCEP-ATPⅢ与IDF标准的一致率最高(κ=0.94)。结论4种诊断标准诊断的公安民警MS患病率明显偏高,55～65岁男性人群与65～75岁女性人群为MS高危人群,CDS标准较适合公安民警人群,CDS标准中肥胖判定建议采用腰围指标,且空腹血糖切点值宜降至5.6mmol/L。IDF与修订的NCEP-ATPⅢ标准一致性最好。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.