ABCG2基因rs2231142位点基因多态性与东亚人群痛风相关性研究的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析的方法对东亚人群ABCG2基因rs2231142位点多态性与痛风相关性研究进行分析。方法 截至2014年12月,计算机检索英文数据库(PubMed、EMbase)及中文数据库[中国知网(CNKI)、维普期刊资源整合服务平台(VIP)和万方数据知识服务平台(Wanfang)、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)]中rs2231142位点基因多态性与痛风相关性研究。采用Stata 12.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 最终纳入9篇文献。Meta分析显示,rs2231142位点基因多态性在等位基因、杂合子和纯合子比较模型下均与痛风患病风险增加相关,合并OR 值(95%CI)分别为2.04(1.82～2.28)、1.97(1.57～2.48)和3.71(3.07～4.47)。按性别和地区进行亚组分析后,异质性有一定减少。结论 rs2231142位点基因多态性与东亚人群痛风相关,A等位基因是东亚人群发生痛风的危险基因。     

中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿及其影响因素研究

目的 了解中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿,探索其影响因素,为控烟工作提供参考。方法 本研究数据来源于2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测,采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法抽取184 509名≥18岁居民,其中10 241名农村现在吸烟者纳入研究。采用χ²/F检验对戒烟意愿与人口学信息、烟草使用情况、烟草相关危害知识的认知、慢性病患病情况等因素进行单因素分析,多因素分析采用非条件多因素logistic回归分析。结果 3 453名（37.46%）考虑在未来12个月内戒烟。logistic回归分析显示,偶尔吸烟者的戒烟意愿高于每天吸烟者（OR=0.693,95%CI：0.494~0.971）,每天吸烟量<1包者的戒烟意愿高于≥1包者（OR=0.628,95%CI：0.511~0.771）,12个月内有戒烟经历者的戒烟意愿高于12个月内未戒过烟的现在吸烟者（OR=0.438,95%CI：0.357~0.537）,烟草危害认知程度高者戒烟意愿更高（OR=1.056,95%CI：1.028~1.086）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿与吸烟状况、吸烟量、戒烟情况、烟草危害认知有关。建议加强对农村地区的健康教育宣传,提供简短的戒烟干预,提高农村现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿。     

溃疡性结肠炎病因的Meta分析

目的 分析溃疡性结肠炎(UC)发病的相关因素。方法 计算机检索英文数据库PubMed、Cochrane、Embase及中文数据库中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台(Wanfang)、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)与维普期刊资源整合服务平台(VIP),纳入2000年1月至2014年10月有关UC病因的相关文献。根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献,提取资料和评价质量后采用Stata 12.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入24篇文献,合计病例组5 653例,对照组20 218例。Meta分析显示,炎症性肠病家族史、戒烟、胃肠道感染史、经常饮用牛奶、油脂饮食、阑尾切除术、吸烟和接受高等教育与UC发病相关,其OR值(95%CI)分别为4.68(3.59～6.11)、1.81(1.58～2.09)、5.10(2.38～10.92)、2.26(1.65～3.09)、2.21(1.49～3.27)、0.40(0.32～0.51)、0.44(0.32～0.60)和0.50(0.36～0.69)。结论 炎症性肠病家族史、戒烟、胃肠道感染史、经常饮用牛奶和油脂饮食是目前UC的危险因素,而吸烟、阑尾切除术以及接受高等教育为保护因素。     

中国儿童期性虐待发生率的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析方法综合评价近10年来中国儿童期性虐待的发生情况,为预防提供基础资料。方法 系统检索PubMed、SPringer Link、Elsevier-SDOL、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国期刊全文数据库(cNⅪ)、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库、万方数据资源系统、中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库和中国重要会议论文全文数据库中2000--2013年发表有关中国儿童性虐待发生率的研究文献,利用疾病患病率或发病率质量准则评价文献质量,采用Stata软件估计儿童I生虐待的Meta合并发生率,并对I生别执行亚组分析,采用敏感性分析评价研究对象类型和研究质量对结果的影响。结果 共纳入合格文献15篇,总样本量为16 682人,儿童期性虐待人数发生率为18。20%(95%C1：13.74%～22,66%)。亚组分析显示,女生身体接触性虐待发生率(11.22%)高于男生(8.25%),不同性别间非身体接触性虐待和总性虐待发生率的差异无统计学意义。通过敏感性分析,删除文献质量评价得分最低和研究对象为非学生群体的文献后,Meta分析的结果稍有变化。结论 中国儿童期性虐待已是一个常见且严重的问题,应得到关注并采取相应的预防和干预措施。     

心理干预联合药物对吸烟者的戒烟效果评价

目的 评价伐尼克兰在临床实践中对戒烟门诊患者戒烟的有效性.方法 采用前瞻性观察性研究设计,选择符合纳入标准的吸烟者799人,每名患者首诊时进行标准的基线问卷评估,并在第1、第3和第6个月进行随访.由经过培训的医师对每名患者完成面对面的咨询和个体化戒烟干预.接受药物辅助戒烟者定为心理干预联合药物组(n=272),未用药者为单纯心理干预组(n=527).采用意向性分析的统计学方法分析比较两组的7天时点戒烟率、3个月随访时的1个月持续戒烟率和6个月随访时的3个月持续戒烟率.结果 6个月随访时,心理干预联合药物组的7天时点戒烟率显著高于单纯心理干预组(34.6% vs. 23.1%;OR=1.75,95% CI:1.27～2.42;P<0.001),心理干预联合药物组的3个月持续戒烟率也显著高于单纯心理干预组(31.3% vs. 18.2%;OR=2.04,95%CI:1.46～2.86;P<0.001).1和3个月随访时,心理干预联合药物组无论是7天时点戒烟率还是1个月持续戒烟率均高于单纯心理干预组.结论 在真实临床实践的戒烟门诊中,给予戒烟者药物辅助戒烟可有效提高戒烟率.     

N-亚硝胺与消化道恶性肿瘤发生风险的关系:基于队列研究的Meta分析

目的 分析N-亚硝胺与消化道恶性肿瘤发生/死亡风险的关系。方法 通过系统检索中国生物医学文献数据库、中文期刊全文数据库、万方电子期刊、PubMed、EBSCO等文献数据库,纳入N-亚硝胺与消化道恶性肿瘤发生/死亡风险队列研究文献,采用RevMan 5.1软件进行Meta分析。结果 共检索到相关文献13篇,纳入其中7篇含有消化道恶性肿瘤的文献进行Meta分析;N-亚硝胺显著增加消化道癌症的发生风险(RR=1.12,95%CI:1.03~1.21);与食管癌发生风险无显著性关联(RR=1.18,95%CI:0.98~1.41),但显著增加食管鳞状细胞癌发生风险(RR=1.72,95%CI:1.01~2.96),而与食管腺癌无显著性相关(RR=0.88,95%CI:0.57~1.37);N-亚硝胺能显著提高胃癌的发生风险(RR=1.08,95%CI:1.00~1.18),但对贲门癌与胃腺癌发生风险的影响无显著性。结论 现有人群队列研究证据显示,N-亚硝胺会显著增加消化道恶性肿瘤的发生风险,但是对不同亚型食管癌和胃癌的影响不同,由于队列研究数量较少且在研究设计、人群选择、暴露测量等方面存在差异,仍需进一步积累相关研究证据。     

足月低出生体重儿危险因素的Meta分析

目的 综合评价足月低出生体重儿的危险因素。方法 检索中文数据库（中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、数字化期刊全文数据库）、英文数据库（Medline、Embase）中1980年至2016年2月25日期间公开发表的相关文献,并按照事先确定的纳入与排除标准剔除不符合要求的文献,对纳入文献采用Stata 13.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入23篇文献,包含278 020例研究对象。胎儿性别为女（合并OR=1.60,95% CI：1.49～1.72）、产前检查次数较少（合并OR=1.81,95% CI：1.54～2.11）、母亲被动吸烟（合并OR=1.49,95% CI：1.08～2.06）、妊娠期高血压（合并OR=2.96,95% CI：1.85～4.74）、羊水过少（合并OR=2.71,95% CI：1.87～3.93）是足月低出生体重儿的危险因素。结论 针对足月低出生体重儿的危险因素,应鼓励孕妇产前检查,及时发现并诊治孕妇妊娠期合并症,并通过相关宣教促使孕妇主动避免被动吸烟,从而提升新生儿出生质量。     

农村男性吸烟者戒烟意愿影响因素分析

目的 了解农村男性现在每天吸烟者戒烟意愿影响因素及其相对重要性。方法 采用横断面研究方法,以山东省临沂市莒南县14个行政村的男性现在每天吸烟者为研究对象,逐一入户,进行面对面问卷调查,共得有效问卷1 287份。应用logistic回归分析、优势logistic回归分析探讨戒烟意愿影响因素及其相对重要性。结果 1 287名每天吸烟者中有318人（24.7%）打算在未来6个月内戒烟。logistic回归分析显示,有既往戒烟经历（OR=1.691,95%CI：1.458～1.962）、吸烟量少（OR=0.751,95%CI：0.639～0.884）、烟草危害认知程度高（OR=1.038,95%CI：1.001～1.077）、患慢性病（OR=1.765,95%CI：1.013～3.075）的男性吸烟者更倾向有戒烟意愿。优势logistic回归分析显示,既往戒烟经历是戒烟意愿首位影响因素,其他依次是吸烟量、烟草危害认知以及慢性病患病情况。结论 农村男性吸烟者戒烟意愿比例较低。戒烟意愿主要与吸烟者自身因素有关,其中有既往戒烟经历是增加戒烟动机的首位影响因素。     

戒烟干预对吸烟者知识、态度和行为的影响

目的 评价戒烟干预对戒烟门诊求助者烟草相关知识、态度和行为(知、信、行)的影响。方法 以2008年10 月至2013 年8月解放军总医院戒烟门诊就医的未使用戒烟药物的吸烟者为研究对象,戒烟门诊医师首诊时为吸烟者进行≥30 min的面对面咨询和心理干预,之后1周、1个月、3个月和6个月时共进行4次随访电话干预(每次15～20 min).对照组为2012 年8月至2013 年8月解放军总医院健康医学中心某病区常规查体的吸烟者,基线和随访时均不进行干预。比较基线和1年随访时干预组和对照组烟草相关知、信、行的变化情况。结果 干预组和对照组分别纳入414例和213例研究对象。意向性分析显示,干预组1年随访烟草相关知、信方面共有5个变量的知晓/同意率高于基线。两组的1年随访时点戒烟率分别为4.7%和27.3%.logistic 多元回归分析显示,1年随访时戒烟率与暴露于戒烟干预、女性、尼古丁依赖评分低和烟草相关知识及态度正向变化(吸烟导致心脏病、应该禁止各种形式的烟草产品推广、吸烟浪费金钱和酒楼、饭店应该全面禁烟)共7个变量呈正相关,其OR值(95%CI)分别为2.85(2.00～4.07)、3.34(1.23～9.07)、2.78(1.64～4.72)、2.30(1.03～5.15)、5.33(1.47～19.32)、6.32(1.56～25.62)和10.47(2.25～48.84).结论 戒烟门诊求助者的烟草危害认知水平普遍较高,通过系统化戒烟干预,部分吸烟者知识及态度有了一定提高。烟草相关知识及态度的有益转变,有利于提高戒烟率。     

2014-2015年中国40岁及以上慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者戒烟状况

目的 了解我国≥40岁慢性阻塞性肺疾病（慢阻肺）患者的戒烟情况,为慢阻肺的防控提供科学依据。方法 将2014-2015年中国居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病监测中支气管舒张试验后测试FEV₁/FVC<70%的调查对象作为慢阻肺患者,其中5 791名通过询问调查发现的现在吸烟和曾经吸烟的患者被纳入分析。应用复杂抽样调整方法,估计慢阻肺患者中的戒烟率、戒烟比、成功戒烟率、曾经或现在每日吸烟者中成功戒烟的比例与现在吸烟者中尝试戒烟的比例。结果 我国≥40岁吸烟慢阻肺患者的戒烟率是25.0%,成功戒烟率是19.1%,戒烟比为23.1%,曾经或现在每日吸烟者中成功戒烟的比例为17.6%。戒烟率和戒烟比均为城镇高于乡村（P<0.05）,并随着年龄的增大而升高（P<0.05）;知晓吸烟是慢阻肺危险因素的患者,其戒烟率和戒烟比高于不知晓的患者（P<0.05）;吸烟量越小,气流受限严重程度越重,戒烟率和戒烟比越高（P<0.05）。结论 我国慢阻肺患者的戒烟率和戒烟比较低,应加强慢阻肺患者戒烟的健康教育,促进医务人员在患者诊疗过程中积极开展戒烟劝诫并提供多种戒烟途径,最终提高慢阻肺患者戒烟的成功率。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.