重庆市产科资源配置现状及公平性分析

目的 了解重庆市产科人力资源、床位资源的利用情况和分布公平性,为调整产科资源配置和制定相关政策提供依据。方法 通过调查问卷收集重庆市40个区县所有提供产科医疗服务机构的人力资源和床位资源配置数据,利用资源密度指数、基尼系数和泰尔指数评价资源配置的公平程度。结果 重庆市每千活产拥有产科医师12.84人、护士18.88人、助产士8.05人、床位39.37张、产床6.20张,每km2拥有产科医师0.05人、护士0.07人、助产士0.03人、床位0.15张、产床0.02张。按活产数分布的基尼系数在0.154～0.267之间,公平性较好;按地理面积分布的基尼系数在0.324～0.514之间,部分资源公平性较差。按地理面积配置的区域间泰尔指数均大于区域内泰尔指数,地理分布不公平性主要来自于区域间。结论 重庆市产科资源总量充足,但资源紧张与浪费的情况并存,建议在制定卫生规划时应重视地理因素,同时大力推行分级诊疗制度,提升基层医疗机构资源利用率,以达到产科资源配置和利用的优化状态。     

我国产科人力资源配置现状及公平性分析

目的了解我国不同地区产科人力资源配置现状,通过对产科人力资源分布的公平程度进行测量,为政府和卫生行政部门提供决策依据。方法对44个抽样地市的助产机构2010年产科人力资源配置与服务数量等情况进行信函调查,应用洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数评价产科人力资源分布公平性。结果 2010年我国每万人拥有产科医务人员2.2人,每平方公里拥有产科医务人员0.05人;2010年我国产科医生、助产士及护士按人口分布的基尼系数分为0.196、0.204,按地理面积分布的基尼系数为0.499、0.518。结论我国产科医务人员数量不足,结构欠合理;产科人力资源按人口分布公平性较高,按地理面积分布公平性较差。我国应加强产科人力资源的规划建设,有效实施区域卫生规划政策。     

广西壮族自治区14辖市卫生资源配置的公平性研究

目的:分析广西壮族自治区辖市卫生资源配置状况及其公平性,为卫生资源配置提供决策依据.方法:采用洛仑兹曲线(Lorenz curve)和基尼系数(Gini coefficient)等方法,对广西壮族自治区14辖市的卫生资源(财政医疗卫生支出、床位、医生、注册护士)在人口和地理配置的公平性进行分析.结果:财政医疗卫生支出、床位、医生和注册护士的人口分布的基尼系数分别为0.340 6、0.445 6、0.367 6和0.404 2,地理分布的基尼系数分别为0.5830、0.584 9、0.540 4和0.581 2.结论:广西壮族自治区辖市卫生资源配置的公平性较差,人口分布的公平性优于地理分布,医生配置公平性优于注册护士,床位配置公平性最差,应进一步加大卫生资源的投入力度,充分发挥政府宏观调控作用,提高卫生资源地理及人口分布的公平性.     

2012-2014年上海市嘉定区主要医疗卫生资源配置公平性分析

目的 研究2012-2014年上海市嘉定区卫生资源配置的现况,评价其配置公平性.方法 采用基尼系数分别从人口分布和地理分布比较2012-2014年嘉定区主要卫生资源配置.结果 2012-2014年每千人口床位、医师、护士的配置总量逐年增加,分别达到2.52,1.42,1.61;2012-2014年按人口分布的主要卫生资源基尼系数也有调整,变化较大的是床位,从2012年的0.42下降到2014年的0.39,护士的基尼系数一直维持在0.41～0.42的水平,而医师的基尼系数呈现上升趋势,从2012年0.30上升到2014年的0.36;2012-2014年卫生资源按地理面积分布的基尼系数高于按人口分布的基尼系数,按地理分布的床位、医生、护士基尼系数均呈上升趋势,医生的基尼系数小于0.4,但床位及护士基尼系数超过警戒线,维持在0.44～0.48之间.结论 嘉定区主要卫生资源总量不足且分布不均衡,政府在加大卫生资源投入的同时应考虑均衡性,投入应向远郊地区倾斜.     

基于基尼系数的产科资源配置公平性研究

目的了解分析广东省产科资源配置的公平性现况,为卫生行政部门制定相关的妇幼卫生决策和措施提供依据。方法调查收集广东省所有助产机构产科资源相关数据,利用洛伦茨曲线(Lorenz curve)和基尼系数(Gini coefficient)分析评价产科资源,按分娩量、常住人口和土地面积分布的公平性,并以贡献系数作为判断不公平因子的依据,分析全省不公平因子分布的空间差异性。结果 2015年广东省助产机构、母婴保健技术考核合格人员、产科医生、护士及床位各产科资源按土地面积分布的基尼系数均在0. 6以上;按常住人口和分娩量分布,均仅助产机构的基尼系数 0. 4。深圳和东莞母婴保健技术考核合格人员、产科医生、护士和床位的土地面积贡献系数,以及深圳助产机构、顺德母婴保健技术考核合格人员、产科护士的土地面积贡献系数最小(0. 25),单位面积配置的资源较多,梅州、河源、韶关、清远和肇庆的母婴保健技术考核合格人员、产科医生、护士和床位土地面积贡献系数,以及清远和河源的助产机构土地面积贡献系数、云浮产科医生以及阳江产科护士、母婴保健技术考核合格人员的土地面积贡献系数最大(≥1. 75),这些地区单位面积配置的资源较少。结论广东省母婴保健技术考核合格人员、产科医生、护士和床位按常住人口和分娩量分布公平性较好,但助产机构均处于警戒状态;各产科资源按土地面积分布的公平性较差。深圳、东莞、顺德、梅州、河源、韶关、清远、肇庆、云浮和阳江产科资源分布的差异是引起全省产科资源按土地分布不公平的主要原因。     

基于基尼系数的天津市卫生资源配置公平性研究

目的对天津市2010—2013年卫生资源配置公平性进行评价,为天津市卫生资源规划提供参考依据。方法运用基尼系数,从户籍人口、常住人口、地理面积分布对天津市卫生资源配置进行公平性分析。结果2010—2013年天津市卫生资源配置公平性:按户籍人口分布基尼系数在0.2~0.4之间,按常住人口分布基尼系数在0.2~0.5之间,按地理面积分布基尼系数在0.6~0.8之间。结论户籍人口分布公平性较好,地理面积分布公平性较差,护士分布公平性较差,卫生资源基尼系数呈缓慢下降趋势。     

基于基尼系数的天津市卫生资源配置公平性研究

目的 对天津市2010-2013年卫生资源配置公平性进行评价，为天津市卫生资源规划提供参考依据；方法 运用基尼系数，从户籍人口、常住人口、地理面积分布对天津市卫生资源配置进行公平性分析；结果 2010-2013年天津市卫生资源配置公平性：按户籍人口分布基尼系数在0.2~0.4之间，按常住人口分布基尼系数在0.2~0.5之间，按地理面积分布基尼系数在0.6~0.8之间；结论 户籍人口分布公平性较好，地理面积分布公平性较差，护士分布公平性较差，卫生资源基尼系数呈缓慢下降趋势。     

利用基尼系数和洛伦兹曲线评价云南省2011年卫生资源配置的公平性

[目的]评价云南省2011年卫生资源配置的公平性。[方法]对云南省2011年16个州(市)(其中包括8个少数民族自治州)的卫生资源进行描述性分析,利用基尼系数和洛伦兹曲线对云南省2011年各项卫生资源按人口分布和按面积分布的公平性进行评价。[结果]云南省2011年按人口分布的卫生机构、医疗床位、卫生技术人员、执业(助理)医师和注册护士的基尼系数分别为0.135、0.181、0.237、0.247和0.273;按地理分布的上述各项卫生资源的基尼系数分别为0.305、0.406、0.400、0.414和0.427。[结论]云南省2011年各项卫生资源的人口配置已经达到较平均的状态,按地理分布的卫生资源公平性不如按人口分布的公平性,且医疗机构床位和注册护士的地理配置基尼系数均达到警戒状态。云南省各州(市)人口密度悬殊较大造成按面积分布的卫生资源配置的基尼系数较大。在改善地理公平性的同时,提高云南省卫生资源的质量,增加优质卫生技术人员在不同州(市)间流动,对改善云南省卫生资源配置公平性具有重大意义。     

深圳市卫生资源配置的公平性分析

目的分析2017年深圳市卫生资源配置的公平性,为深圳市卫生行政部门优化卫生资源配置提供科学依据。方法数据来源2017年深圳市统计年鉴及深圳市卫生统计年鉴,采用基尼系数(Gini coefficient),从深圳市各区的人口分布、地理分布和地区生产总值(GDP)分布的角度评价卫生资源配置公平性。结果卫生技术人员按人口、地理和GDP分布的基尼系数分别为0.129 1、0.357 7和0.125 8;医院床位按人口、地理和GDP分布的基尼系数分别为0.026 5、0.290 8和0.076 7;医疗卫生事业投入费按人口、地理和GDP分布的基尼系数分别为0.213 0、0.265 0和0.360 0。结论 2017年深圳市医疗卫生资源按人口配置的基尼系数均优于按地理配置的基尼系数,深圳市卫生资源配置的人口公平性优于地理公平性。     

广西壮族自治区县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性研究

目的对广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性进行分析。方法采用洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数等方法,从人口和地理分布对广西91个县域医疗卫生资源（床位、卫生技术人员、医生）的配置公平性进行分析。结栗广西县级医疗卫生资源中床位、卫生技术人员、医生按人口分布的基尼系数分别为0．2303、0．2396、0．2504,按地理分布的基尼系数分别为0．3461、0．3534、0．3523。结论广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性较好,其中人口分布优于地理分布,床位分布优于卫生人力资源分布。广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性低于广西总体水平,但优于城区医疗卫生资源的配置。应进一步加大县级医疗卫生资源的投入,不断缩小城乡差距,提高县级医疗卫生资源在人口和地理配置的公平性。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.