烹调油烟所致大鼠肺部病变及肺S9中SOD,MDA变化

利用动式吸入烹调油烟（浓度为（４３±４）ｍｇ／ｍ３）持续染毒６０天制备动物模型观察肺部病理形态改变,并通过分光光度法测试肺组织匀浆Ｓ９中的ＭＤＡ、ＳＯＤ,探讨其损伤机理。结果表明：ＣＯＦ染毒组肺组织病理形态改变以炎症改变为主,尚有肺泡上皮腺样化生、不典型腺样增生病变形成。阴性对照组有轻度间质性肺炎及轻度的上皮增生。Ｂ（ａ）Ｐ组肺组织炎症病变少,以鳞状上皮化生较多见。ＣＯＦ可使肺组织匀浆Ｓ９中ＭＤＡ含量增加,ＳＯＤ酶活性降低,与阴性对照组比较,差异有显著性,（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

烹调油烟所致大鼠肺部病变的时相分析

利用吸入烹调油烟（ 浓度为４３ ±４ｍｇ／ ｍ３） 持续染毒２０ 、４０ 、６０ 天制备动物模型，通过常规 Ｈ Ｅ 染色，光学显微镜观察肺部病理形态改变。结果表明， Ｃ Ｏ Ｆ 染毒组肺组织病理形态改变以炎症改变为主，尚有肺泡上皮腺样化生，不典型腺样增生病变形成。以第三时相病变更为明显。阴性对照组有轻度间质性肺炎及轻度的上皮增生。 Ｂ（ａ） Ｐ 组肺组织炎症病变少，以鳞状上皮化生较多见。     

烹调胡麻油烟致大鼠的肺损伤

目的探讨食用胡麻油烟吸人对大鼠肺的损伤。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为染毒组和对照组,每组18只,再分别随机分为3个动态观察组,每组6只。染毒组动式吸入(44.44±18.68)mg/m3胡麻油烟,阴性对照组吸入新鲜的空气(20-22℃),分别观察染毒15、30、50 d时大鼠体重和肺组织病理改变,测定肺组织及血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及肺组织一氧化氮(NO)含量和氮氧化物合成酶(NOS)活性。结果胡麻油烟染毒组大鼠体重增量均降低,与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),血清及肺组织匀浆SOD活性降低,MDA含量升高,肺组织中NO含量下降,NOS活性降低,与阴性对照组比较差异均具有显著性(P<0.05)。烹调胡麻油烟染毒组大鼠肺组织病理改变以炎症改变为主,尚有肺泡上皮腺样化生和鳞状化生,且随染毒时间延长,病理改变加重,尤以第30天时更为明显。阴性对照组无异常的改变。结论吸入烹调胡麻油烟可促进小鼠肺组织脂质过氧化并导致肺泡上皮腺样化生和鳞状化生等损伤。     

烹调油烟致大鼠肝脂质过氧化和锌铜铁钙含量变化的研究

目的通过观察肝组织脂质过氧化和元素含量的变化,探讨烹调油烟致肝损伤的毒作用机理.方法利用SD大鼠动式吸入烹调油烟浓度(43±4)mg/m3为染毒组,吸入加热空气(24～28℃)为阴性对照组,分别于染毒第20、40、60天收集肝脏标本测定肝组织SOD活性和MDA及Zn、Cu、Fe、Ca含量.结果烹调油烟可使肝组织MDA含量增高,SOD活性下降;钙铁值随染毒时间延长增多,锌降低.结论烹调油烟致肝脂质过氧化和元素钙铁超载锌降低,可能存在对肝损伤的协同作用.     

烹调油烟致大鼠肺组织癌前病变机理探讨

[目的 ]　探讨烹调油烟致大鼠肺组织癌前病变的可能机理。 [方法 ]　采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测了染毒及对照组鼠肺组织中HSP70 、P53 及PCNA蛋白表达情况。 [结果 ]　HSP70 、P53 及PCNA蛋白在染毒动物肺组织中均有不同程度的表达 ,阳性率与病变程度呈正相关。 [结论 ]　COF能诱导HSP70 、P53 及PCNA在大鼠肺组织中高表达。HSP70 与P53共表达可能在COF诱导癌前病变的过程中起到协同作用     

P53、P21^WAF/CIP1和Cyclin D1基因蛋白在沥青烟暴露小鼠肺组织中的表达

[目的]探讨沥青烟对小鼠肺组织形态及基因蛋白P53、P21^WAF/CIP1和Cyclin D1表达的影响。[方法]建立沥青烟亚急性染毒小鼠模型，将120只昆明种健康小鼠随机分为3组，即1个对照组和2个染毒组，染毒组进行不同浓度（55、165mg,／m^3）和不同时间（30、60d）染毒，光镜下观察肺组织形态改变，采用免疫组化S-P法，对P53、P21、Cyclin D1染色，观察P53、P21和Cyclin D1基因蛋白表达。[结果]不同浓度、不同时间染毒小鼠肺组织形态有不同程度改变，高浓度染毒组出现不典型增生。小鼠肺组织P53基因蛋白表现为低浓度染毒30d组，未见阳性表达；高浓度染毒60d组呈强阳性表达（P〈0．01）。P21^WAF/CIP1基因蛋白表达低浓度染毒30d呈阳性表达；高浓度染毒60d组表达明显下调（P〈0．01）。Cyclin D1基因蛋白表达同P53基因蛋白表达。[结论]随着染毒浓度和染毒时间的增加，肺组织增生逐渐明显，P53和Cyclin D1基因蛋白的表达呈上升趋势，P21^WAF/CIP1呈下降趋势。     

沥青烟致肺损伤细胞凋亡及突变的实验研究

目的探讨沥青烟对肺组织的损伤机制,早期发现沥青烟致肺癌的预警指标。方法建立染毒小鼠模型,进行不同剂量（55、165mg／m^3）和不同时间（30d、60d）染毒,光镜下观察肺组织形态改变;采用免疫组化S-P法,进行p53、p21、eyelin D1染色,观察053、p21^WAF/CIPI和cyclin D1基因蛋白表达;采用流式细胞仪进行小鼠肺组织细胞DNA含量的检测和细胞周期分析。结果随着沥青烟染毒时间和剂量增加,小鼠肺组织表现为不同程度的不典型增生;小鼠肺组织p53基因蛋白在低剂量染毒30d组未见阳性表达,高剂量60d组呈强阳性表达（P〈0．01）。p21^WAF/CIPI基因蛋白表达在低剂量染毒30d组呈阳性表达,高剂量染毒60d组表达明显下调（P〈0．01）。eyclin D1基因蛋白表达同p53基因蛋白表达;小鼠肺组织细胞各周期指数均发生变化,G1期细胞数下降,S期阻滞,进入G2/M期的细胞减少,细胞增殖指数（PI）增加（P〈0．05）,异倍体指数（DI）升高（P〈0．05）,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。相同染毒时间55mg/m^3剂量组和165mg／m^3剂量组的PI均高于对照组,相同染毒剂量下60d组D1随时间的增加而升高（P〈0．05）。结论沥青烟损伤肺组织影响细胞周期、S期DNA含量增加,细胞增殖能力增强,突变几率提高,可能与p53和cyelin D1基因蛋白表达增高及p21^WAF／CIPI基因蛋白的转录抑制相关。     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

[目的]探讨银杏叶提取物对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力的影响.[方法]建立血管痴呆动物模型.术后2周通过明暗箱避暗回避实验测试其学习记忆能力和测定脑组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量,同时观察海马CA1区病理组织学变化.[结果]与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠避暗实验错误次数增多,潜伏期延长,大鼠脑组织的SOD和GSH-Px活力降低,MDA含量增高,其差异有显著性.与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠避暗实验错误次数减少,潜伏期缩短,大鼠脑组织的SOD和GSH-Px活力增高,MDA含量降低,脑组织病理改变较模型组轻,其差异有显著性.[结论]银杏叶提取物可增强缺血脑组织SOD和GSH-Px活力,降低MDA含量,清除氧自由基,抑制神经细胞凋亡,改善血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力.     

高盐饮食对小鼠心肝肾的影响

[目的]探讨高盐饮食对ICR小鼠心肝肾组织的影响.[方法]40只ICR小鼠随机分成正常对照组和高盐饮食组.正常对照组给予正常饲料和饮水,高盐饮食组给予均含2%Nacl的饲料和饮水,连续喂养14 d后苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察各组小鼠心肝肾病理组织学改变,同时检测组织中SOD活性和MDA含量.[结果]与正常对照组相比,高盐饮食组小鼠心、肝、肾组织都发生一定程度的病理学改变,且组织中的SOD活力明显降低,MDA含量明显升高.[结论]高盐饮食可引起小鼠心、肝、肾组织病理形态的改变,使这些组织中的氧自由基增多.     

烹调油烟对肝组织损伤的实验研究

目的用烹调油烟对大鼠进行亚急性染毒观察肝组织病理形态改变,并通过测试肝细胞匀浆ＳＯＤ活性及ＭＤＡ含量的变化,探讨烹调油烟是否对肝组织具有损伤作用。方法采用动式吸入烹调油烟浓度为４０ｍｇ／ｍ３为染毒组,吸入加热的空气（２４℃～２８℃）为阴性对照组,每组动物１８只,分三个时相（２０、４０、６０天）观察ＨＥ染色肝组织病理形态改变、检测肝细胞匀浆ＳＯＤ活性和ＭＤＡ含量。结果烹调油烟染毒组肝组织病理形态改变以小灶性坏死为主;烹调油烟可使肝细胞匀浆ＳＯＤ活性明显低于阴性对照组（Ｐ＜００１）,ＭＤＡ含量明显高于阴性对照组（Ｐ＜００１）。结论烹调油烟可引起肝组织损伤,同时引起肝细胞匀浆ＳＯＤ活性降低及ＭＤＡ含量增高。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.