经皮经胃镜胃造口在老年人中的临床应用价值

目的探讨老年患者进行胃造口的临床特征,为在老年患者中推广该微创手术提供依据。方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第二医学中心2004年9月～2017年12月55例住院老年患者进行胃造口术的造口原因、造口方式以及造瘘管使用情况和并发症发生情况。结果所有病例均顺利完成胃造口术,其中经皮经胃镜胃造口术(PEG)32例,经皮经胃镜肠造口术(PEG-J)23例。反复误吸并发生吸入性肺部感染25例(45.45%)、营养不良16例(29.09%)、头颈部恶性肿瘤7例(12.73%)是最主要的胃造口原因,少见原因是鼻胃管不耐受、严重的颅脑损伤、食管气管瘘。发生的并发症包括造围手术期的瘘口渗血1例、局部皮肤感染4例;瘘道形成后瘘管被无意拔出5例、蘑菇头腹壁嵌顿1例。手术期发生肺部感染4例。55例患者,术后随访48例,随访率87.27%。瘘管使用的中位时间12月,平均使用时间20月(最长127月,最短2月)。结论经皮经胃镜胃造口术并发症较低,在老年患者中应用有效、安全,是需进行长期胃肠内喂养者的一种主要选择途径。     

经皮内镜胃造瘘术的临床应用

目的:探讨经皮穿刺内镜下胃造瘘术(percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG)的临床应用价值以及并发症。方法:2008年5月～2011年5月,因各种原因造成的经口进食困难引起营养不良需长期营养支持的患者10例,在本院内镜中心行PEG,术后给予肠内营养。结果:所有患者成功完成内镜下胃造瘘术,平均耗时20 min。术后跟踪随访,所有患者造瘘管置入后营养迅速恢复,停止静脉补液。其中1例患者经管饲1个月后营养状态改善拔管,改为经口饮食。1例患者发生造瘘管周围皮肤感染,1例出现反流性食管炎,1例术后近期伤口少许渗血,造瘘口周围肉芽组织增生,对症处理后治愈。无消化道出血、腹膜炎等严重并发症。结论:PEG是作为胃肠减压和肠内营养替代鼻饲的一种完善和成熟的微创技术,其技术操作简单易行、安全、有效并发症少,创伤小,医疗费用低。值得临床推广应用。     

经皮内镜下胃和空肠造瘘术在治疗食管瘘中的临床应用

目的 探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘术和空肠造瘘术治疗食管瘘的应用价值.方法 对本组患者行胃和空肠造瘘术行胃减压,避免胃液及营养液返流入食管,食管旷置后瘘口愈合.结果 本组治疗均成功,使其治疗期间维持足够的肠内营养,改善营养状态,瘘口自行愈合.结论 此法疗效满意,方法 简便安全易行,并发症少,值得推广.     

B超引导经皮胆囊穿刺造瘘术治疗高龄急性胆囊炎68例报告

目的 探讨B超引导经皮胆囊穿刺造瘘术对高龄急性胆囊炎患者的疗效.方法 回顾性分析采用B超引导经皮胆囊穿刺造瘘术治疗高龄急性胆囊炎68例患者的临床资料.结果 68例患者全部成功施行穿刺置管,3例因引流管脱落或堵塞而再次行穿刺,67例(98.5％)获得有效的胆囊引流,1例(1.5％)术后病情无明显缓解,术后1d行急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术.无一例因经皮胆囊穿刺造瘘术引起的并发症死亡,无出血、胆瘘等并发症发生.术后3个月45例(66.2％)择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后患者恢复好.结论 B超引导经皮胆囊穿刺造瘘术是治疗高龄急性胆囊炎患者的一项安全、简单、有效的方法.它有较高的成功率和较低的并发症发生率,值得推广.     

食管胃空肠造瘘在恶性食管呼吸道瘘中的对症治疗

目的探讨食管癌并发恶性食管呼吸道瘘所引起的呼吸道感染、营养不良等严重并发症的对症手术治疗经验。方法采用上腹正中切口，经食管下段行食管造瘘并在造瘘口远端结扎食管消除胃反流所引起的呼吸道感染，再行胃和空肠造瘘解决患者的营养不良问题。结果无手术死亡病例，反复呼吸道感染均得到控制，患者的营养不良状况得到明显改善，术后生存期由平均4～6周延长到平均13个月。结论对于患有食管癌晚期并发食管呼吸道瘘患者在原发灶切除困难情况下，选择食管、胃和空肠造瘘加食管末端结扎术是一种创伤小、安全性高的有效方法。该法能迅速消除因胃反流引起的呼吸道感染，解决患者的饮食困难问题，能明显提高患者的生存质量。患者近期死亡率显著降低。     

可视化B超引导对经皮球囊扩张血管成形术后动静脉内瘘穿刺的应用

目的探讨可视化B超引导下穿刺经皮球囊扩张血管成形术后动静脉内瘘的安全应用效果。方法选取2019年6月至2020年6月在桂林医学院附属医院行规律透析内瘘狭窄行经皮球囊扩张血管成形术后患者120例,随机分成可视化B超引导下穿刺组和常规穿刺组,每组60例。比较两种方法穿刺成功率以及穿刺相关并发症发生率。结果常规穿刺组穿刺成功率低于可视化B超穿刺组(P0.05)。可视化B超穿刺组穿刺点硬结、穿刺处渗血、皮下血肿的发生率明显低于常规穿刺组(P0.05)。两组患者均未出现误穿动脉及因穿刺引起的继发感染现象。结论可视化B超引导对经皮球囊扩张血管成形术后动静脉内瘘穿刺效果明显优于常规穿刺组,可以进一步保护扩张术后动静脉内瘘功能,有效预防内瘘穿刺相关的近期部分并发症,提高穿刺安全性,改善尿毒症患者的生活质量,值得临床推广。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术防治假性球麻痹所致吸入性肺炎的配合及护理

目的:减少假性球麻痹患者反复吸入性肺炎发生.方法:对15例脑意外后假性球麻痹患者于局麻下内镜直视下经皮穿刺胃造瘘术.结果:15例患者均穿刺置管成功,未发生严重并发症,吸入性肺炎明显得到改善.结论:PEG明显减少脑意外后假性球麻痹者吸入性肺炎.     

42例经皮透视引导下胃造瘘和空肠造瘘术的临床应用

目的:研究分析经皮透视引导下胃造瘘和胃空肠造瘘术的安全性和优势。方法:选取本院2010-2013收治需要进行胃造瘘和空肠造瘘术的患者42例,分为对照组与研究组,其中对照组采用传统外科手术方式,研究组采用经皮透视引导下胃造瘘和空肠造瘘,对两组手术和术后并发症进行比较。结果:对照组手术时间30.8±8.2min,研究组为63.7±10.3mm,其差异明显具有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组并发症发生率为16.7%,对照组为44.4%,两组之间比较其差异明显具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:采用经皮透视引导下进行胃造瘘和空肠造瘘术,其安全性高,手术简单,对患者损伤小,术后并发症发生率低,值得广泛推广应用。     

胃肠内营养的感染并发症

胃肠内营养支持是营养治疗的主要手段，但其感染性并发症，特别是吸入性肺炎严重威胁病人生命。本文介绍３例老年男性胃肠内营养支持病例：例１，食管修补术后多脏器衰竭伴肺部感染，试用胃造瘘管滴入营养液维持未成功，控制感染后改由空肠造瘘滴入营养液成功，病人康复；...     

改良"三管法"与暂时性蘑菇状内支架杂交治疗食管胃吻合口瘘

目的 探讨改良"三管法"与暂时性蘑菇状内支架杂交治疗食管胃吻合口瘘的方法、可行性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析12例食管胃吻合口瘘患者采用改良"三管法"与暂时性蘑菇状内支架杂交治疗的临床资料.结果 12例患者手术均一次成功,瘘口痊愈,随访3～15个月,1例出现胃食管反流症状,1例支架取出后3个月出现食管-胃吻合口瘢痕性狭窄,进行球囊扩张成形治疗后正常进食.结论 改良"三管法"与暂时性蘑菇状内支架杂交治疗食管胃吻合口瘘,愈合时间短,住院费用低,安全可行.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.