白斑综合症病毒引起小龙虾疫病爆发流行的病原学研究

目的：通过查清本次养殖小龙虾疫病爆发流行的病原体,为沿海地区养殖小龙虾疫病控制提供科学依据.方法：采用流行病学调查分析,对发病小龙虾进行病原学检测与组织病理变化观察、病原体回归健康小龙虾.结果：在发病小龙虾各组织内均能检测到白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）,组织病理变化明显,小龙虾体内WSSV的形态与PCR扩增产物与对虾体内WSSV一致,病原体回归与流行病学调查支持本次检测结果.结论：本次引发养殖小龙虾疫病爆发流行的病原体是WSSV.     

从三疣梭子蟹中检出白斑杆状病毒的实验报告

白斑病毒是目前严重危害养殖虾类的病毒之一，今年4月份以来，我市一些养殖虾塘的对虾因感染了白斑病毒而大量死亡，我们对与其混养的三疣梭子蟹体内的白斑病毒带毒情况进行了检测，现将实验结果报告如下：     

三疣梭子蟹不同部位肌肉主要营养成分分析

<正>三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)是全球重要的经济蟹类,不仅必需氨基酸(EAA)和必需脂肪酸(EFA)含量较高,而且营养组成平衡,深受消费者的欢迎[1]。目前,我国三疣梭子蟹捕捞和消费主要集中在10～11月,以活蟹销售为主,这不利于均衡市场供应和提高三疣梭子蟹的附加值。在美国和欧洲市场已经开始将全蟹分割成腹部肌肉、大螯和附肢销售,不同部位的价格差别很大[2]。随着人民生活水平的提高,市场也需要多样化的蟹产品,如蟹肉罐头、多味蟹肢(附肢)和蟹黄粉等[3]。     

三疣梭子蟹软壳蟹主要营养成分分析与评价

<正>软壳蟹是指蜕壳后尚未硬化的蟹[1]。关于三疣梭子蟹的营养成分的研究,苏秀榕等[2]最早分析了三疣梭子蟹雌雄生殖腺及肌肉的营养成分。徐善良等[3]分析野生与养殖三疣梭子蟹成体肌肉、肝胰腺和卵巢的营养成分。到目前为止,尚未见关于软壳蟹营养成分研究的相关报道。因此,本文分析了三疣梭子蟹软壳蟹营养成分,以期为软壳蟹开发提供理论参考。     

海鱼弧菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

[目的]检测登步乡养殖的三疣梭子蟹发病的主要病啄菌。[方法]样本参考何晓青主编的《卫生防疫细菌检验》进行分离鉴定和药敏试验,并结合API-20E试剂条鉴定结果。[结果]从发病三疣梭子蟹中分离到海鱼弧菌,并经感染试验证实该菌高浓度(10^8cfu／ml)能使三疣梭子蟹致死。该菌除对青霉素G、羧苄青霉素、万古霉素,杆菌肽具有耐药性外,对氨基氮类、头孢类和喹喏酮类药物均敏感。[结论]海鱼弧菌是该乡养殖梭子蟹发病的主要病原菌之一．氨基氮类、头孢类、喹喏酮类等药物均可作为治疗药物。     

蟹为何宜蒸不宜煮

蟹肉鲜美,有海蟹与淡水蟹之分。海蟹盛产于每年四至十月,淡水蟹盛产于每年九至十月,素有“九月团脐十月尖”之说。全世界蟹类约有四千五百余种,我国约有近八百种,其中具有重要经济价值的海水蟹有三疣梭子蟹、青蟹、黎明蟹、和乐蟹、斑纹鲟、日本鲟等,淡水蟹有中华绒螯     

三疣梭子蟹营养成分的研究

本文对三疣梭子蟹肉、雌雄生殖腺中含有的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、无机元素等进行了分析，并同皱纹盘鲍（ＨａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｓｓｃｕｓＨａｎｎａｉ）的营养成分进行了横向比较。结果表明，蟹肉中不仅蛋白质含量多于鲍，而且必需氨基酸（除蛋氨酸外）也都明显地高于鲍，其中色氨酸含量是鲍肉的３倍。利用三疣梭子蟹喂养小鼠对血脂无影响。     

干扰素局部注射治疗顽固性寻常疣分析

寻常疣系由人类乳头瘤病毒HPV-1型、3型或4型感染所致的病毒感染性皮肤病。不同的疣常为一种病毒所致，这可能是由于不同的部位，机体的反应性有所不同，因而其临床表现亦有差异。发生于足跖部、甲周及甲下的寻常疣分别称为跖疣、甲周疣及甲下疣。患者常自觉明显的触压痛，影响行走，撞击极易出血，甲周疣还易致皲裂而感染。压迫、摩擦、外伤及足部多汗常为发病原因，免疫功能低下者发病率更高。这些顽固性寻常疣，传统的局部冷冻，电灼、CO2激光烧灼或腐蚀性药物局部外用（甲下疣还需除去覆盖疣体的指甲后采用）等治疗方法，     

三疣梭子蟹中副溶血性弧菌定量风险评估探索

[目的]通过模拟三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus,俗称“梭子蟹”）消费,针对其携带的副溶血性弧菌所致疾病进行微生物定量风险评估探索。[方法]参照国际食品法典委员会（CAC）推荐的风险评估程序评估,包括危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和危险性特征描述,结合暴露评估模型的结果和序泊松剂量反应模型,推测由消费了被副溶血性弧菌污染的梭子蟹所致疾病发生的危险性。[结果]由消费了被副溶血性弧菌污染的梭子蟹所致发生疾病的危险性分别为冬季5．86×10^-9,春季2．71×10^-8,夏季1．46×10^-6,秋季5．23×10^-8。敏感性分析结果表明,市售梭子蟹贮存温度和体内副溶血性弧菌密度的对数值等因素,与所致疾病发生的危险性相关。采取降低零售期间的梭子蟹贮存温度、延长售后冷藏时间等控制措施,能够明显降低发病人数。[结论]该研究作为风险分析在食源性疾病监控中的应用探索,为开展微生物定量风险评估提供技术参考。     

杭州市市售蟹类水产品的多元素分布特征

目的 了解杭州市市售梭子蟹、中华绒螯蟹可食部位的多元素分布特征。方法 在杭州各类市场随机采集蟹类样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法对其身体肌肉、足肌、蟹黄、蟹膏中的22种元素进行分析,并对其多元素分布特征进行探讨。结果 梭子蟹、中华绒螯蟹的4个可食部位中Ca、Mg的含量相对较高,其次为Zn、Cu、Sr、Al等元素。梭子蟹中的As、Cd含量相对高于中华绒螯蟹,其可食部位的总As含量均超过无机砷限值,身体肌肉、蟹黄、蟹膏中Cd的超标率分别高达40. 9%、100%和100%。Ca、As、Cd、Al、Mn等元素在不同种类蟹类样品间的分布具有明显的差异。各蟹类样品中,不同可食部位的元素分布差异主要集中于V、Co、Ni、Cd等元素,而Cu、Ag、Sn等元素对不同种类蟹类样品、不同性别蟹类样品可食部位间元素分布差异的贡献程度存在明显的差异。结论 蟹类样品的元素分布在不同种类、性别、可食部位中均存在明显的差异。在蟹类食品的饮食摄入及健康风险监测、标准的制定和细化等相关工作中需要关注该分布差异的影响。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.