Personality Characteristics of A National Medical School Students

目的 了解大学生的人格特征,为开展教育与管理工作提供参考依据.方法 运用卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16PF)进行心理测验,应用SPSS 17.0软件对所得数据进行分析.结果 A乐群性、I敏感性、M幻想性的得分均是高中时的文科生高于理科生(t=3.016,3.667,2.081,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).单亲大学生的H敢为性得分高于非单亲大学生(t=2.727,P＜0.05).C稳定性、E恃强性、F兴奋性、H敢为性均是大学生干部得分高于非干部(t=2.612,2.730,2.323,3.781,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).恋爱的大学生在A乐群性、F兴奋性、M幻想性、Q4紧张性的得分高于未恋爱的大学生(t=2.528,2.263,2.630,2.393,P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而在C稳定性、Q2独立性、Q3自律性的得分未恋爱的大学生高于恋爱的大学生(t=-2.348,-2.771,-2.371,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).健康方面大学生主观认为好的在C稳定性、E恃强性、F兴奋性、H敢为性、Q2独立性得分均较高(F=7.917,4.449,11.198,10.752,6.837,P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而O忧虑性和Q4紧张性主观认为差的大学生得分较高(F=10.876,7.847,P＜0.01).结论 文科生更外向、热情、乐群,敏感,感情用事,幻想；单亲家庭的大学生更善于冒险,敢作敢为,做事少有顾忌；干部学生情绪更稳定,好胜心强,轻松兴奋,敢作敢为,恋爱的大学生更热情,易兴奋,易幻想任性,易紧张；主观认为健康好的大学生情绪更稳定,好强自信,轻松兴奋,敢于冒险,自立自强.     

内地藏族大学生人格特征分析

目的 探讨藏族大学生人格特征,为少数民族大学生的心理适应与心理健康教育提供依据.方法 以卡特尔16项人格因素测验(16PF)量表为工具,测查内地366名藏族大学生和357名汉族大学生的人格特征.结果 藏族大学生人格16个因子的标准平均分介于3.92 ～7.31之间,普遍处于中等水平.其中稳定性、有恒性、独立性、自律性4个因子得分低于5分,乐群性、兴奋性得分相对较高.藏族女大学生乐群性、敏感性得分显著高于藏族男大学生,恃强性、稳定性显著低于藏族男大学生;藏族大学生兴奋性、幻想性存在显著的年级差异(P值均＜0.05).藏族大学生与汉族大学生人格存在差异.结论 应关注内地藏族大学生人格特征,根据其人格特征开展有效的心理教育.     

某高校新生与毕业生心理健康状况的调查分析

目的 了解某高校大一新生和大四毕业班的心理健康状况,为心理健康教育提供理论依据.方法 运用SCL-90症状自评量表对1180名本科生进行调查.结果 除外人际关系敏感因子、敌对因子得分及总均分大四毕业生均高于大一新生;男生的强迫症状和敌对因子分均高于女生,而女生抑郁、恐怖因子得分均高于男生;大学生各因子得分及总均分明显高于全国青年常模,有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 应加强大学生心理健康教育辅导.     

大学新生心理健康和人格特征的关系：心理适应能力的中介作用

目的探讨心理适应能力在大学新生心理健康与人格特征间的中介作用。方法采用90项症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、大学生心理适应能力测量问卷对重庆某高校的4846名新生进行测试。结果新生的SCL-90得分显著低于全国常模,男生得分显著低于女生。新生在EPQ的内外向上的得分显著高于全国常模,在神经质、精神质和说谎上的得分显著低于全国常模;男生在内外向、精神质上的得分显著高于女生,男生在神经质和说谎上的得分显著低于女生。男生新生心理适应能力的得分显著高于女生。心理适应能力对新生人格特征和心理健康关系有中介作用。结论心理适应能力在人格特征和心理健康之间的部分中介效应显著。     

大学生心理健康水平调查及对策研究

目的了解大学生心理健康水平的总体情况及影响因素,从而为制定相关对策提供依据。方法本文采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对388名大学生心理健康状况进行问卷调查,对其结果进行统计分析。结果大学生在心理健康9个因子上得分均高于全国正常人常模,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);女生在恐怖、抑郁、焦虑上的得分高于男生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);来自农村学生在心理健康9个因子的得分都高于城市学生的得分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);文理科学生在心理健康9个因子上的得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论大学生心理健康状况甚忧,高校应有针对性地开展心理健康教育、心理咨询和心理干预,提高大学生的心理健康水平。     

1996名蒙汉族大学生心理健康状况调查

目的了解蒙汉族大学生心理健康状况,为开展少数民族大学生心理健康教育、心理咨询和治疗提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90),对内蒙古民族大学1996名蒙汉族学生进行测试。结果内蒙古民族大学蒙汉族学生心理健康水平低于全国常模(P<0.01),心理问题检出率为20.86%。蒙古族学生的敌对和恐怖等症状水平明显高于汉族学生(P<0.05);蒙古族女生的强迫、人际敏感和焦虑症状水平明显高于蒙古族男生(P<0.05);汉族女生的躯体化、焦虑和抑郁症状水平明显高于汉族男生(P<0.05)。结论应针对不同民族大学生的心理特点开展心理健康促进活动。     

流浪儿童与流动儿童的人格特征及其差异

目的探讨流浪儿童与流动儿童两组群体的人格特质及其间的差异。方法采用16pf对流浪儿童与流动儿童分别采取个体施测与团体施测方式进行调查。结果两组的4项应用预测人格因素得分均未达平均水平,其中,心理健康者的人格因素得分分别为20.23±3.93、20.36±4.05;流浪儿童的紧张性、忧虑性、敏感性、幻想性、敢为性等因素得分较高,流动儿童的忧虑性与紧张性得分较高,两组的聪慧性与独立性得分均较低,流浪儿童的敏感性得分显著高于流动儿童;流浪男生的敏感性得分显著高于流动男生,而感情用事与安详机警性得分显著低于流动男生;流浪女生的敢为性及内外向性得分均显著高于流动女生。结论流浪儿童与流动儿童的人格并未得到健康发展,流浪儿童较流动儿童更为敏感,两组间,不同性别具有不同的差异表现。     

导弹部队官兵心理应激与人格特征、应付方式的关系

目的研究某导弹部队官兵心理应激状态、人格特征及应对方式,并探讨3者之间的关系。方法运用卡特尔16种人格因素量表、应付方式问卷和军人心理应激自评问卷对某导弹部队440名官兵进行心理测试。结果 (1)该部官兵心理应激原始分为15.72±3.17,低于中国军人常模(P0.05),应激T分≥70的有11人,占2.5%。(2)人格特征中,乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性、兴奋性、有恒性、敏感性、忧虑性、实验性、独立性、自律性和紧张性11个因子得分均显著低于中国军人常模(P0.01),而在恃强性、怀疑性、幻想性和世故性4个因子得分均显著高于中国军人常模(P0.01)。(3)应付方式各因子中,解决问题和求助得分显著高于中国军人常模(P0.01),自责、幻想、退避和合理化因子得分显著低于中国军人常模(P0.01)。(4)相关分析提示,心理应激与人格特征、应对方式各因子间普遍存在显著的相关性。(5)多元回归分析发现,敢为性、幻想性和解决问题、自责、求助、幻想6个因子进入回归方程。结论该导弹部队官兵心理应激水平显著低于中国军人常模,表明官兵心理健康水平较高。人格特征分析结果表明,官兵比较外向开朗、善于交际,适应新环境的能力更强,应对方式上更偏向于采取成熟、积极的应付方式。人格特征、应付方式与其心理应激反应有密切关系。     

江西省一所医学院校新生心理健康状况调查分析

目的探讨医学院校新生的心理健康状况,为高校改善医学大学生心理健康水平提供科学依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对883名医学院校新生的心理健康状况进行评定。结果883名医学院校新生的SCL-90强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执及精神病性因子得分显著高于全国常模青年组(P<0.05);男生的SCL-90强迫、人际关系、敌对及偏执因子得分显著高于女生(P<0.05),女生的SCL-90恐怖因子得分显著高于男生(P<0.05)。结论医学院校新生心理健康教育应加强,并针对不同的性别有的放矢地进行。     

某医学院校新生心理健康状况分析

了解某医学院校新生心理健康状况,为相应的心理健康教育和心理咨询工作提供参考依据.方法 整群抽取广州某医科大学2011-2014年全体大一新生5 728名,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行问卷调查.结果 大一新生的恐怖因子得分(1.44±0.44)高于2008年全国大学生常模(1.38±0.49),差异有统计学意义(t=-18.08,P<0.05).在性别因素上SCL-90总均分差异有统计学意义(t=-6.55,P<0.05),女生得分(142.33±34.19)高于男生(136.22±35.23);除偏执因子外,其他因子在性别间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),女生得分高于男生.非医学类专业学生的SCL-90总分(141.57±36.55)高于医学类专业学生(139.35±34.12),差异有统计学意义(t=-2.07,P<0.05);非医学类专业学生在躯体化、敌对两个因子上的得分均高于医学类专业学生,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.29,-2.83,P值均<0.05).结论 开展大学生心理健康教育工作要充分考虑性别、专业等因素,有针对性地给予指导和教育.     

An assessment of academic performance and personality

This study examines whether personality profiles, using personality factors, or clusters of personality factors, are associated with academic success. One hundred and forty medical students of the University of Wales College of Medicine were invited to complete a personality questionnaire (Cattell 16 PF) as they sat their final examinations in June 1988. A total of 129 usable forms were obtained. The students were divided into four groups dependent on their academic performance, which had been monitored throughout the course. The majority (62%) had no academic problems, but 16 (12%) students had serious difficulties, which entailed delaying qualification by at least 6 months. There was no relationship between the scores obtained for the students' first attempt at A-level and their subsequent medical school academic performance. However, students who obtained a degree either before or during their medical course were significantly less likely to have academic problems. Academic success was not associated with any of Cattell's personality factors. This was true of previously reported groups of factors associated with the poor student performance, and regardless of first or second order factors. We conclude that this personality profile is unlikely to be helpful in selecting future intakes of medical students, although a prospective study would be required for a definite answer to this question.     

父母教养方式对医学生心理中介因素的影响

目的 探讨父母教养方式与医学生心理健康的中介因素（如个性、自尊、应对方式和心理控制感）之间的关系,从而为大学生心理健康的干预研究提供整合性研究依据.方法 选取786名医学生进行父母教养方式[EMBU]、个性（16PF）、自尊量表（SES）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）、心理控制感（IPC）等问卷测试.结果 医学生组与中文修订版组相比,医学生组的父母教养方式各因子分均低于修订版中文组;父母教养方式对医学生的个性、自尊、应对方式和心理控制感都存在显著性的相关;多元逐步回归分析显示,父母的情感温暖理解（FF1、MF1）、父亲的过度保护（FF6）、母亲的拒绝否认（MF3）和惩罚严厉（MF4）对医学生的个性、自尊、应对方式和心理控制感的影响最大.结论 父母教养方式对医学生的个性、自尊、应对方式和心理控制感有较好的预测效应.     

医学生大五人格与攻击性的关系研究

目的 了解医学生攻击性的现状,探讨医学生的攻击性倾向与大五人格的相关性。方法 采用攻击行为问卷和简易大五人格问卷,对某医学院校随机选取的339名本科医学生进行调查。结果 25.1%的医学生表现出中度以上的攻击倾向;医学生的攻击行为以敌意(36.6%)和言语攻击(33.6%)为主。男医学生的身体攻击和攻击总分均高于女医学生,差异有统计学意义(t=4.689,P<0.001;t=2.729,P<0.01)。层次回归结果显示,神经质、外向性和宜人性对攻击总分有显著地预测作用(P<0.001)。大五人格对身体攻击、言语攻击、愤怒、敌意和攻击总分的解释变异量分别增加了22.7%,15.6%,45.8%,40.8%和50.2%。结论 医学生的攻击性倾向受人格因素影响,大五人格中的神经质、外向性和宜人性能有效预测医学生的攻击性倾向,培养和塑造健康的人格可以有助于预防和减少医学生的攻击性行为。     

Faking good: self-enhancement in medical school applicants

Medical Education 2012: 46 : 485–490 Objectives The problem of dissimulation by applicants when self‐report tests of personality are used for job selection has received considerable attention in non‐medical contexts. Personality testing is not yet widely used in medical student selection, but this may change in the light of recent research demonstrating significant relationships between personality and performance in medical school. This study therefore aimed to assess the extent of self‐enhancement in a sample of medical school applicants. Methods A within‐subjects design compared personality test scores collected in 2007 for 83 newly enrolled medical students with scores for the same students obtained on the same personality test administered during the selection process 4 months previously. Five factors of personality were measured using the International Personality Item Pool and mean differences in scores were assessed using paired t‐tests. Results At the time of selection, the personality scores of successful applicants were similar to those of candidates who were not accepted (n = 271). Once selected, the medical students achieved significantly lower scores on four of the five personality factors (conscientiousness, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness) and higher scores on the fifth factor (neuroticism). Of the selected students, 62.7% appeared to have ‘faked good’ on at least one of the five factors measured. Conclusions Applicants to medical school are likely to dissimulate when completing self‐report tests of personality used for selection. The authors review the evidence as to whether such dissimulation reduces construct and predictive validity and summarise methods used to reduce self‐enhancement in applicant samples.     

医学生心理健康状况及其影响因素研究

目的 探讨医学生心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法 应用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和症状自评量表(SCP—90)对1652名在校医学生进行调查分析。结果 (1)医学生性格特点与性别、生源及及是否独生子女有关。(2)12．3％的学生存在不同程度的心理问题,新生明显高于老生,主要表现为人际关系敏感、强迫、抑郁、偏执、焦虑等。(3)相关分析表明,家庭因素和个性特征因素与心理健康明显相关。结论 医学生心理卫生问题发病总体水平较低,家庭因素和个性特征因素与心理健康发展有一定关系。     

医学生性格与心理健康关系的研究

目的 研究医学大学生性格与心理健康的关系。方法 随机抽取某医学院在校大学生203名。分别用艾森克人格问卷（EpQ）和精神症状自评量表（SCL-90）测试其性格和心理健康状况。以SCL-90各项为因变量、以EPQ各维度为自变量建立多元回归方程，筛选出对心理健康最具影响的性格因素。结果 对心理健康最具影响的因素是N（情绪稳定度）和L（成熟度）。结论 性格对心理健康有重要影响。     

Personality factors and medical training: a review of the literature

Medical Education 2011: 45 : 132–140 Context It has been acknowledged that certain personality characteristics influence both medical students’ and doctors’ performance. With regard to medical students, studies have been concerned with the role of personality, and performance indicators such as academic results and clinical competence. In addition, the link between personality and vulnerability to stress, which has implications for performance, has been investigated at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Most of the studies cited in the literature were published before the year 2000. The authors therefore undertook a literature search to determine whether any prospective systematic studies have been published since 2000. Methods A review of the literature for 2000–2009 was performed, using the databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL. The search terms used were ‘personality’, ‘performance’, ‘stress’ and ‘medical student’. Specific inclusion criteria required studies to be cohort studies carried out over a minimum period of 2 years, which measured medical student scores on valid and reliable personality tests, and used objective measures of performance and stress. Results The authors identified seven suitable studies. Four of these looked at personality factors and academic success, one looked at personality factors and clinical competence, and two looked at personality factors and stress. The main personality characteristic repeatedly identified in the literature was conscientiousness. Conclusions The personality trait known as conscientiousness has been found to be a significant predictor of performance in medical school. The relationship between personality and performance becomes increasingly significant as learners advance through medical training. Additional traits concerning sociability (i.e. extraversion, openness, self‐esteem and neuroticism) have also been identified as relevant, particularly in the applied medical environment. A prospective national study with the collaboration of all medical schools would make it possible to further investigate these important but initial findings.     

Predictors of success in a cohort of medical students

Secondary school results were compared with personality test scores as predictors of achievement in medical school in a study of a cohort of students, using simple correlation and multiple linear regression. The cohort of 151 students completed 28 courses in the 6 years. We have previously reported that the scores obtained could be reduced to five independent factors: 'physical science'; 'biological science'; 'paraclinical science'; 'basic clinical science'; and 'clinical science'. Both secondary school scores and personality test scores correlated with medical school achievement factors, but school scores correlated best with 'physical' and 'biological' science. Considering secondary school scores, English was the best predictor of 'clinical science', physics was the best predictor of 'basic clinical science' and scores obtained in physics and languages were better predictors of medical school 'biological science' than was school biology. Personality factors were better predictors of 'biological', 'paraclinical' and 'clinical science' than secondary school scores and the combined secondary school score (CSS) was the best predictor of 'physical science' and of 'overall achievement'. We conclude that incorporation of personality measurement with school academic achievement could be of value in selection procedures for applicants for medical school.     

团体训练对D型人格医学生心理健康的影响

目的 探讨团体训练对D型人格医学生心理健康的影响,为有针对性开展心理健康教育提供一定依据。方法 采用14条目D型人格量表(Type D Personality Scale-14,DS14)对某医学院医学生人格类型进行诊断,并开展为期8周、每周1次的团体训练,进一步采用症状自评量表(Symptom Check List 90,SCL-90)对D型人格医学生团体训练前后的心理健康情况进行对比。结果 团体训练后,D型人格医学生在SCL-90的躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对性、恐怖及偏执8个单因子得分低于团体训练之前,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);在SCL-90的精神病性1个单因子得分高于团体训练之前,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 团体训练可在一定程度上改善D型人格医学生的心理健康状况。     

医学生人格特质与心理健康状况的典型相关分析

摘要:目的　探讨医学生人格特质与心理健康水平之间的相关性。方法　采用分层整群抽样的方法,对潍坊医学院972名大学生进行艾森克人格问卷简式量表（EPQ-RSC）及一般健康问卷（GHQ-20）调查分析。采用典型相关分析方法,对医学生人格特质与心理健康状况之间的关系进行比较分析。结果　医学生人格特质中得分从高到低依次为外向性、精神质、社会掩饰性和神经质,4种人格特质的得分不同（F＝129.861,P＜0.0001）。不同性别医学生人格特质的4个分量表与全国常模得分比较结果显示:男医学生的4个分量表得分与常模之间均有统计学差异（P＜0.05）;女医学生中,除了掩饰性量表外,其余3个分量表与常模得分之间均有统计学差异（P＜0.01）。医学生人格特质与健康状况的典型相关分析结果表明,第一、二对典型变量的相关系数有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,其中第一对典型变量包含了全部相关信息的90.07%,第二对典型变量包含全部相关信息的8.97%。神经质和外向性人格特质与医学生健康状况关系较大,其相关系数分别为0.8997（P＜0.05）和0.7145（P＜0.05）。结论　医学生更多地表现出自我肯定,其心理健康状况与神经质及外向性人格关系密切。