2000－2016年中国孕产妇死亡率变化趋势及影响因素分析

目的 研究2000－2016年我国孕产妇死亡率变化趋势及影响因素,为政府开展妇幼保健工作提供决策支持。 方法 收集2000－2016年全国孕产妇死亡率、系统管理高危产妇比重、建卡率、系统管理率、产前检查率、产后访视率、住院分娩率、新法接生率等数据。采用Cochran-Armitage趋势检验分析各指标的变化趋势,Spearman秩相关分析孕产期保健指标与孕产妇死亡率的相关关系,多元逐步回归探究影响孕产妇死亡率的主要因素。 结果 2000－2016年间我国孕产妇死亡率呈下降趋势(Z=-7.75,P<0.01),农村地区孕产妇死亡率年均下降速度为7.50%,城市地区为2.51%;孕产妇保健指标呈上升趋势,且与孕产妇死亡率为负相关(P<0.01);多元逐步回归分析显示,系统管理高危产妇比重和新法接生率是影响孕产妇死亡率的主要因素。 结论 2000－2016年,我国孕产妇死亡率显著下降,农村孕产妇死亡率年均下降速度高于城市,城乡差距缩小;孕产妇保健工作对孕产妇健康有重大意义,尤其要确保各地区的系统管理高危产妇及新法接生的实施及推广。     

2004-2013年三门峡市新生儿死亡率变化趋势及孕产妇住院分娩率等关联性分析

目的分析三门峡市2003-2014年新生儿死亡率变化趋势及孕产妇住院分娩率的关联性,进一步探索新生儿死亡原因及影响因素,并提出相应的干预措施。方法对2004-2013年三门峡市6个县(市、区)死亡的新生儿死亡情况和孕产妇住院分娩情况进行回顾性分析研究。结果 2003年、2014年新生儿死亡率分别为8.43‰和2.72‰,定基比分析其下降幅度达51.50%,呈明显下降趋势;孕产妇住院分娩率2003年70.50%,2014年为98.00%,呈上升趋势;新法接生率2003年为99.00%,2014年为100.00%。结论三门峡市新生儿死亡率呈下降趋势;孕产妇住院分娩率和新法接生率的提高对我市新生儿死亡率下降有重要影响,应进一步加强孕产妇保健,巩固提高住院分娩率和新法接生率。     

农村盆困地区围产保健服务情况及其对孕产妇和新生儿死亡率的影响

目的：探讨农村地区围产保健服务与孕产妇和新生儿死亡的关系。方法：对1997年5省113县有关孕产妇死亡和新生儿死亡的县级资料及相应的人口、经济1围产保健资料进行多因素、多水平分析。结果：平均孕产妇死亡率（MMR）为159．30／10万,平均新生儿死亡率（NMR）为39．76‰;平均产前检查覆盖率60．90％,住院分娩率30．57％,新法接生率58．03％,产后访视率33．77％;住院分娩及新法接生对孕产妇死亡有保护作用,产前检查对新生儿死亡有保护作用。结论：5省农村贫困地区围产保健服务水平较低,提示提高住院分娩率、新法接生率及加强产前检查是降低两个死亡率的重要措施。     

2001-2016年兰州市城关区孕产妇死亡及保健服务利用评价

目的通过分析2001-2016年兰州市城关区的孕产妇死亡率、死因构成和保健服务指标,了解兰州市城关区孕产妇死亡和保健服务利用情况,为孕产妇保健工作方针与政策的制定提供参考依据。方法根据2001-2016年兰州市城关区《孕产妇保健和健康年度报表》,对孕产妇死亡和保健情况进行回顾性分析。结果 2001-2016年兰州市城关区孕产妇死亡率呈下降趋势,由2001年的28. 32/10万下降到2016年的13. 33/10万,降幅为52. 91%,平均下降速度为4. 90%;孕产妇死因居首位的是产科出血(45. 00%),其次为内科合并症和羊水栓塞(30. 00%、15. 00%);建卡率、产前检查率、产后访视率、住院分娩率、新法接生率均呈增加趋势,而系统管理率较低,且变化不明显,波动较大,建卡率、产前检查率、住院分娩率和新法接生率均与孕产妇死亡率呈负相关(P<0. 05)。结论兰州市城关区孕产妇死亡率呈下降趋势,孕产妇保健服务利用度逐年提高,产科出血和妊娠合病症是孕产妇死亡的主要原因,故今后加强孕产妇保健宣传,做好围生期保健是降低孕产妇死亡率的关键措施。     

2003-2013年河南省孕产妇保健情况综合分析

摘要:目的　对河南省近10年孕产妇保健数据纵向分析,找出优劣年份,评价孕产妇保健工作。方法　采用TOPSIS法对高危产妇比重、建卡率、系统管理率、产前检查率、产后访视率、住院分娩率、新法接生率、孕产妇死亡率（1/10万）等八项指标进行综合分析。结果　2013年孕产妇保健工作质量最优,2004年孕产妇保健情况最差。2003-2013年河南省孕产妇保健工作总体上逐步改善,尤其是近3年的保健状况更是直线上升。结论　孕产妇保健工作受多种因素影响,加强政府的领导,制定相关政策能够有效规范孕产妇保健工作。     

白银市2003～2008年孕产妇保健服务效果分析

目的:了解白银市孕产妇保健服务状况。方法:对2003~2008年白银市早孕检查率、产前检查率、产后访视率、孕产妇系统管理率、住院分娩率、高危产妇管理率、高危产妇住院分娩率和孕产妇死亡率等进行分析。结果:白银市2003~2008年,孕产妇系统管理率、住院分娩率、新法接生率整体呈上升趋势,平均孕产妇死亡率为53.62/10万。孕产妇保健服务率逐年上升;孕产妇死亡率逐年下降,主要死亡原因为产科出血和内科合并症,住院分娩率与孕产妇死亡率相关性最大。结论:提高孕产妇保健服务,尤其是农村孕产妇系统保健管理率和住院分娩率,对降低孕产妇死亡率具有重要意义。     

运用TOPSIS法、秩和比法和密切值法综合评价河南省孕产妇保健情况

目的了解2004-2013年河南省孕产妇保健工作的开展情况以及工作质量。方法以2004-2013年高危产妇比重、建卡率、系统管理率、产前检查率、产后访视率、孕产妇死亡率(1/10万)、住院分娩率、新法接生率等指标为基础,运用TOPSIS法、秩和比(RSR)法和密切值法对各年孕产妇保健情况进行综合评价。结果河南省孕产妇保健情况逐年改善,2010年、2011年、2012年、2013年保健情况较好,2004年孕产妇保健情况较差。从总体趋势来看,河南省的孕产妇保健情况是逐渐改善的,虽然各方法结果的排序值有差异,但总的变化趋势一致。结论 TOPSIS法、RSR法和密切值法评价结果基本一致,能够客观、准确、全面地反映孕产妇保健情况。     

西藏地区孕产妇死亡率变化趋势及影响因素分析

目的了解西藏地区2002-2011年孕产妇死亡率的变化趋势及影响因素,为进一步降低孕产妇死亡率提供依据。方法利用中国卫生统计年鉴的数据,分析孕产妇死亡率与住院分娩率、新法接生率、产前检查率等因素之间的关系,使用多元线性回归分析影响孕产妇死亡率的主要因素。结果孕产妇死亡率从2002年401.4/10万下降至2011年180.7/10万,住院分娩率和新法接生率分别从2002年33.3%和63.0%上升至2011年62.5%和83.2%。经趋势检验,孕产妇死亡率随时间变化呈下降趋势,新法接生率和住院分娩率呈上升趋势(P0.01)。新法接生率和住院分娩率与孕产妇死亡率呈负相关,经多元线性回归分析,新法接生率的偏回归系数具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 2002-2011年孕产妇死亡率呈下降趋势,新法接生率和住院分娩率与孕产妇死亡率具有相关性,新法接生率为孕产妇死亡率最主要的影响因素。     

西藏地区孕产妇死亡率变化趋势及影响因素分析北大核心CSCD

目的了解西藏地区2002-2011年孕产妇死亡率的变化趋势及影响因素,为进一步降低孕产妇死亡率提供依据。方法利用中国卫生统计年鉴的数据,分析孕产妇死亡率与住院分娩率、新法接生率、产前检查率等因素之间的关系,使用多元线性回归分析影响孕产妇死亡率的主要因素。结果孕产妇死亡率从2002年401.4/10万下降至2011年180.7/10万,住院分娩率和新法接生率分别从2002年33.3%和63.0%上升至2011年62.5%和83.2%。经趋势检验,孕产妇死亡率随时间变化呈下降趋势,新法接生率和住院分娩率呈上升趋势(P<0.01)。新法接生率和住院分娩率与孕产妇死亡率呈负相关,经多元线性回归分析,新法接生率的偏回归系数具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 2002-2011年孕产妇死亡率呈下降趋势,新法接生率和住院分娩率与孕产妇死亡率具有相关性,新法接生率为孕产妇死亡率最主要的影响因素。     

宝安区2001-2005年孕产妇系统保健管理分析

目的分析宝安区孕产妇系统保健管理工作状况，为进一步做好特区妇幼保健工作提供决策依据。方法对宝安区2001年10月-2005年9月孕产妇系统保健工作进行统计分析。结果2001年10月-2005年9月共有常住人口产妇总数33286例，住院分娩人数33230例，活产数33456例。孕产妇系统保健管理率平均为：建卡率99．94％，产检率96．91％．住院分娩率99．83％，新法接生率99．87％，产后访视率99．62％，高危妊娠管理率100％，以上各率5年均维持较高水平。早检率为74．42％，系统管理率为69．67％，5年资料反映较稳定。产后出血发生率为1．27％．保持较低水平。新生儿破伤风发生率为0．42‰（2001年1．21‰，2005年无破伤风发生）；孕产妇死亡率为14．95／10万，在2001年基础上下降高于1/4。孕期接受教育率高于98．00％。结论做好孕产妇系统保健工作，可降低孕产妇死亡率、新生儿破伤风发生率及围产儿死亡率．是保障母婴健康、提高人口素质的重要措施．     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.