基于物联网技术战场伤员搜救作业模式

为适应未来战场伤员搜救作业快速反应能力,提高救护效率,研究基于物联网技术支持下的伤员搜救系统。通过人与信息技术的有机结合,完成以战场伤员感知信息引导下多种搜救作业模式的有效应用,作业过程清晰可视,实现由战场粗略感知寻找伤员向快速精确定位救护伤员的历史性转变。经检验应用表明,系统作业效能符合信息化条件下战救保障能力建设的发展方向。     

外军战伤救护训练模式探讨

现代战争中,伤员发生快、数量多、范围不确定,多元化武器使伤情严重、复杂,伤死率可在几分钟至几小时内达到相当数量。为了提高战场伤员救治技能与能力,战救训练至关重要。本文介绍外军采用的各种战救训练技术和方法,其中一些训练方法的有效性已在战争中得到验证,值得关注与借鉴。     

战场救治技术教学视频库构建

为优化战场救治技术教学效果,本文结合部队实际需求,对战场救治技术教学进行系统的现况分析,针对目前存在的问题,对现有战救教学视频库进行更新和拓展,并提出增强战救技术普及的责任意识、明确操作规范和考核标准、推出多元化战救微课程等。     

高新技术研究对军队卫生装备发展的影响

近年来，军队卫生装备研究以工程技术、生物医学工程和军事医学三大学科为基础，根据自身特点，积极探索高新技术应用，并以此为基础形成了理工医相结合，应用与开发相结合，具有军队作战卫勤保障鲜明军事特色的研究方向、研究手段和研究队伍，研制出一大批新型装备成果。先后重点发展了战场伤员寻找装备系统、火线急救装备系统、后送监护装备系统、早期治疗装备系统、战救信息装备系统、技术保障支持系统、野战机动医疗系统、野战医疗箱组系统、单兵战位卫生装备系统、野战外科手术系统等十大系统，形成了以舱、车、箱囊、帐篷等骨干卫生装备为主体的、     

谈战救信息技术与装备研制的重要性

着眼未来战场基于信息化卫勤保障体系能力建设,从战伤时效救治角度分析国内外战救信息技术装备的研究与应用,在总结我军现阶段战救信息技术建设成果的同时,指出应重点关注并亟待解决的焦点问题。     

野战搜救系统实战化应用与深化建设

野战搜救系统的研制,实现信息化战救保障体系从单兵“鸣叫定位”有限距离的搜救,到全时空多维度感知伤员和扁平化快速搜救的突破;解决单兵交战终端与单兵搜救终端间的数据交互;依托自组织网、战术互联网、基地导控网等,成功将战救数据平滑接入战救训练平台、作战指控平台和联合导控平台,有效加速战救快速反应效能,大幅提高卫勤保障质量,向实战化运用迈出坚实的一步。针对系统应用中存在的问题,通过系统优化改进、深度融合和规范化使用管理得到解决,采取基地化培训及拓展训练模式等,不断创新实战化卫勤训练的方法。     

基于数字化卫生分队(营)的关键技术研究与应用

目的:研究数字化卫生分队(营)项目中主要系统所使用的关键技术,并探讨其设计和应用。方法:通过开展信息流、伤员流、物资流、指挥流的相关研究,对卫生分队(营)战救流程进行了统筹优化,梳理其主要系统所使用的关键技术。结果:建立了一套完整的野战电子病历,很好地将战救信息系统、数字化医学诊查系统以及战救物资管理系统相融合,最大化地实现了信息共享。结论:通过该项目的研究与应用,提高了卫生分队(营)的数字化水平,增强了卫生分队(营)的野外救治和卫勤保障能力。     

海上批量伤员分类救治信息系统的结构功能与应用

目的：实现海上批量伤员伤情与救治信息的快速采集、存储、转发和利用,实现对海上批量伤员的快速分类、进行伤员信息自动化管理,提升我军海上卫勤保障能力及信息化水平。方法：利用现代信息技术,开发研制海上批量伤员战创伤评分系统,并结合＂军卫一号＂系统以及＂北斗＂卫星通讯系统,进行数据的自动统计、存储和传输。结果：海上批量伤员战创伤评分系统能够快速的进行批量伤员的战创伤评分,并结合数据库技术和卫星通讯技术进行数据的自动分类、传输和存储,确实能提高我军海上卫勤保障能力。结论：海上批量伤员战创伤评分系统可大大提高海上批量伤员的分类、评分速度,实现了伤员信息的智能化管理,保证了信息传输的时效性和连续性,对提升我军海上卫勤保障能力及信息化水平具有重要作用。     

海上伤员分类器的研究与应用

目的：实现海上批量伤员伤情与救治信息的快速采集、存储和传输,实现对海上批量伤员的快速分类,进行伤员信息自动化管理。方法：运用PDA、Wi-Fi、射频识别、北斗卫星通讯等技术,开发研制海上伤员分类器,系统包括伤票采集、查询模块,战创伤评分模块,伤票标识模块,伤员分流模块等。结果：海上伤员分类器能够快速地进行批量伤员的战创伤评分、分类,实现教学模拟训练、综合演练等功能。结论：海上伤员分类器实现了伤员信息的智能化管理,保证了伤员救治的时效性和连续性,有效提升了军队海上伤员救护的信息化水平。     

电子伤票系统勤务作业时效性检测研究

目的:检验新研制的电子伤票系统勤务作业的时效性。方法:按统一规范的战场伤票勤务作业流程,在营连、卫生营二级救治阶梯同时对电子伤票系统和纸质伤票进行作业时效检测,并对照两组检测数据。结果:电子伤票系统在二级作业的耗时分别是纸质伤票作业耗时的3/10和1/11。结论:电子伤票系统作业时效性远优于纸质伤票,可满足战场伤员救治对信息的时效要求。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.