建筑改建对烧伤手术室空气质量的影响及处理 FREE

目的方法结果结论为了解建筑改建对烧伤手术室空气污染状况及改建后首次使用多功能空气层流净化杀菌机的有效消毒时间,对改建后烧伤手术室分别于消毒前及多功能空气层流净化杀菌机消毒2、4 h,3组均以空气自然沉降法采样,分别培养24、48 h,计数每立方米菌落数（CFU/m3）。经24 h培养,3组样本仅少量细菌生长。 经48 h培养,消毒前组的空气平均菌落数为(534.29±154.98) CFU/m3,空气合格率53.57%;经空气消毒机消毒2 h及4 h后的空气平均菌落数分别为(277.91±68.45) CFU/m3和(101.99±31.58) CFU/m3,合格率分别提高到71.43%和92.86%。提示改建后手术室的空气污染严重,首次应用多功能空气层流净化杀菌机对空气消毒应达4 h以上。     

纳米光催化空气消毒器消毒效果的对比研究

目的研究纳米光催化空气消毒器对眼科门诊手术室消毒效果。方法分别测定该机在有人、无人状态下的消毒效果。结果在无人状态下,纳米光催化空气消毒器与紫外线消毒手术间1 h后,对空气中自然菌的平均清除率分别为88.9%、89.7%;消毒后菌落总数分别为63.9、75.0 CFU/m^3;在人员活动状态下,纳米光催化空气消毒器持续消毒,手术进行30、60、120、180 min菌落总数分别为26.6、92.2、150.0、155.3 CFU/m^3;而紫外线消毒法菌落总数分别为150.2、166.7、355.17、38.4 CFU/m^3。结论纳米光催化空气消毒器在无人及人员活动条件下均可保证空气菌落数在较低水平,明显优于术前紫外线消毒方法。     

非层流手术室剖宫产连台手术空气消毒方法的探讨

目的 比较紫外线空气消毒机消毒的3种不同使用方法对非层流手术室剖宫产连台手术空气消毒的效果.方法 将手术时间大致相同的剖宫产手术90台随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,每组30间次;Ⅰ组连台手术前打开空气消毒机即行手术;Ⅱ组连台手术前打开空气消毒机消毒30 min,关掉后即行手术;Ⅲ组连台手术前打开空气消毒机消毒30 min后即行手术,并持续开机消毒至术毕;监测3组不同时期空气的菌落数.结果 连台手术开始前仅第Ⅰ组空气菌落数(293.4±13.4)CFU/m3超标,且明显高于第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P＜0.01);连台手术开始后30 min第Ⅱ组空气菌落数(177.1±8.3)CFU/m3高于第Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P＜0.01),但均未超标;连台手术结束后仅第Ⅱ组空气菌落数(275.9±8.7) CFU/m3超标,且明显高于第Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P＜0.01).结论 在剖宫产连台手术前运用空气消毒机消毒30 min后实施手术,并在手术过程中持续开机消毒空气,消毒杀菌效果最好,是非层流手术室剖宫产连台手术空气消毒的理想方法.     

2HG100-HA型消毒器对手术室空气消毒效果的观察

医院手术室是无菌环境要求十分严格的科室,空气中细菌总数是否超标是控制医源性感染的重要环节之一.随着各种器官移植手术和各类精细手术的大量开展,对手术室的无菌要求更高,以往我院手术室采用紫外线照射的空气消毒方法,在无人的场合连续使用,现在更新为2HG100-HA型多功能消毒器经临床观察及生物学检测证实效果满意,术前空气中平均细菌含量(CFU/m3)分别为38.4和121.6及术中89.6和153.6(P＜0.05).说明2HG100-HA型多功能消毒器用于手术室空气消毒效果优于传统紫外线消毒法.报道如下.     

联合消毒用于手术室空气消毒效果观察

目的 对我院手术室二年来空气消毒方法的消毒效果进行观察.方法 采用KDSJ-B80型医用多功能动态杀菌机行术中维持消毒,周末用苍术加95%酒精在无人状态下加热薰蒸,密闭2 h.对手术室空气进行消毒前、后细菌培养.结果 空气消毒净化机连续运行60 min,可使空气中自然菌消亡率达到94.76%,在无人条件下,苍术加95%酒精熏蒸可使空气细菌消亡率达到99.47%.结论 两种方法对室内空气自然菌具有很好的杀灭效果,两种方法联合使用,利于手术全程消毒及连台手术室消毒.适用于无层流设施的手术室空气消毒.     

连台手术空气污染的预防与控制

目的了解在无层流设备的手术室进行连台手术时空气污染状况,探讨手术室空气消毒的措施,降低手术病人刀口感染率。方法采用平板沉降法,对处于相对静止洁净状态下和连台手术间隙空气消毒前后的手术间进行空气采样。结果手术间在相对静止洁净状态下空气细菌总平均含量为(120.45±35.21)cfu/m3(WHO规定标准为≤200 cfu/m3),连台手术间隙空气消毒前检测结果为(520.63±151.19)cfu/m3,采用多功能动态杀菌机对连台手术间隙空气进行30 m in消毒后监测结果为(172.34±45.37)cfu/m3。经t检验:(1)连台手术空气消毒前与空气处于相对静止洁净状态下比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);(2)连台手术间隙空气消毒前、后监测结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);(3)连台手术间隙空气消毒后与空气处于相对静止洁净状态下比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论无层流设备的手术室连续进行2台手术间隙空气污染严重,采用多功能动态杀菌机进行空气消毒可提高手术间洁净度。     

纳米光催化空气消毒机对手术室空气消毒效果的探讨

目的探讨医院手术室应用纳米光催化空气消毒机进行手术间空气动态消毒的效果。方法采用纳米光催化空气消毒机动态和紫外线照射空气消毒方法进行比较。结果静态下纳米光催化空气消毒后,手术室空气菌落数为0 CFU/m3,紫外线消毒后手术间菌落数为33.3 CFU/m3;动态下不同组间,F=220.423,P=0.000,P<0.01;纳米光催化空气消毒机动态消毒效果明显优于紫外线照射消毒法。结论应用纳米光催化空气消毒机进行手术室的空气持续动态消毒,是一种比较有效的空气消毒方法。     

层流净化手术室医院感染预防效果分析

目的 探讨层流净化手术室用于手术感染的预防效果,为医院感染预防工作提供借鉴.方法 选取医院2011年7月-2012年3月行骨科手术患者300例,其中120例于普通手术室进行手术治疗,设为对照组,180例于层流净化手术室行手术治疗,设为观察组;比较两组患者手术切口感染率、不同类型手术切口感染率及手术室平均菌落数等.结果 对照组与观察组患者手术切口感染率分别为3.33％、0.56％,观察组患者手术切口感染率明显低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组患者术后Ⅰ、Ⅱ类手术切口感染率均明显低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但两组患者Ⅲ类手术切口感染率组间比较差异无统计学意义;对照组与观察组手术室空气平均菌落数分别为(123.6±11.8)CFU/m3、(47.2±5.0) CFU/m3,观察组手术室平均菌落数明显少于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 层流净化手术室用于手术感染预防效果确切,能够显著降低手术切口感染风险及手术室菌落数,具有临床使用价值.     

YKX/Y型医用空气消毒机除菌净化效果实验观察

目的研究YKX/Y型医用空气消毒机除菌净化效果. 方法分别测定该机工作时的噪声强度、循环风量、紫外线强度及泄露情况以及开机后不同时间室内臭氧浓度,并进行空气模拟现场消毒实验. 结果 YKX/Y型医用空气消毒机常温下,开机30、60、120、240min,空气中均未检出臭氧,无紫外线泄露于环境中,循环风量为1 510.2 m3/h,正常工作时的最大噪声为61 dB(A),在20 m3空间中,当温度为20～22℃,相对湿度为65%～70%时,该机开启30 min对空气中金黄色葡萄球菌气溶胶的杀灭率可达99.93%;在120 m3实验室内,温度为22～25℃,相对湿度为60%～68%时,开机2 h对空气中自然菌的平均消亡率可达93.13%;处理后空气中平均细菌总数为67 CFU/m3,达到卫生部环境空气Ⅱ类卫生标准(≤200 CFU/m3)的要求. 结论 YKX/Y型医用空气消毒机除菌效果比较明显,可以用于医院诊疗室和病房的常规空气消毒;在有人工作的条件下,也可以进行室内空气消毒处理.     

层流手术室动态环境中不同时间空气含菌量的研究

目的研究层流手术室术中空气细菌数量的分布. 方法采用平板暴露法对普通手术室消毒后未做手术的6个手术间的空气、8 台手术中的空气和层流手术室28台手术中的空气,分别于手术开始20min至结束每隔20min采样计数细菌,抽取比较有代表性的手术开始20、60、100min 3组空气对照,经t检验;以曲线描绘3种手术室空气菌落随时间变化的趋势. 结果层流手术室与普通手术室术中3组不同时间的空气细菌总数均差异有显著性;层流手术室术中与普通手术室消毒后未做手术的空气细菌总数差异无显著性;普通手术室在手术开始时20min和手术结束前20min细菌总数出现两个高峰,整个曲线呈现"M"形;普通手术室消毒后未做手术的空气随采样次数的增加,细菌总数有一定增加,层流手术室术中空气无以上两种趋势. 结论层流手术室可有效地保证术中环境的洁净和稳定.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.