24小时膳食回顾法和食物频率法评估人群脂肪摄入的比较

目的比较3天24小时膳食回顾法和食物频率法在评估人群脂肪摄入的差异及相关性,为膳食脂肪研究提供依据。方法对从浙江省抽取的511名调查对象同时采用3天24 h膳食回顾法和食物频率法进行膳食调查,分别计算脂肪、脂肪酸和能量等的每日摄入量及脂肪供能比,并对结果进行统计分析。结果两种方法计算得到的能量、脂肪及脂肪供能比结果差异无统计学意义;两种方法评估能量、脂肪、脂肪供能比的相关系数分别为0.51、0.58和0.57,同一调查对象在这两种方法中被分到相同或相邻组的比率:能量为80.73%,脂肪为84.80%,脂肪供能比为83.38%。结论在进行膳食脂肪与疾病关系研究时可采用本文中的食物频率法代替3天24小时回顾法来评估人群脂肪摄入情况。     

食物频率问卷法评估人群能量和营养素摄入量的准确性验证

目的:食物频率问卷法(FFQ)问卷评估人群膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性进行验证。方法:使用3d称重法(WFR)和FFQ收集北京市130名35～49岁健康成人食物摄入资料,计算出其能量和营养素的摄入量并加以比较。结果:由食物WFR计算到的研究对象能量摄入为9.6MJ/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物摄入分别为82.1、87.5和269.7g/d。由FFQ得到的能量摄入量为9.7MJ/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物摄入量分别为88.3g/d、113.9g/d和248.8g/d,两种方法调查的膳食能量、蛋白质及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量(高估27.2%),碳水化物摄入量则被低估(低估10.8%)。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于WFR,但低估维生素E、铁和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,除维生素C、胡萝卜素和视黄醇当量外,均与WFR显著正相关,相关系数在0.22~0.51之间,但在调整年龄、性别和膳食能量摄入量的影响后,FFQ对膳食脂肪、维生素B1、钠和磷摄入量的估计与WFR相关的显著性消失。结论:FFQ可以用于评估膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化物、维生素A、维生素B2、尼克酸、钾、钙、锌和硒的摄入量,但FFQ不适于评估膳食脂肪、视黄醇当量、胡萝卜素、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素E、钠、铁和磷的摄入量。     

食物频率问卷法评估人群膳食营养素摄入量的相对效度研究

目的 以称重记录法结合24 h回顾法为参考方法,评估食物频率问卷法(FFQ)应用于调查人群膳食营养素和食物摄入量的相对效度。方法 采用随机抽样的方法在上海市抽取闵行区和金山区居民作为调查对象。使用称重法结合24 h膳食回顾法与食物频率问卷法对调查对象进行膳食调查,并以称重法结合24 h膳食回顾法作为标准,采用t检验,Wilcoxon秩和检验及相关系数检验对食物频率问卷所得数据进行统计分析。结果 FFQ和24 h回顾调查2种方法食用的食物大类相同,获得的谷类、豆类及其制品、蔬菜、十字花科蔬菜、水果、肉禽水产类以及奶及奶制品的每日摄入量有相关性(相关系数0.248~1.000)。FFQ和24 h回顾调查2种方法获得的能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、胆固醇每日摄入量均呈显著正相关(相关系数0.209~0.340),其中能量与脂肪无统计学差异;镁、钾、磷、锰、碘、钙与硒每日摄入量呈显著正相关(相关系数0.204~0.419),其中镁、钾、磷、锰、碘元素无统计学差异;维生素B1、B2、C、烟酸每日摄入量均呈显著正相关(相关系数0.170~0.305),其中维生素B1、B2无统计学差异。结论 食物频率问卷可以评估碘元素、十字花科蔬菜、大豆异黄酮以及能量、脂肪、镁、钾、磷、锰、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入量。     

食物频率问卷法评估人群能量和营养素摄入量的准确性

目的：研究分析食物频率问卷法评估人群能量和营养素摄入量的准确性,为理论研究提供参考依据。方法收集保定市2012年1月-2014年1月期间130例成人摄入食物的相关资料,进行回顾性分析,使用WFR和食物频率问卷两种方法计算能量以及营养素摄入量,并且将两种方法检测结果进行比较分析。结果 WFR计算出130例入选对象每天摄入能量9.5MJ、脂肪87.3g、蛋白质82.2g、碳水化合物268.9g。使用食物频率问卷计算出的130例入选对象每天摄入能量9.69MJ、脂肪112.6g、蛋白质88.1g、碳水化合物247.9g。关于蛋白质和能量测量数据两种方法的计算结果均无显著差异（P＆gt;0.05）。食物频率问卷法计算的脂肪摄入量明显偏高,而碳水化合物摄入量偏低,矿物质和维生素摄入量计算高于WFR计算所得的摄入量,但个别例如铁、维生素E等的摄入量与WFR相比偏低。食物频率问卷法评估得到的能量和营养素的摄入量除维生素C以及胡萝卜素等以外,与WFR相比均成正相关关系,调整年龄和膳食摄入量后,食物频率问卷对钠、脂肪等的评估与WFR相比不存在相关性。结论食物频率问卷法可用于评估能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质、钾、钙、锌、维生素A等的摄入量,不适用于评估脂肪、维生素C、E以及钠铁、胡萝卜素等的摄入量。     

经济收入水平对中国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入及膳食结构的影响

目的分析家庭人均年收入水平对我国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入状况及膳食结构的影响。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"中的连续3天24小时回顾法的食物数据、家庭食物称重法记录的家庭调味品消费量数据和家庭人均年收入数据,应用SAS软件进行统计分析。结果中国城乡居民平均每标准人蛋白质摄入量、脂肪摄入量、脂肪供能比、动物性食物来源的能量和蛋白质的比例以及某些微量营养素的摄入量均收入增加呈明显的上升趋势。结论家庭经济收入水平是影响我国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入和膳食结构的重要因素。     

2018年中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)18～64岁成年人膳食结构现状的地域差异研究

目的 分析中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)不同地域的18～64岁成年人能量及宏量营养素摄入情况。方法 利用2018年“中国健康与营养调查”数据，选取9481名具有完整膳食数据和人口学特征的18～64岁成年居民作为研究对象。采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法和家庭称重记账法(食用油和调味品)收集膳食资料，借助食物成分表将食物消费量转换成能量及各类营养素摄入量。结果 2018年中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)城乡居民每日能量摄入中位数水平分别为1942.28 kcal和1951.14 kcal,西北、西南、东南和北方地区人群分别为1796.94、1972.89、1989.61和1908.98 kcal/d;城市蛋白质、脂肪供能比分别为13.61%和35.85%,高于农村的12.31%和34.45%,碳水化合物供能比城市(49.62%)低于农村(52.18%);西南和东南地区脂肪供能比分别为38.90%和36.80%,碳水化合物供能比为47.70%和47.93%。不同地区能量、蛋白质、脂肪的主要食物来源不同。随着年龄的升高，膳食中动物性食物来源的能量、蛋白质和脂肪比例减少；低收入人群碳水化合物摄入量...     

2011—2015年上海市杨浦区223名居民食物和营养素摄入研究

【目的】分析2011—2015年上海市杨浦区223名居民食物、营养素摄入量及其变化。【方法】数据来自2011年和2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"项目中杨浦区2岁及以上居民的原始调查数据,采用3 d24 h膳食回顾法和调味品称重法收集膳食数据,获取居民每标准人日食物、营养素摄入量及能量营养素来源,分析其不同年度的摄入情况。【结果】2015年居民每标准人日蔬菜、水果、畜禽肉、水产品、蛋类、奶及奶制品、大豆及坚果、食用油、盐摄入量均低于2011年,2015年谷薯类、蔬菜、水果、水产品、蛋类、奶及奶制品、大豆及坚果、食用油摄入不足的比例分别占56.0%、84.0%、98.2%、56.0%、70.2%、97.8%、85.3%、91.1%,畜禽肉类摄入过量的比例为51.6%;2015年居民每标准人日能量、蛋白质、脂肪及微量营养素的摄入量均低于2011年,2015年能量、蛋白质、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、钙摄入不足的比例分别为84.0%、56.4%、97.3%、93.8%、93.3%、90.2%、91.6%,2011年、2015年居民碳水化合物供能比低于50%的分别占64.6%、49.8%,蛋白质供能比高于15%分别的占76.2%、40.4%,脂肪供能比高于30%的分别占76.7%、72.9%。【结论】2011—2015年杨浦区社区居民整体上的食物和营养素摄入量均普遍降低,食物摄入不足和摄入过量的问题并存,其中食物摄入不足较严重,能量、大部分维生素及钙等营养素摄入不足情况仍旧严峻。同时膳食结构不尽合理,3大营养素供能失衡,建议应加大对居民的营养宣教。     

2009—2018年深圳居民膳食结构变化趋势

目的 通过比较2009年和2018年深圳市居民的膳食结构,了解深圳居民的膳食结构变化,为提出合理膳食建议提供参考依据。方法 分别于2009年和2018年,采用整群随机抽样法抽取8 487名和10 043名深圳常住居民进行相关营养与健康状况调查,比较深圳居民不同年度各类食物及营养素摄入量的差异。膳食调查采用食物频率调查法。结果 与2009年相比,2018年深圳居民平均每标准人日粮谷类、水果类、水产品、蛋类、烹调油的摄入量分别增加了39.35 g、33.66 g、14.51 g、8.82 g、7.54 g; 水果类、奶类及其制品的摄入低于推荐摄入量,而畜禽肉类、烹调油及盐的摄入依然高于推荐摄入量; 蛋白质、维生素B₁、维生素E、钙、镁摄入量呈上升趋势,其余营养素摄入量呈下降趋势; 膳食能量的47.50%来源于粮谷类,其次是纯热能食物(21.80%)和动物性食(19.60%); 与十年前相比,碳水化合物和蛋白质供能比有所上升,而脂肪供能比下降; 居民主要摄取动物性蛋白和动物脂肪。结论 2018年深圳居民的膳食结构较2009年有所改善,但仍存在膳食摄入不均衡,营养素摄入不足与摄入过量并存的现象,且膳食结构具有明显“西化”趋势。深圳市今后应根据人群的不同特征开展针对性、多方面的营养健康宣教工作,促进居民合理膳食习惯的形成,降低营养相关疾病发生率。     

称重法、回顾法和食物频率法评估人群食物摄入量的比较

目的比较称重法、回顾法和食物频率法在评估人群食物摄入量的差异和相关性。方法2002年中国居民营养与健康调查中同时使用称重法、24 h回顾法和食物频率法进行膳食调查的15-75岁的居民23 198名(男11 107名,女12 091名)。称重法入户称量调查对象全家过去3 d在家吃的所有食物重量;24 h回顾法回顾调查对象过去3 d每天在家及在外所消费的食物的种类和数量;食物频率法调查对象过去1年内所摄入的33类食物及油盐和调味品的摄入频率及摄入量。结果回顾法和称重法调查得出的平均每天食物摄入量比较接近;除水果和饮酒量外,其他食物摄入量与称重法的差异均在10％以内;低估和高估的个体的比例均比较少,60％以上的个体食物摄入量的估计值在称重法的±25％以内;回顾法得出的个体食物摄入量与称重法的结果均呈中高度正相关,相关系数在0．58-0．88之间。食物频率法得出的摄入频率较高的食物与称重法比较接近,米及其制品、面及其制品、其他谷类、豆类、蔬菜、坚果和油的摄入量与称重法的相对差异均在15％以内;食物频率法低估和高估的比例均比较高,一般在称重法的±25％以内的个体不足50％;食物频率法得出的食物摄入量与称重法呈低中度相关,相关系数在0．08-0．76之间。结论以称重法为标准的验证结果支持称重法修正24 h回顾法在群体以及个体中进行食物摄入量的调查。食物频率法可以反映群体及个体的食物摄入情况,尤其对消费频率较高的食物,比较适用研究膳食和健康的关系。     

甘肃会宁地区406名2～4岁儿童膳食调查分析

目的:了解会宁地区406名2～4岁儿童的膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为改善其营养状况提供基础资料。方法:采用24h膳食回顾法、称重法和半定量食物频率法对调查对象进行膳食调查。结果:调查对象膳食构成以粮谷类食物为主,杂粮摄入较多,为42.1g;动物性及豆类摄入较少,鱼虾类摄入量仅为1.4g。能量的摄入基本满足需要,但达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的人数比例较低,碳水化合物供能比偏高,饱和脂肪酸供能比例较高。蛋白质达到RNI的人数比例只有22.7%,来源于动物性及豆类食物的占26.7%。铁的摄入量较高,但主要来源于植物性食物。钙、锌、维生素A及维生素C摄入均不足。结论:调查对象膳食结构不合理,部分营养素供给不足。应加大营养知识普及,改进食物加工方法,改善该人群的营养状况。     

Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Native American and Caucasian Children 1 to 5 Years of Age

Objective: To assess the validity of the Harvard Service Food Frequency Questionnaire (HFFQ) in the diet assessment of Native American and Caucasian children 1 to 5 years of age participating in the North Dakota WIC program. Methods: The 84-item HFFQ was administered twice to the parent or guardian of 131 Native American and 102 Caucasian children ages 1 to 5 years (total n = 233), first at the child's routine WIC visit and then following the completion of three 24-hr dietary recalls taken over approximately 1 month. Average nutrient intakes from the three 24-hr dietary recalls were compared to average nutrient intakes from the HFFQs by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients and adjusting for energy intake and within person variation. Results: Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.26 for dietary fiber to 0.63 for magnesium. The average correlation was 0.52, similar to that found in validation studies among adolescents and adults. The following nutrients had correlations of 0.50 or greater: carbohydrate, sucrose, total fat, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin Bl, vitamin B2, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, and iron. Conclusions: The HFFQ is a simple self-administered questionnaire completed by the child's parent or guardian and is useful in assessing the diets of Native American and Caucasian children. It may also provide important nutritional information about this age group for future program planning, research, education, and intervention purposes.     

Comparison between Dietary Assessment Methods for Determining Associations between Nutrient Intakes and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

It is important to identify the role of nutrition in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. The goal of this study was to compare the equivalency of nutrient intakes assessed by diet records and the Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire and the associations of these nutrients with bone mineral density (BMD). This is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data that was analyzed from six cohorts (fall 1995 to fall 1997) of postmenopausal women (n=244; 55.7±4.6 years) participating in a 12-month, block-randomized, clinical trial. One-year dietary intakes were assessed using 8 days of diet records and the Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire. Participants' BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L2-L4), femur trochanter, femur neck, Ward's triangle, and total body using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression analyses (P≤0.05) were adjusted for the effects of exercise, hormone therapy use, body weight at 1 year, years post menopause, and total energy intake. Significant correlations (r=0.30 to 0.70, P≤0.05) between dietary assessment methods were found with all dietary intake variables. Iron and magnesium were consistently and significantly positively associated with BMD at all bone sites regardless of the dietary assessment method. Zinc, dietary calcium, phosphorous, potassium, total calcium, and fiber intakes were positively associated with BMD at three or more of the same bone sites regardless of the dietary assessment method. Protein, alcohol, caffeine, sodium, and vitamin E did not have any similar BMD associations. Diet records and the Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire are acceptable dietary tools used to determine the associations of particular nutrients and BMD sites in healthy postmenopausal women.     

Comparability of nutrient estimation by three food frequency questionnaires for use in epidemiological studies

Replication of results is an important issue in studies of diet and disease, possibly dependent on data collection method. We compared assessments from the Health Habits and History Questionnaire (HHHQ), the Harvard Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (HFFQ), and the New York State Cohort Food Frequency Questionnaire (CFFQ) for estimates of daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, dietary fiber, cholesterol, vitamins A, C, and E, and carotenoids. Fifty-nine men and 50 women aged 35-73 years completed the HHHQ and HFFQ as interviews and the 44-food CFFQ as a self-administered mailed questionnaire. Comparability was assessed with Spearman correlation coefficients. Quantitation of nutrient intake differed by nutrient, questionnaire, and nutrient calculation method. Ranking on energy and macronutrient intake for the HHHQ and HFFQ ranged from 0.62 to 0.80; ranking for micronutrient intake ranged from 0.56 to 0.80. For the CFFQ with the HHHQ or HFFQ, correlations ranged between 0.29 and 0.62. The CFFQ performs comparably to the HHHQ and HFFQ for some, but not all, nutrients; our results suggest that the HHHQ and HFFQ can be used interchangeably with reasonable confidence in studies of diet and disease.     

食物图谱辅助提高24h回顾法膳食调查准确性的评价研究

目的评价新研制的食物图谱辅助提高24h回顾法膳食调查准确性的效力。方法选取我院40名普食住院病人,分别用称重法、无图谱辅助的24 h膳食回顾法和有图谱辅助的24 h膳食回顾法对其进行一日膳食调查。将两种24 h膳食回顾法获得的食物消费量和营养素摄入量,与称重法获得的相应数据进行比较,计算与称重法的差值及其比例,比较两种24 h膳食回顾法所获数据与称重法的接近程度,探讨新研制的食物图谱在24 h膳食回顾中的作用。结果与称重法相比,无图谱辅助的24 h回顾法除鸡蛋和牛肉外,其余食物及所有营养素都是低估的,除脂肪、总维生素E、钠、钙和膳食纤维摄入量数据与称重法呈一定程度的正相关,其他营养素和各种食物摄入量则未见相关性。有图谱辅助的24 h膳食回顾所获食物和营养素摄入量与称重法无差别,且两组数据高度相关。结论新研制的食物图谱能有效提高24 h膳食回顾的准确性,携带方便,应用简便,是一种很好的现场调查工具,值得推广应用。[营养学报,2012,34(6):558-562]     

Intake of micronutrients high in animal-source foods is associated with better growth in rural Kenyan school children

Observational studies have shown that children in developing countries consuming diets containing high amounts of bioavailable nutrients, such as those found in animal-source foods, grow better. The present study investigated which specific nutrients from the diet of Kenyan school children predicted their growth. The children (n 544, median age 7 years) participated in a 2-year long food supplementation study with animal-source foods. Height gain during the intervention period was positively predicted by average daily intakes of energy from animal-source foods, haem Fe, preformed vitamin A, Ca and vitamin B12. Weight gain was positively predicted by average daily intakes of energy from animal-source foods, haem Fe, preformed vitamin A, Ca and vitamin B12. Gain in mid-upper-arm muscle area was positively predicted by average daily intakes of energy from animal-source foods and vitamin B12. Gain in mid-upper-arm fat area was positively predicted by average daily intakes of energy from animal-source foods. Gain in subscapular skinfold thickness was not predicted by any of the nutrient intakes. Negative predictors of growth were total energy and nutrients that are contained in high amounts in plant foods. The study shows that growth was positively predicted by energy and nutrients that are provided in high amounts and in a bioavailable form in meat and milk, and their inclusion into the diets of children in developing countries should be part of all food-based programmes in order to improve micronutrient status and growth.     

Reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire for adolescents

To assess the reproducibility of a validated 76-item food frequency questionnaire designed to estimate diet in adolescents (Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire--AFFQ) in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, a test-retest study was conducted (n = 49). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), weighted kappa, and percentage of agreement were used in both crude and energy-adjusted nutrient intakes. Bland Altman plots were used to examine the limits of agreement for energy and macronutrients. The ICC ranged from 0.48 (carbohydrates) to 0.65 (vitamin C) in crude values and from 0.25 (total fat) to 0.58 (vitamin C) in adjusted values. Kappa values ranged from 0.28 (protein and fiber) to 0.56 (unsaturated fat). Bland Altman showed a trend towards larger difference in energy according to increased intake values and a bias towards extreme values for fat intake. The percent of individuals classified in the same category on the two occasions was on average 54.2%. By conclusion, the Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire showed reasonable reproducibility and can be used in studies that aim to classify groups into intake categories.     

The Status of Dietary Energy and Nutrients Intakes among Chinese Elderly Aged 80 and Above: Data from the CACDNS 2015

This study analyzed the status of dietary energy and nutrients intakes among the oldest-old in China. Data was obtained from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in 2015 (CACDNS 2015). We enrolled 1929 Chinese elderly people aged 80 and above who participated in both 3-day 24-h dietary recalls and household condiments weighing. The dietary intakes were calculated based on Chinese Food Composition Tables and assessed using Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The dietary intakes of energy and most nutrients were all below the EAR or AI, except for fat, vitamin E, niacin, iron and sodium. As a result, daily dietary intakes of energy and most nutrients were inadequate in the oldest-old in China, especially vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, folate and calcium, with the prevalence of deficiency more than 90%. Furthermore, the prevalence of inadequacy of vitamin C, zinc, selenium and magnesium was also high with the proportion below the EAR more than 60%. Approximately 30% of the subjects with dietary vitamin E intake did not reach AI, and more than 90% of subjects have reached AI in the intake of sodium, while more than 90% did not reach AI in potassium. The mean intakes of niacin and iron have reached EAR, but around 15% were still faced with the risk of deficiency. In addition, although the dietary energy intake was below EER, the energy contribution from fat in total population and all subgroups (region, age, gender, education level, material status, household income level groups) all exceeded the recommended proportion of 30% from the DRIs and close to or over 35%, is a significant concern. For the majority of nutrients, higher daily dietary intakes and lower prevalence of deficiencies were found in the oldest-old living in urban areas, aged 80–84 years, with high school and above education level, living with spouse and from high household income family. These findings indicates that the dietary intakes of energy and nutrients were inadequate, while the energy contribution from fat and dietary sodium intake were too high among the oldest-old in China. Most oldest-old were at high risk of nutritional deficiency, particularly for those who living in rural areas, with lower education level and from low household income.     

Major influences on median energy and nutrient intakes among teenagers: a Tasmanian survey

This report explores the characteristics that influenced median intakes of energy and ten nutrients in a representative sample of 1055 adolescents (11-16 years) in Tasmania, Australia. Among girls, the characteristic with greatest influence on intakes was different for different nutrients. Thus, median intakes of fat, iron, thiamin and niacin-equivalent were lower in heavier, fatter girls. Girls from larger families consumed more riboflavin, while girls with poorly educated mothers consumed less vitamin A. Girls who regularly took vitamin supplements had higher median intakes of (food-derived) calcium. Among boys the increase of intakes of energy and nutrients with age overshadowed the influence of other characteristics. Among younger boys the characteristic with greatest influence varied. Those with highly educated fathers had lower median intakes of energy and carbohydrate; those who exercised vigorously consumed more fat; those who smoked 'heavily' (greater than 10 cigarettes in the previous week) consumed more thiamin and niacin-equivalent. Among older boys the characteristic with greatest influence varied. Those who drank 'heavily' (greater than five glasses in the previous week) had higher intakes of energy and fat. Those from professional-managerial households consumed more thiamin. For vitamin C, there was no sex difference in intakes. Social status had the greatest influence, with children from professional-managerial households eating more. Food choices underlying these differences in energy and nutrient intakes were explored.