白血病病人72例口腔护理效果研究

目的探索和研究白血病病人口腔护理的主要措施护理效果.方法对于2008年9月—2011年8月医院收治的72例白血病病人口腔进行程序化护理方法,对白血病进行患者日常清洁临床护理和在病人感染时的护理.结果全部72例白血病病人中有60例病人完成整个护理计划,12例因不适合含漱液的口感或难以配合而终止.结论及时有效地进行的白血病人程序化的口腔护理,能够防止白血病所导致的继发感染,有效地减少出现并发症,并降低患者的死亡率.     

急性白血病患者口腔感染直接经济损失分析

目的了解急性白血病（AL）患者口腔感染所致的直接经济损失。方法对2011年1月—2013年12月山东省某三级甲等医院血液病房AL口腔感染患者进行调查,采用病例对照的方法进行1︰1配对,比较口腔感染组（病例组）与未感染组（对照组）AL患者的住院费用及住院日数等情况。结果共监测AL患者994例,发生医院感染277例,其中口腔感染17例（5.56%）。病例组患者住院费用中位数为37 327元,对照组为13 176元,病例组患者总住院费用是对照组的2.83倍,差异具有统计学意义（Z=-3.621,P＜0.001）。病例组各项住院费用均高于对照组,住院费用增加最多的是西药费、输血费、化验费和治疗费。病例组住院日数中位数为17 d,对照组为11 d,经秩和检验,两组患者住院日数中位数比较,差异具有统计学意义（Z=-3.627,P＜0.001）。结论AL患者发生口腔感染后导致住院费用增加,住院日数延长,增加了患者的经济负担。     

3种口腔护理液对气管插管患者口腔护理效果的对比研究

口腔是病原微生物侵入机体的重要途径之一。由于气管插管患者不能进食,口腔经常处于开放状态,唾液分泌减少,口腔的自净作用和局部黏膜抵抗作用减弱,导致口腔内致病菌大量繁殖,引起口腔异味、溃疡和呼吸机相关性肺炎（ventilation associated pneumonia,VAP）的发生,     

白血病化疗期间口腔与外阴感染的预防和护理

白血病在化疗期常见的并发症是口腔与外阴的感染。口腔感染影响患者口腔的正常生理功能,外阴感染会增加患者的痛苦,同时也可引起其他器官的全身感染,直接影响着治疗的成败。做好口腔与外阴感染的预防和护理,在白血病化疗过程中     

50例白血病患者的口腔护理体会

白血病病人在放化疗之后,白细胞被大量杀伤,中性粒细胞也在减少,从而导致机体免疫力明显下降,加之临床上对白血病病人大量的广谱抗生素及糖皮质激素的使用,使得病人体内菌群失调，口腔内的菌群平衡受到破坏，大量的内源性和外源性的病菌极易侵入，从而引发多种并发症．轻者可增加治疗难度，重者则可能危及生命。     

急性儿童高白细胞白血病诊疗分析

目的探讨儿童高白细胞白血病的临床特征、免疫表型分型和治疗效果。方法回顾分析初发高白细胞白血病患儿18例的临床资料,通过MICM相关检测进行分型、诊断、治疗及效果分析。结果在18例高白细胞白血病中,急性淋巴细胞白血病14例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病3例,急性粒淋混合细胞白血病1例。有4例确诊后放弃治疗,其余14例进行了充分水化、碱化并进行了小剂量化疗和诱导缓解治疗,有11例患儿诱导缓解治疗后在1个月内完全缓解,无因早期并发症死亡病例。有1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿现已完成全部化疗停药,9例现仍在继续治疗中,复发4例,其中2例急性非淋巴细胞白血病患儿化疗后1年发生复发死亡。结论高白细胞白血病经积极规范化治疗并及时处理化疗中的各种并发症,可使患儿获得完全缓解,高白细胞急性非淋巴细胞白血病患儿预后差,易复发,并且可发生中枢神经系统白血病,要提前重视并及早预防。     

抗菌药物临床应用指导原则

口腔、颌面部感染　一、口腔感染 口腔感染主要为口腔正常菌群和某些致病菌（如厌氧菌、草绿色链球菌和白色念珠菌等）的混合感染.包括牙齿周围组织感染,如牙周炎、冠周炎、急性根尖周围炎（牙槽脓肿）、干槽症（拔牙后感染）、急性牙周脓肿等,以及口腔黏膜白色念珠菌感染.     

口腔不洁容易患结肠癌

口腔感染与肠癌似乎风马牛不相及,然而,美国最新的研究发现,它们之间竟然存在着关联.美国＂健康日＂网站8月14日报道,美国《细胞宿主与微生物》杂志最新刊登一项新研究发现,一种常见口腔细菌感染会导致结肠癌.美国凯斯西储大学牙科学院科学家最新研究发现,＂细梭菌属细菌＂（牙病患者口腔中此类细菌水平相对更高）,可以附着于结肠细胞,诱发并导致结肠癌的一系列变化,并能加快肿瘤细胞的聚集.     

儿童急性白血病Livin基因表达及意义

目的探讨Livin基因的表达与儿童急性白血病发生以及临床治疗效果的关系及意义。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链式扩增反应对53例急性白血病患儿骨髓液细胞中的LivinmRNA的表达进行检测。结果53例急性白血病患儿中Livin基因的表达率高于对照组（P〈0.05）；初治组中Livin阳性率低于复发组（P〈0.05）；Livin表达阳性组的耐药率高于阴性组（P〈0.05）。结论Livin基因的过表达可能与儿童急性白血病的发生有关，并可能是影响其治疗效果和预后的重要因素。     

BAG-1蛋白在急性髓系白血病患者骨髓单个核细胞中的表达

目的：探讨急性髓系白血病（AML）患者骨髓单个核细胞中BAG-1蛋白的表达及意义。方法：用免疫细胞化学sP染色法分别检测初治AML患者（76例）、急性髓系白血病完全缓解（AML-CR）患者（49例）、急性髓系白血病难治复发（RRAML）患者（17例）及正常对照者（15例）的骨髓单个核细胞中BAG-1蛋白的表达。结果：四组BAG-1蛋白阳性表达率差异有统计学意义（X^2=47．857,P〈0．001）;初治AML组和RRAML组中BAG-1蛋白阳性表达率均高于AML-CR组和正常对照组（P〈0．001）;AML各分型患者的BAG-1蛋白阳性表达率差异无统计学意义（X^2=1．920,P〉0．05）;初治AML患者骨髓单个核细胞中BAG-1蛋白阳性表达率与白细胞计数及髓外浸润有关（X^2=9．248,13．689,P〈0．01）。结论：BAG-1可能参与了急性髓系白血病的发生发展。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Increase in social inequality in health expectancy in Denmark

AIMS: Health expectancy represents the average lifetime in various states of health and differs among social groups. The purpose of the study was to determine trends in social inequality in health expectancy since 1994 between groups with high, medium and low educational levels in Denmark. METHODS: The study was based on data from nationwide registers on educational level and mortality during the period 1994-2005 and data on health status derived from the Danish Health Interview Surveys carried out in 1994, 2000 and 2005. Expected lifetime in self-rated good and poor health, lifetime without and with longstanding illness and expected lifetime without and with long-lasting difficulties or restrictions were estimated by Sullivan's method. RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2005, life expectancy at age 30 years increased by 1.9 years for men and 1.5 years for women with a low educational level. For people with a high educational level, the increase was 2.7 years for men and 2.2 years for women. The difference between people with low and high educational level in expected lifetime in self-rated good health increased by 2.0 and 1.3 years for 30-year-old men and women, respectively. The social gap also increased for other indicators. CONCLUSIONS: During the past 12 years, social inequality in life expectancy and health expectancy has increased in Denmark, but the proportion of the population with a low educational level has decreased.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。