上海市浦东新区美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解上海市浦东新区美沙酮门诊吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和梅毒感染状况,为采取防治措施提供科学依据。方法采集浦东新区美沙酮维持治疗门诊吸毒人群静脉血标本共计833份,进行抗-HIV、抗-HCV和梅毒检测。结果 833名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性0例;HCV抗体阳性602例,占72.27%(602/833);梅毒阳性38例,占4.56%(38/833)。HIV/HCV合并感染0例;梅毒/HCV合并感染24例,占2.86%(24/833)。结论上海市浦东新区2011年1月—2012年7月美沙酮门诊监测的吸毒人群中HIV感染率明显下降,HCV、梅毒感染率较高。建议应针对在美沙酮门诊治疗的吸毒人员感染情况开展多种疾病的宣传教育和综合干预,并继续在这部分人群中持续开展HIV、HCV和梅毒的监测工作。     

绵阳市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况分析

目的 了解绵阳市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况.方法 采集美沙酮门诊吸毒人员静脉血标本743份,进行HIV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测.结果 743名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性17例(2.29%),HCV抗体阳性616例(82.91%),梅毒抗体阳性56例(7.53%); HIV/HCV合并感染 14例(1.88%),梅毒/HCV合并感染 46例(6.19%).结论 绵阳市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群中HIV、HCV、梅毒感染率较高,应积极开展针对性的干预措施.     

安顺市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和TP感染状况分析

目的了解安顺市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和TP(梅毒)感染状况,为采取防治措施提供科学依据。方法采集安顺市美沙酮维持治疗门诊吸毒人群静脉血标本共计143份,进行抗-HIV、抗-HCV、抗-TP(梅毒抗体)检测。结果 143名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性29例占20.3%(29/143);HCV抗体阳性124例占86.7%(124/143);TP抗体阳性29例占20.3%(29/143);HIV/HCV合并感染1例,占0.7%(1/143);TP/HCV合并感染感染12例,占8.4%(12/143)。结论安顺市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群中HIV、HCV、TP感染率较高,应加强针对在美沙酮门诊治疗的吸毒人员感染情况开展多种疾病的宣传教育和综合干预,应该在这部分人群中持续开展HIV、HCV、TP的监测工作。     

美沙酮维持治疗者中艾滋病、丙肝病例分析

目的了解广东东莞市美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)门诊患者人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(HCV)感染情况。方法对2007年1月～2008年10月东莞市新涌医院美沙酮维持治疗门诊200例患者进行面对面问卷调查,并采静脉血检测抗-HCV抗体、抗HIV抗体。结果200例美沙酮维持治疗门诊患者中HIV感染者5例,感染率为2.5%(5/200);HCV感染者161例,感染率为80.5%(161/200)。其中5名HIV感染者合并感染HCV,静脉吸毒者中HCV感染率明显高于全国水平。结论本市戒毒人群中HIV、HCV感染率较高,静脉吸毒和共用针具吸毒是HIV和HCV传播的高危因素,不洁性行为增加了HIV、HCV由吸毒人员向其它人群传播的危险性。     

南宁市美沙酮门诊人类免疫缺陷病毒、丙型肝炎病毒和梅毒检测结果分析

目的了解南宁市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒的感染情况,为预防干预措施提供科学依据。方法采集南宁市疾病预防控制中心美沙酮门诊210例新入组吸毒人员静脉血,进行HIV抗体、HCV抗体和梅毒抗体血清学检测,阴性结果分别于6个月、1年后继续进行随访检测。结果首次检测结果,HIV抗体阳性20例(9.52%),HCV抗体阳性194例(92.38%),梅毒抗体阳性22例(10.48%),其中HIV/HCV合并感染20例(9.52%),HCV/梅毒合并感染18例(8.57%),6个月随访检测共168例,HIV抗体、HCV抗体和梅毒抗体转阳者分别为2例、4例和4例。结论南宁市吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒的感染率比较高,在使用美沙酮替代治疗期间还有偷吸现象,应加强吸毒人群艾滋病宣传教育和行为干预,延缓艾滋病的传播。     

柳州市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解柳州市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒（TP）感染状况,为采取干预提供依据。方法采集2家美沙酮维持治疗门诊吸毒人员静脉血标本共计518份,进行抗-HIV、抗-HCV、梅毒抗体检测。结果518名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性31例（5.98%）,HCV抗体阳性443例（85.52%）,TP阳性19例（3.67%）;HIV/HCV合并感染30例（5.79%）,TP/HCV合并感染19例（3.67%）,HIV/TP合并感染1例（0.19%）。结论柳州市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群中HIV、HCV、TP感染率较高,应积极开展针对性的干预措施。     

龙海市美沙酮治疗人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染情况分析

目的了解龙海市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染情况。方法采集龙海市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群静脉血标本进行血清学检测。结果 152名美沙酮门诊吸毒人群中,HIV抗体阳性1例（0.7%）,HCV抗体阳性93例（61.2%）,梅毒抗体阳性17例（11.2%）;梅毒/HIV、HCV合并感染1例（0.66%）;梅毒/HCV合并感染14例（9.2%）。结论龙海市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群中HIV感染率虽处较低水平,但HCV和梅毒感染率较高,应加强在美沙酮门诊治疗的吸毒人员的宣传教育和综合干预,并持续开展HIV、HCV和梅毒的监测工作。     

三门峡市美沙酮治疗人群病毒性肝炎、梅毒、HIV感染检测分析

目的了解美沙酮维持治疗人群病毒性肝炎、梅毒、HIV感染状况,为有针对性地开展预防控制工作提供科学依据。方法 2015年2月至2016年2月三门峡市MMT门诊接受美沙酮维持治疗的服药人员为研究对象,检测抗-HCV、梅毒抗体、HIV抗体水平并对结果进行分析。结果本组303例接受美沙酮维持治疗的吸毒人员以男性为主。检测结果均阴性的253例,存在阳性者50例,合并2种及以上感染者5人。抗-HCV阳性率为14.9%;梅毒抗体检初筛TP-ELISA阳性率为3.3%;HIV抗体检测阳性0人。结论接受美沙酮维持治疗的门诊受治者HCV、梅毒感染率和重叠感染率均较高,说明美沙酮维持治疗的覆盖人群是降低危害和重点干预的对象。     

盐城市262例美沙酮维持治疗门诊入组人员HIV、梅毒、HBV和HCV感染状况

目的调查了解盐城市接受美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)的吸毒人员艾滋病毒(HIV)、梅毒、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染状况,为制定相应疾病干预措施提供科学依据。方法对262例美沙酮门诊入组的吸毒人员分别进行抗HIV、梅毒螺旋体(TP)抗体、HBsAg和抗HCV检测,TP抗体阳性者做P抗体试验(TPPA)确诊、做梅毒快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)并对结果进行分析。结果 262例吸毒人员中未检出HIV抗体阳性者,梅毒、HBV和HCV感染率分别为19.47%(51例)、11.45%(30例)和58.02%(152例);梅毒感染者中RPR阳性15例(29.41%),滴度分别为1∶1～1∶32;梅毒和HBV合并感染者2例(0.76%),梅毒和HCV合并感染者39例(14.89%),HBV和HCV合并感染者17例(6.49%)。结论盐城地区美沙酮门诊服药人员梅毒、HBV、HCV的感染率均较高,需加大综合防治力度。     

福州市吸毒人群HIV、HBV、HCV及TP感染状况调查分析

目的 了解福州市吸毒人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)，乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)，丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)及梅毒(TP)感染的状况。方法 用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行抗-HIV、HBsAg、抗-HCV及TP抗体检测。结果 在582例吸毒人员标本中，共检出HBsAg阳性116例(19．9％)，抗HCV阳性358例(61．5％)，TP抗体阳性96例(16．0％)，抗-HIV未检出。采用静脉注射和烫吸方式吸毒的人员HCV阳性率分别为68．1％和48．2％。HBsAg阳性率分别为18．8％和22．3％，TP的阳性率分别为15．4％和18．6％。结论 吸毒人群是HIV、HCV、梅毒感染的高危人群，应加强对此群体的宣传教育和行为干预，对控制艾滋病、丙肝、梅毒等传染病在吸毒人群中传播具有重要意义。     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.