军事飞行人员体重超重流行病学调查

目的：调查分析军事飞行人员体重超重的流行特点，为飞行人员心血管疾病的防治提供依据。方法：根据人体质量指数（BMI）≥25kg/m^2和BMI＜25mg/m^2，分为体重超重组和非体重超重组。组间进行年龄、职务与相关疾病的关系比较分析。结果：军事飞行人员体重超重率为27．66％。体重超重随年龄增加而增加（P＜0．01）。现职团以上干部体重超重率47．00％，明显高于团以下干部25．07％（P＜0．01）。飞行人员体重超重组中的高血压病、高脂血症、脂肪肝的患病率明显高于非体重超重组（P＜0．01）。结论：为防治飞行人员心血管疾病的发生和发展，必须加强对飞行人员体重超重的健康教育和医疗干预。     

生命早期营养不良对成年后超重和肥胖患病危险影响的研究

目的 研究生命早期食物短缺及营养不良对成年后超重和肥胖患病危险的影响，对成年人慢性病的原因溯源，为国家制订妇女儿童营养改善政策提供科学依据。方法 应用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查资料，将三年自然灾害（1959—1961年）出生的研究对象作为受灾害影响人群，将灾害之后（1964年）出生的人群作为未受灾害影响人群（对照组），比较两组人群平均体重指数（BMI）及超重和肥胖患病率，并计算受灾害影响组人群患超重和肥胖的相对危险度（OR）。结果1959—1961年出生女性的BMI均值显著高于未受灾害影响的1964年出生的女性（P〈0．01），调整地区等因素后，1959—1961年出生女性的超重患病率均显著高于1964年出生的对照组女性（P〈0．05）；1959、1960年出生女性的肥胖患病率显著高于1964年出生的对照组女性（P〈0．05）。与1964年出生女性比较，生命早期受灾害影响的1959—1961年出生女性患超重的危险性分别增加28．9％（OR值95％CI为1．063～1．565）、37．2％（OR值95％CI为1．136～1．658）、35．2％（OR值95％CI为1．103～1．657），1959、1960年出生女性患肥胖的危险性分别增加46．5％（OR值95％CI为1．088～1．972）、39．6％（OR值95％CI为1．039～1．876）。而男性四组之间的平均BMI水平、超重和肥胖患病率的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 生命早期遭受食物供应不足及营养不良可能会使成年后患超重和肥胖的危险性增加，制订适合国情的妇女、儿童营养改善政策，特别是控制新生儿低体重的有效措施对预防成年后慢性病的发生具有重要意义。     

某校中学生超重、肥胖及高血压情况调查

目的：了解中学生超重、肥胖与高血压的患病情况。方法：对北京市公交技校进行身高、体重及血压测量，并进行相关分析。结果：男生超重肥胖率为38．67％，高血压患病率7．64％；女生超重肥胖率33．68％，高血压患病率6．32％；男、女生超重肥胖率及高血压患病率均差异元统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。在501位学生中，超重率、肥胖率分别为11．38％、26．35％，高血压患病率分别为5．26％、21．97％，超重与未超重高血压患病率差异元统计学意义（χ^2=3．04，P〉0．05），而肥胖者高血压患病率显著高于体重正常者（χ^2=55．73，P〈0．01）；且随着体质质数（BMI）的升高，高血压患病率逐渐上升（χ^2趋势=97．49，P〈0．01）。结论：为控制超重、肥胖及高血压患病率，应加强中学生的健康教育。     

我国学龄儿童青少年血压与超重和肥胖的相关性研究

目的阐明儿童青少年时期高血压与超重和肥胖的相关性，为成年期疾病的早期预防提供相关依据。方法利用全国学生体质健康监测网络2004年监测结果，应用相关和偏相关分析的统计方法对146211名7～17岁儿童青少年的血压和体重指数的分布进行分析。结果各年龄组SBP和DBP均值均呈体重正常组〈超重组〈肥胖组的趋势；男生体重正常组高血压患病率为1．6％，超重组为4．2％，肥胖组为9．9％，女生高血压患病率也为体重正常组〈超重组〈肥胖组，差异均有统计学意义。对BMI与SBP及DBP进行相关分析，BMI与SBP的相关系数为0．392，BMI与DBP的相关系数为0．305（P〈0．05），与SBP和DBP的偏相关系数分别为0．240和0．171（P〈0．05）。同时，对各省城乡儿童青少年的血压偏高患病率与超重肥胖患病率进行Spearman等级相关分析，各省城乡儿童青少年收缩压和舒张压都高的患病率与肥胖患病率都有显著相关。结论儿童青少年超重和肥胖与高血压有显著的相关性。预防儿童青少年高血压应从预防超重和肥胖做起。     

超重和肥胖与高血压、糖尿病的关系

目的　探索城市居民体重指数 (BMI)与高血压和糖尿病的关系。方法　 2 0 0 0年在广西南宁市区 ,随机抽取 1个城区中的 1个社区 ,在所抽取的社区 ,整群随机抽取的年龄在 35～ 74岁居民 810人 (男女分别为 4 0 3人和4 0 7人 )进行调查。结果　城市居民中BMI<2 4 0组中 ,高血压标化现患率为 18 1% ;BMI≥ 2 4 0但 <2 8 0组中 ,高血压标化现患率为 35 1% ;BMI≥ 2 8 0组中 ,高血压标化现患率为 31 4 %。城市居民高血压标化现患率为 2 3 8%。男性、女性高血压组中 ,腰围 (WC)值与正常血压组比较均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。女性高血压组TG、血清总胆固醇 (cho)与正常血压组比较有极显著性差异 (P值均 <0 0 1) ,男性高血压组HDL -c、TG与正常血压组比较有显著性差异 (P均 <0 0 5 )。男性被调查者中 ,超重和肥胖率达 38 5 % ;女性被调查者中 ,超重和肥胖率达 34 4 %。随着BMI、WC水平的上升 ,患高血压和糖尿病的危险度升高。结论　BMI升高和WC升高是高血压病和糖尿病的主要危险因素之一 ,控制BMI和WC对于高血压和糖尿病的发生有重要意义     

老年人体重指数与心血管危险因素关系的分析

目的了解老年人群体重指数分布特点及与心血管疾病危险因素的关系。方法对参检的1343例60岁以上的离退休职员，检测收缩压、舒张压、血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇及空腹血糖，并计算不同性别不同体重指数（BMI）各组的患病率。结果受检1343人中BMI不足、正常、超重和肥胖各组检出率分别为6．18％、51．67％、35．52％和6．63％。但老年人不同性别体重指数分布差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。高血压、高血脂及糖尿病患病率分别为46．09％、46．91％和7．45％。男性高血压和高血脂患病率显著高于女性（P〈0．05），高血压、高血脂及糖尿病患病率伴随体重指数增加而升高。与BMI正常组比较，超重肥胖组高血压、高血脂和糖尿病患病率明显升高（P〈0．05）。心血管病危险因素检出率伴随BMI升高而升高。结论BMI升高是老年人群心血管病相关危险因素聚类的重要因素。     

老年人群体质指数和腰围与心血管病危险因素聚集的研究

目的探讨老年人群体质指数、腰围与心血管病危险因素聚集的关系。方法对654名老年人进行健康查体,对不同体质指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）老年人的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和空腹血糖（FPG）平均水平及高血压、高TC、高TG、低HDL-C、糖尿病检出率进行分析,对心血管病危险因素聚集性进行分析。结果BMI、WC升高是老年人最常见的心血管病危险因素。随着BMI、WC的增加,老年人SBP、DBP、TC、TG、FPG平均水平明显升高,HDL-C平均水平降低,高血压、高TC、高TG、糖尿病的检出率明显增高。BMI为24．0～27．9ks／m^2时,老年人高血压、高TC、高TG、糖尿病的检出率分别为59．74％、3．89％、28．57％、10．06％,患高血压、高TG、糖尿病的危险性分别是正常BMI的1．65、1．88、1．85倍;BMI≥28．0ks／m^2时,老年人高血压、高TC、高TG、糖尿病的检出率分别为83．05％、5．08％、35．59％、15．25％,患高血压、高TG、糖尿病的危险性分别是正常BMI的5．44、2．60、2．98倍。男性WC≥85cm、女性WC≥80cm时,老年人高血压、高TC、高TG、糖尿病的检出率分别为66．15％、4．47％、29．57％、10．12％,患高血压、高TC、高TG的危险性分别是正常WC的3．52、6．51、1．68倍。BMI≥24．0kg／m^2或男性WC≥85cm、女性WC≥80cm的老年人伴随多个心血管病危险因素的比例显著增高。结论BMI、WC升高是导致老年人群心血管病危险因素聚集的重要因素。     

复方增效蜂胶：控制高血压预防心脑血管疾病

中国成人体重指数（BMI）t常为19～24公斤／米^2．〉24为超重．〉28为肥胖。BMI每增加3公斤／米^2．4年内发生高血压的危险性增加50％-60％。BMI〉24公斤／米。者患高血压的危险是体重正常者的3～4倍。另外．男性腰围≥85厘米．女性腰围≥80厘米者．患高血压危险为腰围低于正常者的2倍。因此．减重是预防高血压的重要手段。     

北京25～64岁人群1984～1999年体重指数和超重率变化趋势的研究

目的：分析1984－1999年北京地区25－64岁人群平均体重指数（BMI）、超重率的变化趋势。方法：在北京地区心血管病监测人群中，分别进行了5次心血管病危险因素的横断面调查。结果：1984－1999年25－64岁人群平均BMI由23．3增加到24．0，超重率由27．5％增加到35．9％。男性人群超重率由23．5％增加到43．4％。男性各年龄组及城乡地区的超重率均呈增加趋势。女性人群在城乡地区的超重率呈不同变化趋势，城市女性超重率由36．0％下降到23．3％，农村女性超重率由28．4％增加到46．0％。城市人群的超重率由29．1％增加到31．8％，农村人群的超重率由22．1％增加到49．6％。研究早期城市人群的平均BMI和超重率大于农村人群（P＜0．05），到研究后期农村人群的BMI和超重率赶上并超过城市人群（P＜0．05）。结论：城市男性和农村男女两性人群BMI和超重率均呈上升趋势，但农村人群的上升速度较快，且平均BMI和超重率目前已高于城市人群。     

江苏省7—13岁儿童血压与超重和肥胖的相关性研究

目的探讨7～13岁儿童血压与超重和肥胖的相关性，为成年期心血管疾病的早期预防提供参考依据。方法按照经济水平，分层随机选取江苏省4个县区的8所学校进行调查，调查资料包括儿童体检和家庭问卷调查，应用相关和偏相关分析的统计方法进行分析儿童血压与超重和肥胖的关系。结果对3693名7—13岁儿童的体质指数（bodymassindex，BMI）值与血压进行相关分析，结果显示儿童BMI值与儿童收缩压（systolicbloodpressure，SBP）、舒张压（diastolicbloodpressure，DBP）呈显著相关（均有P〈0．001），相关系数（r）分别为0．312和0．217；不同体重组间比较发现，SBP和DBP的均数都是肥胖组〉超重组〉体重正常组，差异具有统计学意义（均有P〈0．001）；分别比较SBP高、DBP高以及血压高和不高组的BMI值，分析发现SBP高、DBP高、血压高者的BMI值显著高于SBP不高、DBP不高、血压不高者，t检验结果显示，差异均有统计学意义（均有P〈0．001）。结论超重、肥胖对儿童血压升高有影响，控制超重和肥胖是减少儿童高血压的重要措施。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.