湖南省永兴县华支睾吸虫病流行病学调查报告

目的 了解永兴县华支睾吸虫病人群感染现状与流行病学特征,探讨华支睾吸虫病的防治策略.方法 对五个行政村二岁以上当地居民1 992人进行华支睾吸虫病流行病学调查,采用改良加藤厚涂片法粪检华支睾吸虫虫卵.粪检阳性者,进行个案调查,了解其生活习惯、感染方式及临床特征;螺类:解剖镜检华支睾吸虫尾蚴、雷蚴、胞蚴等幼虫;鱼、虾:解剖检查华支睾吸虫囊蚴.结果 调查1 992人,检出华支睾吸虫卵感染69人,总感染率为3.46%.年龄分布主要为20～50岁,51例,占73.91%.中间宿主调查:从当地捕获的麦穗鱼体中检获华支睾吸虫囊蚴.其他鱼类、螺类检测均为阴性.结论 永兴县华支睾吸虫病近年为低感染率.但因潜在流行因素存在,仍为急需重点防治的食源性寄生虫病之一.     

江门地区人群食源性寄生虫感染现状与防治对策

目的探讨江门地区人群食源性寄生虫感染现状与防治对策。方法检测5种常见鱼中华支睾吸虫囊蚴采用消化法;对普通人群感染华支睾吸虫采用改良加藤氏法检测其粪便虫卵;采用问卷调查了解江门市普通人群对华支睾吸虫感染相关的生活和行为方式了解情况;分析影响华支睾吸虫感染的相关流行因素采用病例对照方法。结果市售淡水鱼样本1 120份,检出67份,检出率为5.98%,鲩鱼的检出率最高达7.85%(P0.05);普通人群粪便4 635例,其中检测粪便有华支睾吸虫感染率为9.53%,男性感染率均高于女性(P0.05),男女感染率均逐年降低;4 345名市民华支睾吸虫感染知晓率,对华支睾吸虫基本知识的知晓率26.42%,对感染途径及预防措施的知晓率0.49%(P0.05)。结论江门地区鱼塘鱼和海鱼受到华支睾吸虫等寄生虫虫卵污染,人群华支睾吸虫感染率较高,人群对支睾吸虫感染知识比较缺乏,应加强食品卫生宣教工作,改变人们不良的饮食习惯,采取有效的综合防治措施,以确保食品安全和市民健康。     

2008年惠州市2种淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况调查

[目的]了解目前惠州地区常见食用淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况。[方法]2008年,从惠州地区所辖惠东县、惠阳市采集鲩鱼和鳙鱼,用人工消化法检查鱼肉中华支睾吸虫囊蚴。[结果]检查鲩鱼287条,华支睾吸虫囊蚴阳性率为11．85％,阳性鱼囊蚴平均感染度为15．76个／尾;检查鳙鱼299条,华支睾吸虫囊蚴阳性率为1.67％,阳性鱼囊蚴平均感染度为1．60个／尾。[结论]惠州地区淡水鱼中存在一定程度的华支睾吸虫感染,鲩鱼的感染情况较鳙鱼严重。     

广州市区集贸市场淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染调查

目的了解广州市区集贸市场淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴的感染状况,为华支睾吸虫病的预防和宣教工作提供依据。方法从广州市区不同方位随机抽取五个市场,每个市场购买市民经常食用的淡水鱼进行检测,包括:鲩鱼、鲮鱼、鳙鱼、鲫鱼各10条,取肌肉、鳃、鳞、鳍等部位总共200个样本。采用人工消化法检查华支睾吸虫囊蚴。结果华支睾吸虫囊蚴阳性5例,感染率为2.50%,其中以鲩鱼(4.00%)、鳙鱼(6.00%)为主,肌肉刚性率最高。结论广州市区集贸市场淡水鱼仍有华支睾吸虫囊蚴的感染,对华支睾吸虫防治应予高度重视。     

黄埔区部分职业人群华支睾吸虫感染状况调查

目的了解黄埔区卫生、工商、公安、城管及工厂等不同职业人群的华支睾吸虫病的感染情况及流行特点,为今后制定防治策略提供依据。方法用改良加藤氏厚涂片法粪检华支睾吸虫卵,问卷调查被检者华支睾吸虫的知识知晓率及吃鱼生率。结果本次共粪检545人,华支睾吸虫感染42人,感染率为7.71%。问卷共调查283人,知晓华支睾吸虫病的159人,知晓率56.18%,吃鱼生的106人,吃鱼生率37.74%。结论黄埔区的部分职业人群华支睾吸虫感染率高于广州市的平均感染率,应加强黄埔区华支睾吸虫的健康教育工作,改变人们吃鱼生的不良饮食习惯,提高自我防护意识,对饮食从业人员进行经常性、系统性的卫生知识教育,加大宣传力度和对鱼虾等水产品的监督管理,并采取综合防治措施,防止华支睾吸虫病的传播流行。     

武昌区市售淡水鱼类华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况的初步调查

目的　调查武昌区市售淡水鱼类华支睾吸虫囊蚴的感染情况。方法　取武昌区市售的淡水鱼类 ,用直接压片法和人工消化法检查囊蚴。结果　所查样品华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率为 35 .6 %。结论　武昌区市售淡水鱼类有较高的华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率 ,应采取相应预防措施     

武昌区市售淡水鱼类化支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况的初步调查

目的：调查武昌区市售淡水鱼类华支睾吸虫囊蚴的感染情况，方法：取武昌区市售的淡水鱼类，用直接压片法和人工消化法检查囊蚴。结果：所查样品华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率为35．6％。结论：武昌区市售淡水鱼类有较高的华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率，应采取相应预防措施。     

佛山市顺德区华支睾吸虫病流行现况调查

[目的]了解顺德区人群华支睾吸虫的感染情况,探讨华支睾吸虫病的感染方式、途径等流行病学特征,为大规模开展华支睾吸虫病的防治工作和评价防治效果提供科学依据.[方法]用单纯整群随机抽样方法抽取样本,用改良加藤厚涂片法粪检华支睾吸虫卵并计数.[结果]共调查2100人,发现感染华支睾吸虫为813人,感染率为38.70%.男性感染率46.90%高于女性感染率30.80%,二者间差异有统计学意义(λ2=57.52,P<0.05).各年龄组均有感染,人群感染率随年龄增长而升高,各年龄组华支睾吸虫的感染率差异有统计学意义(λ2=227.195,P<0.05).49.8%的被调查者吃过淡水鱼生,84.3%的家庭刀具、砧板没有生熟分开,人群对华支睾吸虫病相关知识知晓率偏低,对华支睾吸虫病危害重视不足.[结论]顺德区人群华支睾吸虫感染仍属高度流行区,当地群众的不良生活及饮食习惯仍是华支睾吸虫病传播的最主要途径.     

浦城县华支睾吸虫病监测调查

目的调查浦城县华支睾吸虫病流行情况,为制定防控策略提供依据。方法按地理方位选取5个村整群抽样,用问卷调查人群寄生虫病防治知识知晓率,对人群和保虫宿主粪便、中间宿主淡水鱼(压片)镜检,调查寄生虫感染率。结果人群寄生虫病防病知识知晓率仅14.7%(22/150),寄生虫感染率3.7%(37/1 000),其中华支睾吸虫感染率0.4%。保虫宿主粪便寄生虫感染率42.9%(12/28),其中华支睾吸虫感染率0.4%。中间宿主淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率72.3%,麦穗鱼感染率达97.3%,每条鱼平均华支睾吸虫囊蚴数为18个。结论浦城县人群寄生虫防治知识知晓率较低,淡水鱼华支睾吸虫感染率较高。应加强健康教育,提高寄生虫病防治知识知晓率,降低寄生虫病感染率。     

生态环境改变对华支睾吸虫病流行的影响

目的研究南水北调后微山湖区生态环境改变对华支睾吸虫病流行的影响。方法调查湖区微山县的自然环境、水面积变化并对动物感染华支睾吸虫情况进行流行病学及居民的卫生状况调查。应用改良加藤氏（Kato-kata）厚涂片法粪检易感人群。结果南水北调后湖区水面积扩大，污染得到治理，有利于中间宿主水生动物繁殖和扩散。本次调查，麦穗鱼囊蚴感染率为3．14％，淡水螺体内未检出幼虫，家猫成虫感染率38．46％。人群华支睾吸虫感染率为0．06％，居民的华支睾吸虫病防治知识贫乏。结论微山湖区生态环境的改变，居民不良卫生习惯，可能导致华支睾吸虫病的流行和扩散；通过华支睾吸虫病防治知识的广泛宣传和教育，制定相应的防治措施，可防止华支睾吸虫病在湖区流行。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.