ICU中心静脉导管相关性血流感染持续质量改进的成效分析

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生率的有效措施,以降低感染发生率.方法 2009年1月-2010年12月ICU对中心静脉导管相关性血流感染,采用目标性监测方法调查中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的发生率,分析其发生的原因,针对原因进行持续质量改进,加强全体医护人员的教育及监管,改进置管后导管维护质量等.结果 持续质量改进前期2009年纳入监测的中心静脉置管147例,平均置管日(33.84±30.89)d,总导管日4569 d,确诊感染23例,平均感染率5.03‰,持续质量改进后期2010年监测的中心静脉置管141例,平均置管日(36.78±43.54)d,总导管日5014 d,确诊感染例数13例,平均感染率2.59‰;发生血流感染者平均置管日(47.23±37.61)d,其中置管日≤7d的导管感染率8.88％,置管日＞90 d的导管感染率58.33％,中心静脉导管相关血流感染平均发生率从2009年5.03‰下降至2010年平均2.59‰.结论 目标性监测结合持续质量改进,可降低综合ICU患者中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生率.     

持续质量改进对ICU中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的效果评价

目的了解ICU中心静脉导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的发病率趋势,探讨持续质量改进措施对ICU中心静脉置管相关性感染的效果。方法将2012年1-12月ICU行中心静脉置管66例患者作为对照组,未实施持续质量改进措施;将2013年1-12月ICU行中心静脉置管74例患者作为观察组,实施持续质量改进措施,观察两组发生导管相关性血流感染情况。结果观察组CRBSI发生率为0.96‰,对照组为5.09‰,观察组明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.22,P<0.05)。结论通过实施严格的最大无菌屏障,正确选择皮肤消毒剂,合理更换敷料,增加医护人员的宣教力度,实施氯己定洗浴等持续质量改进的措施,可减少ICU中心静脉置管患者CRBSI的发生。     

林可霉素联合肝素钠封管预防ICU中心静脉导管感染的临床研究

目的研究林可霉素联合肝素钠封管对于预防ICU中心静脉导管感染的临床应用,以降低ICU中心静脉导管感染率。方法选取2012年9月-2013年11月ICU进行中心静脉导管置管的住院患者随机分为试验组和对照组,各63例,试验组患者给予林可霉素联合肝素钠封管,对照组患者给予生理盐水与肝素钠封管,对比两组患者导管置管部位及置管后感染率、病原菌分布及药物不良反应发生率。结果中心静脉导管术以股静脉置管为主,感染率与置管部位有关,其中股静脉置管发生感染的概率最高,股静脉置管感染率试验组为11.76%、对照组感染率为36.11%,两组不同置管部位的感染率及总感染率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);感染患者的主要病原菌是革兰阳性菌,试验组导管血培养阳性率为16.67%、对照组为61.11%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组不良反应发生率为7.94%、对照组为11.11%,两组比较差异无统计学意义。结论林可霉素联合肝素钠封管对于预防ICU中心静脉导管感染的临床应用效果良好。     

ICU导管相关性血流感染调查研究北大核心CSCD

目的了解医院ICU中心静脉导管使用率和中心导管血流感染日感染发病率,为控制导管相关性血流感染提供数据依据。方法以2013年由美国疾病控制预防中心颁布的中心导管相关性血流感染定义为诊断标准,对41所医院的55个重症监护病房于2013年10月1日-2014年3月31日留置中心静脉导管的患者进行监测,并完善各监测对象的基本资料、置管与感染信息,采用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析。结果共监测患者4 256例,留置中心静脉导管共51 159d,发生感染133例,日感染率为2.60‰,日感染率最低的是心内与儿科ICU,均无感染病例;日感染率最低的地区是贵州省0.69‰,最高的为综合ICU与广东省,分别为2.81‰与14.22‰;中心静脉导管平均使用率为44.12%;使用率最低的科室与地区为儿科ICU及山东省,分别为5.91%及26.77%,最高的为外科ICU及贵州省,分别为63.21%及90.75%。结论中心导管血流感染平均日感染率较国内外数据均稍高,应加强医务人员的操作培训,另外也要重视置管后的维护,最大限度地保证临床患者置管护理的安全。     

ICU导管相关性血流感染调查研究

目的 了解医院ICU中心静脉导管使用率和中心导管血流感染日感染发病率,为控制导管相关性血流感染提供数据依据。方法 以2013年由美国疾病控制预防中心颁布的中心导管相关性血流感染定义为诊断标准,对41所医院的55个重症监护病房于2013年10月1日-2014年3月31日留置中心静脉导管的患者进行监测,并完善各监测对象的基本资料、置管与感染信息,采用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析。结果 共监测患者4 256例,留置中心静脉导管共51 159d,发生感染133例,日感染率为2.60‰,日感染率最低的是心内与儿科ICU,均无感染病例;日感染率最低的地区是贵州省0.69‰,最高的为综合ICU与广东省,分别为2.81‰与14.22‰;中心静脉导管平均使用率为44.12%;使用率最低的科室与地区为儿科ICU及山东省,分别为5.91%及26.77%,最高的为外科ICU及贵州省,分别为63.21%及90.75%。结论 中心导管血流感染平均日感染率较国内外数据均稍高,应加强医务人员的操作培训,另外也要重视置管后的维护,最大限度地保证临床患者置管护理的安全。     

综合干预措施对降低ICU导管相关性血流感染的研究

目的探讨综合干预措施对降低ICU导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)发生率的作用,以期采取有效地干预措施,降低CRBSI的发生率。方法选择2012年7月-2013年6月ICU患者142例,将2012年7-12月的68例干预前的患者作为对照组,将2013年1-6月74例采取综合干预措施的患者作为观察组,比较干预前后ICU导管相关性血流感染发生率的变化,数据采用SPSS 19.0进行分析。结果对照组68例患者,置管日为1 096d,日感染率为9.1‰;观察组74例患者,置管日为1 145d,日感染率为3.5‰,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论综合干预措施能够显著降低ICU导管相关性血流感染的发生率,确保患者血管通路使用的安全性,值得临床上推广使用。     

目标性监测及集束化干预降低导管相关性血流感染的研究

目的 探讨有效可行的中心静脉置管的导管管理方法,以降低导管相关性血流感染的发生.方法 目标性监测研究ICU 2009年10月-2011年9月且入院后中心静脉置管≥2d的患者;以2009年10月-2010年9月为干预前组,2010年10月-2011年9月为干预后组,采用集束化综合方案加以干预,比较两组导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的发生率、病原菌分布及耐药率.结果 干预前CRBSI发生27例,导管相关性血流感染日感染率为12.96‰,干预后发生21例,导管相关性血流感染日感染率为7.26‰,经统计检验,干预前后导管相关性血流感染发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);革兰阴性杆菌从26.09％上升至59.09％;革兰阳性球菌的构成比从60.87％下降至40.91％.结论 集束化干预能有效预防CRBSI的发生.     

血液透析患者导管相关性血流感染风险评估研究

目的探讨预防透析患者导管相关性血流感染的风险评估方法,并根据风险评估结果制定干预措施,以减少感染的发生率。方法选取2013年3月-2015年4月医院收治的312例血液透析患者为研究对象,调查透析患者导管相关性血流感染的发生率,分析相关危险因素,数据采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析。结果 312例采用颈内静脉或股静脉置管的血液透析患者中30例发生了导管相关性血流感染,发生率为9.62%;共检出病原菌38株,以金黄色葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌最多见,分别占34.21%及21.05%;患者年龄>60岁、采用股静脉穿刺、置管次数≥3次、留置导管时间>15d、血清白蛋白水平<40g/L及合并糖尿病是透析患者发生导管相关性血流感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论对中心静脉置管的血液透析患者进行导管相关性血流感染的专项风险评估并及时干预,能够有效降低导管相关性血流感染的发生。     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染系统性护理干预的研究

目的探讨施行系统性护理干预对ICU行中心静脉导管相关性感染(CVC-RI)发生的影响,以降低感染率。方法将2012年在ICU行中心静脉导管并对其施行常规护理的200例患者设为对照组,对其进行回顾性调查;将2013年在ICU行中心静脉导管并对其施行系统性护理干预策略的200例患者设为研究组,比较两组患者CVC-RI的发生情况。结果两组患者的性别、年龄、导管置管部位、导管留置时间差异均无统计学意义;研究组与对照组患者导管病原菌定植、穿刺部位感染、隧道感染、植入部位感染、导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的感染率,分别为12.5%、6.0%、3.0%、2.0%、3.0%与32.0%、17.0%、10.5%、7.5%、12.5%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组与对照组患者置管后局部渗血、导管脱出液外渗、导管阻塞及感染的发生率,分别为2.0%、3.5%、2.5%、9.0%与6.7%、10.0%、7.5%、18.5%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论系统性护理干预在ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染中的应用,可明显降低并发症的发生率及置管后的不良反应的发生率。     

超声引导锁骨下静脉置管术对中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的影响分析

目的探讨超声引导锁骨下静脉精确置管对危重患者导管相关性血流感染的影响,以降低血流感染率。方法随机选取ICU2013年1月-2014年1月收治的危重患者260例,分为对照组和试验组,每组各130例,对照组采用经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)进行深静脉置管,试验组采用超声引导锁骨下静脉置管法进行深静脉置管,比较两组患者置管平均穿刺所需时间、一次穿刺成功率、平均导管留置时间及患者置管后发生导管相关性血流感染率。结果对照组患者的穿刺所需时间为(8.76±3.68)min,一次穿刺成功为112例,成功率为86.15%,导管留置时间为(58.34±6.78)d,患者置管后发生血流感染8例,感染率为6.15%;试验组患者穿刺所需时间为(9.34±3.17)min,一次穿刺成功124例,成功率为95.38%,导管留置时间为(59.07±5.97)d,置管后发生血流感染1例,感染率为0.77%,两组患者置管穿刺所需时间和导管留置时间差异无统计学意义,试验组的一次穿刺成功率要高于对照组,导管相关性血流感染发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超声引导锁骨下静脉精确置管能有效提高穿刺成功率,减少危重患者导管相关性血流感染的发生。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.