济南市某高校在校医学本科生心理资本、领悟社会支持和主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨医学生心理资本、领悟社会支持和主观幸福感的现状,并分析三者关系。方法采用方便抽样的方法,选取济南市某高等院校的919名本科医学生,选用青少年学生心理资本问卷、领悟社会支持量表和青少年生活满意度量表进行问卷调查,并对数据进行分析。结果医学生心理资本得分为94.73±11.82,领悟社会支持得分为66.35±11.25,主观幸福感得分为178.99±26.20。心理资本、领悟社会支持和主观幸福感之间均呈正相关(r=0.568、0.699、0.604,均P0.01)。多元线性回归分析显示,医学生心理资本和领悟社会支持可以正向预测其主观幸福感水平(β=1.051、0.646,均P0.05)。结论医学生心理资本、领悟社会支持与主观幸福感存在密切关系,医学生心理资本与领悟社会支持是主观幸福感水平的影响因素。     

农村中学生领悟社会支持、自尊与主观幸福感的关系

目的 探讨农村中学生领悟社会支持、自尊与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法 采用问卷调查法, 对两所学校927名农村中学生施测领悟社会支持、自尊与主观幸福感量表, 分析影响主观幸福感的中介。结果 领悟社会支持和主观幸福感呈显著正相关(r=0.403);自尊与主观幸福感呈显著正相关(r=0.660)。领悟社会支持对自尊和主观幸福感的回归效应显著(R²=0.097, R²=0.163);自尊在领悟社会支持基础之上对主观幸福感的回归效应显著(R²=0.436)。结论 领悟社会支持、自尊影响主观幸福感;自尊是领悟社会支持和主观幸福感之间关系的中介。     

高职学生社会支持对主观幸福感的影响:自我效能感和心理韧性的中介作用

目的探讨高职院校大学生社会支持与主观幸福感的关系,以及一般自我效能感和心理韧性在其中的中介作用。方法采用社会支持量表、青少年主观幸福感量表、一般自我效能感量表和心理韧性量表对278名高职院校大学生进行测量。结果社会支持与主观幸福感之间的直接作用显著(r=0.462,P0.05);自我效能感和心理韧性分别在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起中介作用,同时自我效能感和心理韧性又在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起链式中介作用(x~2=127.875,df=72,GFI=0.916,RMSEA=0.062)。结论职业院校大学生自我效能感和心理韧性分别在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起中介作用,同时自我效能感和心理韧性又在社会支持与主观幸福感之间形成了链式中介作用。     

农村中学生领悟社会支持自我和谐与主观幸福感的关系

目的 探讨农村中学生领悟社会支持、自我和谐与主观幸福感之间的关系,为改善农村中学生心理健康提供依据.方法 采用问卷调查法,对分层随机抽取的河南省周口市2所农村学校927名中学生施测领悟社会支持、自我和谐与主观幸福感量表,分析影响主观幸福感的中介因素.结果 农村中学生的领悟社会支持、自我和谐和主观幸福感均呈正相关(r值分别为0.403,0.562,P值均＜0.01).回归分析表明,领悟社会支持对自我和谐和主观幸福感的回归效应显著(β值分别为0.422,0.403,P值均＜0.01),自我和谐在领悟社会支持基础之上对主观幸福感的回归效应显著(β=0.476,P＜0.01).结论 领悟社会支持、自我和谐影响农村中学生主观幸福感;自我和谐是领悟社会支持和主观幸福感之间关系的中介.     

初中生领悟社会支持影响积极心理资本的多重中介效应

目的 了解初中生领悟社会支持影响积极心理资本的内在作用机制。方法 采用领悟社会支持量表、自尊量表、认知重评量表、心理一致感量表、积极心理资本量表,对588名中学生进行调查,通过建立结构方程模型对中介效应进行检验。结果 (1)初中生领悟社会支持可以正向预测积极心理资本;(2)自尊、心理一致感、认知重评分别在领悟社会支持和积极心理资本间起中介作用,3个变量的并式中介作用在领悟社会支持和积极心理资本间起完全中介效应;(3)自尊、心理一致感、认知重评的特定中介效应为0.196(95%CI:0.265-0.550)、0.174(95%CI:0.250-0.584)、0.198(95%CI:0.221-0.490)分别占总间接效应的34.5%、30.6%、34.9%。结论 自尊、心理一致感、认知重评在领悟社会支持对积极心理资本影响的过程中起完全中介作用。     

大学生宽恕倾向与主观幸福感:社会支持的中介作用

目的探讨社会支持在大学生宽恕倾向与主观幸福感关系中的中介作用。方法采用领悟社会支持量表、宽恕倾向量表及主观幸福感量表对352名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果 (1)相关分析表明,宽恕与社会支持、积极情感存在显著正相关,与消极情感存在显著负相关。社会支持与生活满意度、积极情感存在显著正相关,与消极情感存在显著负相关。(2)路径分析表明,社会支持在宽恕倾向与积极情感间起起完全中介作用,而在宽恕倾向与生活满意度、消极情感间起部分中介作用。(3)多组结构方程分析发现,社会支持的中介作用并没有被性别所调节。结论社会支持是大学生宽恕倾向与主观幸福感关系的中介变量。这些结果对于大学生心理健康教育具有重要的意义。     

心理资本对青少年成就动机和主观幸福感的影响

目的探讨心理资本对青少年成就动机和主观幸福感的影响。方法抽取福建和湖北地区小学四年级至高中三年级的青少年学生共1 372名,用成就动机量表(AMS)、生活满意度量表(SWLS)、积极/消极情感量表(PA/NA)以及自编的青少年心理资本量表(PCS-CA)进行调查,采用相关分析和层次回归分析考察心理资本对青少年成就动机和主观幸福感的主效应及其效应差异。结果青少年心理资本与成就动机(r总=0.42,P0.01)、主观幸福感(r总=0.66,P0.01)均呈显著正相关。高心理资本水平青少年的成就动机和主观幸福感得分均高于中度心理资本水平和低心理资本水平的青少年,其差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。层次回归分析表明,在控制了人口统计变量之后,心理资本对青少年成就动机(△R2=0.17,P0.01)和主观幸福感(△R2=0.35,P0.01)具有正向预测作用,其中人际力对成就动机的预测作用更大(β=0.31,P0.01),而个人力对主观幸福感的预测作用更大(β=0.48,P0.01)。结论心理资本对青少年成就动机和主观幸福感具有显著的预测作用,可以通过培养青少年的心理资本来提高其成就动机和主观幸福感水平。     

师范生的心理资本在自立人格和主观幸福感之间的作用

目的 了解师范生自立人格、心理资本与主观幸福感的关系。方法 2021年11月采取随机抽样的方法，随机选取宝鸡市某所师范高校387名大学生，利用青少年学生自立人格量表、积极心理资本问卷和主观幸福感量表进行调查，并对数据进行分析。结果 不同专业类型学生的心理资本得分比较，差异有统计学意义（t=0.18,P<0.05）。主观幸福感与自立人格、心理资本之间呈正相关（r=0.260、0.442，均P<0.05）。心理资本与自立人格各特质呈正相关（r=0.121～0.548，均P<0.05），与个人灵活呈负相关（r=-0.13,P<0.05）；主观幸福感与人际主动、人际独立之间相关不显著（均P>0.05），与个人灵活呈负相关（r=-0.168,P<0.05）；与其他人格特质均呈正相关（r=0.108～0.442，均P<0.05）；在师范生自立人格对其主观幸福感之间的影响机制中，心理资本起着完全中介的作用，间接效应占比47.5%；心理资本在人际灵活、个人责任、个人开放和主观幸福感之间起着完全中介的作用，心理资本在个人主动和主观幸福感之间起着部分中介的作用。结...     

大学生主观幸福感与心理社会因素

[目的]探讨影响大学生主观幸福感的心理社会因素.[方法]采用"总体幸福感量表"、 "一般自我价值感量表"、"自评抑郁量表"和"社会支持评定量表"对348名大学生进行了问卷调查.[结果] (1)主观幸福感 与社会支持、一般自我价值感存在显著的正相关(P<0.01),与抑郁存在显著的负相关(P<0.01); (2)3者对主观幸 福感的影响作用不同.[结论]抑郁对主观幸福感有直接影响;社会支持一方面作为一般自我价值感影响主观幸福感的中介直接影响主观幸福感,另一方面通过抑郁问接地影响主观幸福感;一般自我价值感只能通过抑郁和社会支持间接地影响主观幸福感.     

大学生人际压力与抑郁、自我同一性及主观幸福感的关系:心理资本的调节作用

目的 探讨大学生心理资本在人际压力与抑郁、自我同一性、主观幸福感之间的调节作用,为全面心理干预提供参考。方法 采用人际关系综合诊断量表(IRIDS)、心理资本问卷、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、自我同一性地位量表及幸福感指数量表(WBIS),对江西省340名大学生进行调查。结果 (1)大学生心理资本总分与人际压力、抑郁、自我同一性及主观幸福感均显著相关(均P<0.01);(2)人际压力与心理资本对抑郁、自我同一性的交互作用显著(均P<0.05),对主观幸福感的交互作用无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 大学生心理资本在人际压力与抑郁、自我同一性之间存在负向调节效应。高校应加强心理资本干预和教学,帮助大学生积极应对压力事件及由此造成的心理问题。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.