不同品牌纯牛奶中12种元素的比例分布

对三种品牌纯牛奶中的钾、钠、镁、钙、锌、铁、铜、锰、镍、铬、镉、铅的含量进行测定分析,比较了不同元素在牛奶中的含量分布,特别比较了不同品牌纯牛奶中有害元素含量,结果表明不同品牌纯牛奶样品中重金属元素铬和镉含量均低于国家标准限量值,而铅含量高于限量值,且不同样品中金属元素含量存在差异.     

电感耦合等离子质谱法对砂锅中多种浸出元素的测定分析

目的:对砂锅浸出液中的多种元素进行测定,以期了解各元素的溶出状况。方法:采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对砂锅浸出液中的十三种元素同时测定。结果:浸出液中铅、镉、银、硒、砷、镍等元素的浸出量很低,而锌、铜、铬等元素有一定量的浸出,镁、铝、锰、铁等元素则有较大的浸出量;砂锅在酸性条件下,部分元素会持续溶出,溶出量不会随着浸出次数而明显减少;相对于乙酸基体而言,砂锅的水浸出液中元素含量较低。结论:在酸性条件下,砂锅中的部分金属元素会有较高的溶出,而且具有持续溶出的特性,可能污染食物对人体造成伤害;上述金属元素在水中的溶出相对较少,一般不会对健康造成影响。     

一支口红含9种重金属

据美国《纽约时报》报道,研究发现,女士都爱的口红中含有多种微量有毒金属,其中铝元素的含量最高。加利福尼亚大学的研究人员对24款唇彩和8个品牌的唇膏进行了分析,发现其中除了人们熟知的铝外,还含有镉、钴、铝、钛、锰、铬、铜和镍八种重金属。其中铝、铬和锰在所有被检测到的金属中含量最高。此外,为了增加唇彩的亮度,制造商们经常在口红中添加天然矿物云母。云母通常含有铅、锰、铬、铝等金属,而且口红颜色越深,金属含量就越高。     

北京和阿拉善盟沙尘天气PM10和PM2.5中化学元素含量变化的研究

目的探讨北京地区沙尘暴期间PM10、PM2.5中所含化学元素含量变化的规律和特点。方法 2007年5—6月连续30d监测PM10、PM2.5浓度,每天24h连续采样,利用采样前后质量差值的差重法计算每日PM10、PM2.5的日均质量浓度。采用原子吸收光谱法,X-荧光分析法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测量颗粒物的金属元素。气象数据由当地气象局提供。结果北京市大气PM2.5中铝、锰、锶、钛、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁元素含量,PM10中铝、锰、钛、钙、硅、铁、镁元素含量低于阿拉善盟。北京市大气PM2.5中铜、锌、铅、砷、镐、钼、镉、钾、硼元素含量,PM10中铜、锌、铅、砷、镐、钼、镉、钾、钡、汞元素含量高于阿拉善盟。阿拉善盟地区沙尘天气大气PM2.5中镐、钼、镉、汞、铅、铜、锌元素含量,PM10中镐、钼、镉、汞、铅、硼元素含量,与非沙尘天气比较,差异没有统计学意义。其他元素含量在沙尘天气时出现浓度增高的现象,差异有统计学意义。北京地区沙尘天气PM2.5中铝、磷、锰、锶、钡、钛、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁、钠、镐、硼元素含量升高;沙尘天气PM10中铝、磷、锰、锶、钡、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁、钠、镐、硼、钛元素含量升高。沙尘天气时PM2.5和PM10中锌、铅、砷、镉、汞、铜元素含量降低。沙尘天气PM2.5和PM10中钼、钾元素含量与非沙尘天气比较,变化并不明显。结论北京出现沙尘天气时,对汽车尾气带来的锌、铅、铜3种元素的污染有一定的稀释和缓解作用。     

2019年西宁市城区PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

目的 分析西宁市城区PM2.5中重金属的污染水平，并对其健康风险进行评价。方法 2019年每月10-16日在西宁市城区2个监测点采集PM2.5样品，分析其中砷、镉、铬、镍、铅、汞、锰7种重金属的含量和污染特征，用健康风险评价模型对重金属进行呼吸暴露健康风险评价。结果 2019年1月至12月西宁市城区2个监测点PM2.5中7种重金属元素的年均浓度范围为2.50×10-8～3.38×10-5 mg/m³，由高到低依次为铅>锰>砷>铬>镍>镉>汞，2个监测点PM2. 5中铅、镉、汞、砷的年均浓度低于GB3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》标准限值,富集因子均小于10。PM2. 5中重金属对人群的超额危险度为6.73×10-13～1.40×10-7，致癌金属的超额危险度由高到低依次为铬>砷>镉>镍，非致癌金属的超额危险度依次为铅>锰>汞，砷、镉、铬、镍的终生致癌超额危险度均低于人群可接受的危险度水平（10-6）。结论 西宁市城区PM2. 5中重金属主要来自自然源，其中铬对人体健康的年均超额危险度较高，应密切关注。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者体内微量元素含量及相关性分析

目的 分析Ⅱ型糖尿病患者体内11种微量元素的含量状况;初步探讨各种微量元素之间的相互作用.方法 选择来医院就诊的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者作为病例组,并按照有无并发症分为单纯Ⅱ型糖尿病组(单纯组)87人和Ⅱ型糖尿病合并并发症组(并发症组)88人;同时选择来医院进行健康体检人员94人作为对照组.用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)检测研究对象血液中11种微量元素,并分析其体内微量元素的相互关系.结果 病例组较对照组:血清铁、铜、铜/锌、铬、钴、锰、镉水平升高,血清硒、锌水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血清钼、铅、锂水平在3组间差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).病例组与对照组相比,铬-镉、铁-镉、锰-镉、铁-铜、锰-铜、铜-锂相关性升高,铅-镉相关性降低,锰-锌相关性由负变为正.结论 Ⅱ型糖尿病患者体内某些微量元素在代谢上发生了改变,使得患者体内微量元素紊乱.     

当重金属入侵你的身体

密度在5以上的金属统称为重金属,如金、银、铜、铅、锌、镍、钴、镉、铬和汞等45种。从环境污染方面所说的重金属,实际上主要是指汞、镉、铅、铬以及类金属砷等生物毒性显著的类别,也指具有一定毒性的一般重金属,如锌、铜、钴、镍、锡等。目前最引起人们关注的是汞、镉、铅等。重金属污染的特征表现有以下几方面：     

恩平市温泉水部分重金属元素的检测

目的 了解恩平市金山温泉、帝都温泉、锦江温泉和温泉乐园的温泉水质量.方法 采用WFX-1C型原子吸收分光光度计,用浓缩火焰原子吸收法,检测四大温泉水中铜、镉、铁、铅、锌含量.结果 温泉乐园和锦江温泉水中铜、铁、铅、锌和镉等重金属含量接近地表水环境质量2类水标准.金山温泉和帝都温泉水中铜、铁、铅、锌、镉等重金属接近地表水环境质量1类水标准.结论 恩平市四大温泉铜、镉、铁、铅、锌含量符合卫生要求,适合温泉浴.     

灵芝对老年人群铅镉负荷的保护作用

用自身对照的方法，观察服灵芝前后血铅、镉、铁、锌、铜、锰水平，同时检测ＭＤＡ含量和ＳＯＤ活性的改变。２５名老年人铅负荷接近生物接触限值，镉超正常水平，ＭＤＡ增高，ＳＯＤ活性降低，铁、锰相应上升，锌、铜呈下降趋势。服灵芝后，铅、镉明显降低，ＳＯＤ和锌、铜提高，ＭＤＡ和铁、锰恢复正常。结果提示老年人铅、镉负荷偏高，机体过氧化代谢增强，几种微量元素发生相应地改变。灵芝有降铅、镉效能，调节铁、锰、锌、铜水平，改善机体的脂质过氧化代谢。     

某卫生垃圾填埋场周边土壤和植物的重金属污染现状

目的 了解某卫生垃圾填埋场对其周边土壤和植被的重金属污染状况.方法 以某市卫生垃圾填埋场为研究对象,根据其所处地区的主导风向,参照HJ/T 166-2004《土壤环境监测技术规范》分别采集其周边的土壤样品及生长区域内的植物样品,并对其重金属含量进行分析测定.结果 垃圾卫生填埋场场界土壤中重金属镉、砷、铜、铅、铬、锌、镍的含量均低于GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》中的Ⅱ类标准中的土质环境质量标准限值,但垃圾场南侧土壤样品金属汞的含量超过Ⅱ级标准,进一步的分析结果显示:不同风向区域的土壤和植被样品中的镉、汞、砷、铜、铅、铬、锌等重金属含量存在显著性差异,下风向含量明显高于上风向.结论 垃圾填埋场周边地区土壤存在重金属汞的污染,并且污染程度与风向有一定的关系.     

Effects of waste water sediments on the levels of heavy metals ion the soil and plants

Field small-plot experiments studied the effects of sediments of waste water from Saransk disposal systems. The content of toxic heavy metals (lead, arsenic, and cadmium) in the waste-water sediments, was shown to be not greater than their maximum permissible concentrations (32, 2, and 10 mg per kg of dried soil, respectively). With the use of waste-water sediments, the content of manganese, copper, tin, nickel, vanadium, beryllium, cobalt, iron, and chromium was found to correspond to their baseline level in the soil and plants.     

Heavy Metal Levels in Marine Mollusks from Areas With,or Without,Mining Activities Along the Gulf of California,Mexico

To assess the safety for human consumption of commercially important bivalves harvested from areas with or without mining activities, we compared the levels of heavy metals in mollusks collected from different coastal environments along the Gulf of California. We sampled the mussel Mytilus edulis and the clams Laevicardium elatum and Megapitaria squalida (June 2004) and the clam Chione californiensis (November 2006). Concentrations of cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc, iron, copper, and manganese in the soft tissue of the mollusks were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Based on dry weight, the highest average concentrations of iron, copper, and cadmium were found in clams from Loreto (572, 181, and 4.66 mg/kg, respectively); that of nickel, in mussels from San Luquitas (12.2 mg/kg); that of zinc, both in mussels from San Luquitas and in clams from Golfo de Santa Clara (94.3 and 91.8 mg/kg, respectively); and those of lead and manganese in clams from the Golfo de Santa Clara (9.2 and 3.68 mg/kg, respectively). Although mollusks were taken from coastal areas of the Gulf of California, which are considered to be contaminated by mining activities, the heavy metals in the sediments apparently were in a chemical form that had low bioavailability for the bivalves feeding in those areas. The interplay of oceanographic conditions and the chemical composition of anthropogenic inputs into the environment is not well understood. Thus, these factors or their interaction could potentially result in increased concentration and bioavailability of such metals in areas without effluent generated by mining activities.     

Heavy metals in sediment and their accumulation in commonly consumed fish species in Bangladesh

Six heavy metals (chromium [Cr], nickel [Ni], copper [Cu], arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], and lead [Pb]) were measured in sediments and soft tissues of eleven commonly consumed fish species collected from an urban river in the northern part of Bangladesh. The abundance of heavy metals in sediments varied in the decreasing order of Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Cd. The ranges of mean metal concentrations in fish species, in mg/kg wet weight (ww), were as follows: Cr, 0.11–0.46; Ni, 0.77–2.6; Cu, 0.57–2.1; As, 0.43–1.7; Cd, 0.020–0.23; and Pb, 0.15–1.1. Target hazard quotients (THQs) and target carcinogenic risk (TR) showed the intake of As and Pb through fish consumption were higher than the recommended values, indicating the consumption of these fish species is associated with noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks.     

Heavy metal pollution among autoworkers. II. Cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, and nickel.

Garages and auto-repair workshops may be polluted with other heavy metals besides lead. Blood of autoworkers with high lead content was analysed for cadmium, chromium, copper manganese, nickel, ALAD activity and carboxyhaemoglobin level. Cadmium and copper levels in blood of autoworkers were comparable with those of the control subjects while chroimium and nickel levels were significantly higher (P less than 0-01 for both metals), and scattered raised values of manganese were found. There was no significant mutual correlation between levels of various heavy metals determined in whole blood. High copper levels were slightly related to decreasing ALAD activity (P less than 0-1). Nineteen per cent of autoworkers were found to have an abnormally blood level of carboxyhaemoglobin. The amount of particulate heavy metal in autoworkshop air was not related to biochemical abnormalities found in the autoworkers. Various sources of pollution of these heavy metals in autoworkshops are discussed.     

Heavy metal pollution among autoworkers. II. Cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, and nickel.

Garages and auto-repair workshops may be polluted with other heavy metals besides lead. Blood of autoworkers with high lead content was analysed for cadmium, chromium, copper manganese, nickel, ALAD activity and carboxyhaemoglobin level. Cadmium and copper levels in blood of autoworkers were comparable with those of the control subjects while chroimium and nickel levels were significantly higher (P less than 0-01 for both metals), and scattered raised values of manganese were found. There was no significant mutual correlation between levels of various heavy metals determined in whole blood. High copper levels were slightly related to decreasing ALAD activity (P less than 0-1). Nineteen per cent of autoworkers were found to have an abnormally blood level of carboxyhaemoglobin. The amount of particulate heavy metal in autoworkshop air was not related to biochemical abnormalities found in the autoworkers. Various sources of pollution of these heavy metals in autoworkshops are discussed.     

兰坪矿区水体重金属污染调查

目的调查兰坪矿区水体中铅、锌、镉、铜和锰5种重金属元素的含量,以了解矿产开发对水体的污染。方法在矿区采集有代表性的水样,密封后带回实验室,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定样本中5种元素的含量,以国家水体环境质量标准中元素的最大限值为比较标准,分析水体中重金属的超标状况。结果水样中铅、锌、镉、铜和锰5种元素的超标率分别为97.67%、3.33%、65.12%、0%和4.56%;平均污染指数分别为21.94、0.30、35.74、0.05和1.53。结论兰坪矿区环境水体中存在普遍和严重的铅和镉污染,部分矿区水样有锌和锰污染,水样中未检出铜污染样品。     

Water Characterization and Seasonal Heavy Metal Distribution in the Odiel River (Huelva,Spain) by Means of Principal Component Analysis

The Iberian Pyrite Belt is the largest mass of sulfide and manganese ores in Western Europe. Its sulfide oxidation is the origin of a heavily acidic drainage that affects the Odiel River in southwestern Huelva (Spain). To assess physicochemical, contamination parameters, heavy metal distribution and its seasonal variation in the upper Odiel River and in El Lomero mines, three water samplings were undertaken and analyzed between July 1998 and November 1999. Water from the Odiel River in the polluted zone showed low pH values (2.76–3.51), high heavy metal content, and high values of conductivity (1410–3648 S/cm) and dissolved solids (1484–5602 mg/L). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that variables related with the products of the pyrite oxidation and the salts that are solubilized by the high acidity generated in the oxidation of sulfides, grouped in the first component, accounted for 40.88% of total variance, and were the main influential factor in physicochemical water sample properties. The second influential factor was minority metals (nickel, cobalt, cadmium). Heavy metals showed three different seasonal patterns, closely related with saline efflorescences formed next to the river bed: majority metals (iron, copper, manganese, zinc); minority metals (lead, nickel, cobalt, cadmium); and chromium, which had a distinctive behavior.     

石家庄市食品污染状况调查

目的了解2005--2007年石家庄地区食品污染现状。方法结合河北省疾病预防控制中心下达的污染物检测任务,采用GB／T5009国家标准检验方法和卫生部下发的卫监发文件对相关食品进行污染物检测。结果蔬菜、茶叶中农药残留严重,阳性检出率为甲拌磷2％,对硫磷2％,甲胺磷18％,氧化乐果8％;一些猪肾中镉含量高达51mg／kg,均值超出国家标准的4．66倍;如果拟照鱼的铅含量标准,贝类、淡水鱼虾、海鱼、虾蟹80％超标;蔬菜中3份果实类铅最高值为0．30mg／kg,均高出标准;大米有3份铅含量超出国家标准;茶叶中铅虽然均不超标,但分布面积广,阳性检出率高达99％;2007年,农药残留检出从品种到阳性率都大大下降了,猪肾中镉在2007年的最高检出为0．14mg／kg。结论石家庄地区的食品中重金属含量和农药残留较严重。     

Effects of dietary copper, cadmium, iron, molybdenum and manganese on selenium utilization by the rat

The possible antagonistic effects of different dietary concentrations of copper (1.3-200 mg/kg), cadmium (1-5 mg/kg), iron (20-500 mg/kg), molybdenum (0.3-50 mg/kg) and manganese (0.2-200 mg/kg) on selenium utilization by the rat were studied by the measurement of the absorption and organ distribution of dietary selenium as [75Se]selenite and by effects on organ glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px: EC 1.11.1.9) activity. Although a high concentration of copper (200 mg/kg) in the diet did not alter the percentage absorption and total-body retention of doses of 75SeO3(2)- by rats, after such treatment tissue 75Se distribution was changed and was lower total selenium in some tissues. After copper treatment (200 mg/kg diet) GSH-Px activity of liver, testis, kidney and whole blood was also lower. Dietary cadmium, iron, molybdenum and manganese at the concentrations investigated had no significant effects on selenium metabolism. Thus it is unlikely that copper, cadmium, iron, molybdenum and manganese at normal dietary concentrations will have a major effect on selenium metabolism in the rat, especially if adequate amounts of selenium are being consumed.     

工作场所空气中钡、铟等10种元素及其化合物的ICP—AES同时测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中钡、铟、钴、铬、锰、镍、镉、锌、铝、铜及其化合物的微波消解电感耦合等离子体光谱（ICP-AES）同时测定方法。方法按照《车间空气中有毒物质监测研究规范》的要求进行实验。结果各元素的检出限分别在0．03—0．0006μg,／ml之间；线性相关系数良好，r均〉0．999；不同浓度相对标准偏差为0．96％～8．13％，回收率为93％-111％，样品平均采样效率为98．6％。结论方法快速、灵敏，重现性好。各项指标均达到《车间空气中有毒物质监测研究规范》的要求，适用于工作场所空气中钡、铟、钴、铬、锰、镉等10种元素及其化合物的检测。