倒班作业对石油化工企业男性工人血压的影响

目的探讨倒班作业对石油化工企业男性工人血压的影响。方法采用整群抽样的方法,选取某石油化工企业981名男性工人为研究对象。根据是否倒班的情况,分为倒班组619人和非倒班组362人(两组人群在年龄、BMI等混淆因素均衡),分析倒班作业对2组人群血压的影响。并进一步分析倒班工龄对倒班作业人群的血压和高血压患病率的影响。结果倒班组与非倒班组的收缩压、舒张压和高血压患病率分别比较,倒班组均高于非倒班组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。按倒班工龄四分位数间距划分的4组人群,收缩压、舒张压水平和高血压患病率分别比较,倒班工龄4组收缩压、舒张压水平和高血压患病率高于其他三组。利用多元线性回归分析,排除混杂因素后发现倒班作业人群随着倒班工龄的增加,收缩压和舒张压水平也升高(P0.05)。利用二分类多因素logistics回归分析,排除混杂因素后发现倒班组患高血压的风险为非倒班组人群的1.5倍(P0.05)。并且倒班工龄4组罹患高血压的风险为倒班工龄1组人群的2.7倍(P0.05)。结论倒班作业可使男性工人血压升高,并且增加男性工人患高血压的风险。     

倒班对石油化工企业男性工人心血管疾病常见危险因素的影响

目的了解倒班作业对石油化工企业男性工人心血管疾病常见危险因素的影响。方法采用判断抽样方法,选取某石油化工企业981名男性工人为研究对象。根据倒班工作情况,分为倒班组619人,非倒班组362人,比较2组人群心血管疾病的常见危险因素相关指标的差异。结果倒班组工人收缩压、舒张压和血清尿酸、空腹血糖(FBG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平均高于非倒班组(P0.01);倒班工龄≥5.0年亚组工人舒张压,血清FBG、TC、三酰甘油的水平和肥胖检出率均高于倒班工龄5.0年亚组(P0.05)。研究对象高血压、高血糖、高脂血症和高尿酸血症的患病率分别为9.3%、1.4%、19.9%和33.4%。倒班组人群高尿酸血症患病率高于非倒班人群(37.0%vs 27.3%,P0.01)。随着工人倒班工龄增加,高尿酸血症的患病率增加(P0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,排除年龄、体质指数、吸烟、饮酒等混杂因素后,倒班工龄是罹患高尿酸血症的危险因素(P0.01),随着倒班工龄的增加,罹患高尿酸血症的风险增加。但倒班工龄与高血压、高血糖、高脂血症均不相关(P0.05)。结论倒班作业可增加男性工人罹患高尿酸血症的风险;但未发现倒班作业可增加罹患高血压、高血糖和高脂血症的风险。     

电焊工心血管系统损害情况分析

目的分析电焊工心血管系统检查结果异常情况。方法采用判断抽样方法,选取170名男性电焊工为观察组,另选择非从事电焊作业的男性工人175名为对照组。对2组人群进行职业健康检查。结果观察组人群心脏不适感、异常心电图、高血压性心脏病的检出率和舒张压均高于对照组(P 0. 01);观察组工龄≤10. 0年亚组和 10. 0年亚组人群心脏不适感、异常心电图、高血压性心脏病的检出率和舒张压均高于对照组同工龄亚组人群(P 0. 05);观察组工龄 10. 0年亚组人群收缩压高于对照组同工龄亚组人群(P 0. 01)。结论电焊作业可导致工人心血管功能受损,工龄是其危险因素。     

焦炉工人多环芳烃暴露与代谢综合征的关联研究

目的通过研究焦炉工人尿中多环芳烃代谢物水平与代谢综合征发病的关系,旨在评价职业环境中多环芳烃暴露是否会成为代谢综合征发生的重要危险因素之一。方法选取符合要求的1 157名男性焦炉工人为研究对象,测定其尿中12种多环芳烃水平,运用logistic回归分析它们与代谢综合征及其各组分的关联。结果焦炉工人中代谢综合征的发生率为26.5%,尿4-羟基菲水平与代谢综合征的发生风险以及增高的甘油三酯和空腹血糖呈明显的剂量—反应关系。与尿4-羟基菲最低四分位数相比,最高四分位数代谢综合征发生风险增加了97%(P0.01)。分层分析发现,在工龄≥20a、吸烟和超重的工人中,4-羟基菲与代谢综合征以及高甘油三脂和高血糖的关联更加明显。另外,高水平的4-羟基菲分别与工龄≥20a和超重对代谢综合征的发生存在联合作用。结论焦炉工人尿中4-羟基菲与代谢综合征的发生呈明显的剂量—反应关系,并且4-羟基菲分别与工龄≥20a和超重对代谢综合征的发生存在联合作用。     

某制药厂接触药物粉尘作业工人健康体检分析

[目的]通过了解药物粉尘作业工人的身体状况,明确职业接触药物粉尘对作业工人健康的影响,为保护劳动者身体健康、控制职业病危害提供依据。[方法]选择某制药企业145名接触药物粉尘作业工人作为暴露组,同企业的无职业危害暴露的145名工人作为对照组,比较两组工人的健康状况。[结果]暴露组的血压、心电图、血常规、胸片、耳鼻咽喉、肝功能检查异常检出率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血糖、尿常规、血脂异常检出率在两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。暴露组工龄>10年组血糖异常检出率高于≤10年组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);肺功能异常检出率随着工龄延长而升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]药物粉尘可影响作业工人的呼吸系统及心血管系统,还可影响作业工人的肝功能,应对其药物毒理危害进行进一步研究。     

衢州市在岗苯作业工人健康状况分析

目的了解衢州市在岗苯作业工人健康现状,为提高苯作业工人职业健康水平提供依据。方法通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集2016年衢州市职业健康体检机构报告的苯接触工人职业健康检查个案卡,分析衢州市在岗苯作业工人健康状况。结果调查在岗苯作业工人1 368人,其中男性1 022人,女性346人。苯作业工人血常规异常检出率最高,其次为尿常规,分别为29.61%和23.83%。血常规和血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)异常检出率男性均高于女性(P0.05),但尿常规异常检出率女性高于男性(P0.01);43岁组工人血压异常检出率高于≤43岁组,但血清ALT异常检出率低于≤43岁组(均P0.01);苯接触工龄4年组工人的血压和血常规异常检出率均高于≤4年组(P0.05);所在企业性质为公有制的工人,其尿常规和血常规异常检出率均高于所在企业为非公有制的(P0.05);从事批发和零售业工人的血压异常检出率高于从事制造业的,但血常规异常率低于从事制造业的(P0.01)。结论长期接触苯可影响人体造血系统,企业应做好职业卫生防护,定期组织职工健康检查。     

二硫化碳暴露人群血清中胆固醇和甘油三酯分析

目的研究二硫化碳(CS2)对作业工人血清中胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)的影响。方法选择某化纤厂长丝车间作业工人2624名和376名非CS2暴露人员作为研究对象,测定血清中TC、TG水平,按不同工龄组、性别分析其水平及异常率的差异。结果接触组TC水平、异常率在11～20和20a工龄段男女均明显高于对照组(P0.01,P0.05);各工龄组内性别间TG水平除对照组≤10a工龄组外,其他各组均男性高于女性(P0.01);性别间TC水平在接触组≤10和11～20a,对照组11～20a工龄段男性高于女性(P0.01,P0.05)。组间比较,男性2组TG水平随工龄增加逐渐增高(P0.01),女性TC水平2组均随工龄增加而呈增高的趋势(P0.05)。结论提示CS2可干扰脂质代谢,影响机体的血脂水平,对TC水平升高的影响尤为明显。     

2013年济南市某钢厂高温作业工人空腹血糖水平及影响因素调查

目的了解高温作业人群的健康状况,研究高温作业对职业人群血糖水平的影响,探究高温作业人群血糖水平的影响因素。方法 2013年10月选取济南市某钢厂高温作业工人124人为高温组,该厂非高温、非有毒有害作业工人116人为对照组,问卷调查获取一般信息,体格检查、实验室检测获取血压、血糖、BMI等生物学指标。结果高温组高血压患病率(22.58%)、BMI(24.05±2.52kg/m2)、血糖水平(5.22±0.52mmol/L)明显高于对照组(P<0.05、P<0.01),高工龄工人血糖水平明显高于低工龄者(P<0.01);工种、工龄、BMI、血压是工人空腹血糖水平的影响因素。结论加强对高温作业工人,尤其是高工龄工人的血糖监测;从加强健康教育到改善饮食习惯,使高温作业工人维持正常血糖水平。     

广州市汽车制造企业男性电焊作业工人健康状况调查

目的 了解汽车制造企业接触电焊烟尘工人职业健康状况, 探讨电焊作业工人健康保护措施。
方法 对2015年广州市两家大型汽车制造企业3 740名电焊作业男性工人进行职业健康检查, 对肺通气功能、血压、心电图和肝功能等指标进行统计学分析。
结果 生产车间存在的职业病危害因素包括粉尘(电焊烟尘、铝尘)、锰及其无机化合物、噪声、酸雾或酸酐等。各危害因素浓度均未超过国家规定的职业接触限值。出现肺功能异常的电焊作业工人的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)异常率高于肺功能正常组, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。随着年龄的增长, 血压、空腹血糖、脉率、ALT异常的检出率呈上升趋势, 心电图异常检出率随年龄的增加呈下降趋势, 差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01或0.05)。肺功能异常在小于25岁年龄段检出率最高, 为11.72%, AST异常检出率在30~34岁年龄段最高, 为4.63%。随着接尘工龄的增长, 血压、空腹血糖、ALT、AST异常的检出率呈上升趋势, 心电图异常检出率呈下降趋势, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。肺功能异常检出率在11~年接尘工龄组检出率最高, 为11.74%。
结论 电焊烟尘、年龄和接尘工龄是可能影响电焊作业工人肺通气功能、心血管系统和消化系统健康的相关因素, 应采取有效的综合预防措施来保障电焊作业工人的职业健康。
     

功能社区电力职业人群代谢综合征相关因素的流行趋势分析△

目的了解北京市某功能社区电力职业人群代谢综合征相关因素的流行趋势,为职业人群的健康管理提供理论依据。方法对北京市某功能社区26-60岁的电力职业人群连续三年体检数据进行代谢综合征相关因素的流行趋势分析。结果代谢综合征的相关因素、收缩压高值、总胆固醇异常、低密度脂蛋白异常、甲状腺结节的检出率逐年升高;舒张压异常、高密度脂蛋白异常逐年降低;收缩压异常、舒张压高值、总胆固醇边缘升高、甘油三酯异常、低密度脂蛋白边缘升高的检出率均是2011年最高;甘油三酯边缘升高的检出率2012年最高;肥胖、超重、空腹血糖异常、空腹血糖受损、高尿酸血症、脂肪肝、胆囊息肉检出率不变。多元线性回归结果显示：2010年BMI与高密度脂蛋白负相关;与年龄、尿酸、总胆固醇、收缩压正相关,尿酸与甘油三酯和BMI正相关,BMI和尿酸均是男性高于女性。2011年BMI与甲状腺正相关,尿酸与高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白负相关,与总胆固醇正相关;BMI和尿酸均是男性高于女性;2012年BMI与收缩压正相关,尿酸与舒张压正相关,BMI和尿酸均是男性高于女性。多元Logistic回归结果是2010年、2011年和2012年性别、年龄均是甲状腺结节的危险因素;2011年高密度脂蛋白是甲状腺结节的保护因素;2012年空腹血糖是甲状腺结节的危险因素。结论以代谢异常为源头的危险因素（高血压、高血脂、高血糖、高尿酸血症、甲状腺结节等）有聚集现象,可增加代谢综合征的危险,因此对高危人群进行健康管理非常必要。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.