农村新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后10年的效果观察

为了解新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫后抗－ＨＢｓ持久性及远期保护效果,从１９８６年开始,结合农村计划免疫给新生儿接种３针１０μｇ／ｍｌ血源乙肝疫苗,对免疫后首次检测ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性的７６２名免疫儿童进行了最长１０年的追踪观察。结果（１）母亲ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性儿和阳性儿的抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率以Ｓ／Ｎ值≥２．１标准计算,分别从免疫后第１年９４．４４％和８４．２１％降至第１０年５０．２４％和３４．７８％,均呈逐年下降趋势;抗－ＨＢｓＳ／Ｎ值的ＧＭＴ由第２年的３１．６２和２３．９９降至第１０年的３．０９和２．５１,下降更为明显,且ＧＭＴ以免疫后３～５年下降最快,而抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率则以９～１０年下降最快。（２）母亲ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性儿６８８名,共观察了３５５９．０人年,出现５例ＨＢｓＡｇ阳转者,ＨＢｓＡｇ年阳转率０．１４％;母亲ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性儿７４名,共观察了４５６．５人年,出现１例ＨＢｓＡｇ阳转者,ＨＢｓＡｇ年阳转率０．２２％,出现的６例ＨＢｓＡｇ阳转者均未形成慢性携带状态。与乙肝疫苗免疫前同龄ＨＢＶ易感儿童ＨＢｓＡｇ年阳转率４．２７％相比,乙肝疫苗对母亲ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性儿和阳性儿的ＨＢｓＡｇ阳转保护率分别为９６．７２％和９４．８５％。     

两种基因工程乙肝疫苗加强接种的免疫效果研究

目的：探讨两种基因工程乙肝疫苗加强接种的免疫效果。方法：选择２４４名５２～６０月龄出生时已全程接种乙肝疫苗的儿童,检测ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｃ、ＡＬＴ及抗－ＨＢｓ滴度,随机分Ａ、Ｂ两组,分别加强接种一针重组酵母基因乙肝疫苗、细胞产基因工程乙肝疫苗,均为５μｇ,一月后复查抗－ＨＢｓ滴度。结果：Ａ、Ｂ两组加强后抗－ＨＢｓ阳转率分别为９６．７７％、１００％,ＧＭＴ较加强前分别上升１０．７１、１２．２６倍,     

国产重组酵母乙肝疫苗新生儿接种后安全性及免疫效果研究

〔目的〕 了解新生儿接种国产重组酵母乙肝疫苗的安全性、免疫效果。〔方法〕 １９９６年９月至１９９９年１２月出生的新生儿进行全程疫苗接种,并选择ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性母亲的新生儿１２０名,ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ双阳性母亲的新生儿６２名进行３年免疫效果和阻断效果的系统观察。〔结果〕 新生儿接种疫苗后未出现不良反应;抗体的阳转率和几何平均滴度（Ｇ）的高峰值均出现在首针免后１２个月,分别为９８．３３％和１３９．０３ｍＩｕ／ｍｌ,至３６个月时,仍保持在８９．５６％和８９．７０％ｍＩｕ／ｍｌ。两组双阳母亲所生新生儿的母婴阻断保护率分别为９３．０６％和９２．５９％。〔结论〕 国产重组酵母乙肝疫苗具有良好的安全性和免疫效果。     

HBsAg阳性母亲的婴儿接种乙肝疫苗免疫持久性9年随访观察

１０６名ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性母亲的婴儿，用１０μｇ×３剂和以０、１、６月程序接种乙肝疫苗．于接种后１年检测时，对其中抗－ＨＢｓＳ／Ｎ值＞２．１的８７人，及免疫接种失败者ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性１９人和未接种乙肝疫苗而ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性婴儿２８人作了为期９年随访研究．在抗－ＨＢＳ阳转者抗－ＨＢＳ水平的动态变化观察中未发现ＨＢｓＡｇ阳转者．至９年时仍有２９人（４４．６％）抗－ＨＢＳ水平＞２．１，说明疫苗的免疫源性和９年的免疫效果是好的．ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性１９人与未接种疫苗而ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性２８名婴儿同时追踪结果，仍持续ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性，提示这些婴儿系宫内或围产期感染所致。     

深圳市0～14岁儿童HBsAg及抗－HBs现况调查

深圳市０～１４岁儿童ＨＢｓＡｇ及抗－ＨＢｓ现况调查袁芝琴，苏小宏，林和顺，何建凡深圳市在１９８８年已将新生儿乙肝疫苗接种工作纳入计划免疫管理，城区新生儿乙肝疫苗接种率由１９８８年的８１．６％提高到１９９４年的９５％以上，而农村地区则由１９８８年的３０...     

乙肝疫苗短程接种程序阻断HCV母婴传播的研究

为获得更为快速的免疫应答，用３０μｇ／ｍｌ乙肝血源疫苗以０、２、６周免疫程序对６８名ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性母亲婴儿作了阻断ＨＢＶ母婴传播免疫效果的观察，并与常用的０、１、６接种方案的结果进行了比较。结果表明ＨＢＩＧ合用乙肝疫苗或单用疫苗组产生抗－ＨＢｓ（〉１０ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ）血清转换率于Ｔ６ｍ、Ｔ１２ｍ时分别为９１．８９％和８３．８７％，８１．０８％和８３．８７％。短程和常规免疫方案婴儿所产生的保护性抗－Ｈ     

新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫后远期效果定群观察

为了解接种乙肝疫苗的长期免疫效果，对广西肝癌高发区隆安县接种乙肝疫苗的新生儿进行免后８年定群随访观察，结果显示，新生儿乙肝疫苗免后１￣８年，抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率由７３．３％下降至３５．９％，ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性率第１年为１．４％，第８年为１．９％，波动于１．１％￣２．９％之间，与对照组相比，平均保护率仍为８７．１％，说明免疫后８年保护率仍持久不衰，抗－ＨＢｓ下降并不导致ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性率上升，似乎可以从机体的     

单项乙型肝炎核心抗体（抗—HBc）阳性意义的研究

对１５名单项抗－ＨＢｃ阳性者按０、１、６方案接种３针１０μｇ血源性乙肝疫苗，１５．４％出现回忆反应，提示这部分人为过去感染已获得免疫；２６．７％产生原发性反应，这部分人可能是血清学假阳性结果；６０．０％对疫苗无、弱应答，可能代表“低水平”ＨＢｓＡｇ携带者。对经ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＲＩＡ两种方法确定的７０例单项抗－ＨＢｃ阳性者用ＰＣＲ方法检测ＨＢＶＤＮＡ，阳性率为１２．９％，说明单项抗－ＨＢｃ阳性是与ＨＢＶ携带有关的指标，单项抗－ＨＢｃ阳性者中有一部分人为ＨＢＶ携带者     

国产基因工程乙肝疫苗对HBsAg／HBeAg阳性母亲的婴儿免疫后2年？…

用国产重组酵母和重组ＣＨＯ乙型肝炎疫苗对７５名ＨＢｓＡｇ／ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性母亲所生的婴儿进行免疫。结果在免疫后２年，基因重组乙肝疫苗的抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率仍保持较高水平，重组酵母乙肝疫苗期的抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率（１００．０％）则显著高于重组ＣＨＯ乙肝疫苗组（９１．４％）和血源性乙肝疫苗＋ＨＢＩＧ组（８０．０％），各组的抗－ＨＢｓ滴度（Ｓ／Ｎ值）在免疫后９个月时形成高峰，１２个月时开始下降，在２４个月时，５μ     

乙肝酵母基因疫苗免疫后抗—HBs下降规律及推测加强免疫时…

２００名ＨＢＶ易感者分二组分别接种Ａｍｇｅｎ公司生产的乙肝酵母基因疫苗（Ｇ苗）和Ｓｍｉｔｈ公司疫苗（Ｓ苗），４年后２４．５９％的免疫者抗－ＨＢｓ滴度下降到１０ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ以下。抗－ＨＢｓ保护水平持续时间取决于３针免疫后最高滴度水平。抗－ＨＢｓ〉１０００ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ者，４年后Ｇ苗仍１００％大于１０ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ，Ｓ苗则为９７．６％，而抗－ＨＢｓ在１０～１００ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ之间者，４年后皆〈１０ｍＩＵ／ｎ     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.