固相萃取-高效液相色谱法检测水中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药

[目的]研究同时测定水中甲氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯5种拟除虫菊酯类农药污染物的固相萃取-高效液相色谱方法. [方法]水样经C18小柱富集,以异丙醇洗脱,采用光电二极管阵列检测器检测,利用C18色谱柱分离,以乙腈溶液和纯水为流动相等梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,在波长205 nm进行测定,外标法定量. [结果]5种拟除虫菊酯类农药在0.0～5.0 mg/L浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,方法最低检测质量浓度为0.025～0.050 μg/L,回收率范围为88.0％～102.2％,相对标准偏差为1.0％～3.8％. [结论]该固相萃取-高效液相色谱法灵敏、准确,适用于水源水及生活饮用水中痕量拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的检测.     

固相萃取-气质联用法测定水中三氯杀螨醇及百菌清

目的:建立了水中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用检测方法。方法:采用C18固相萃取碟富集吸附水样中目标组分,以二氯甲烷洗脱浓缩; DB-5MS毛细管柱分离,采用选择离子监测SIM的质谱扫描模式进行定性定量分析。结果:在50~400μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均>0 .995,三氯杀螨醇、百菌清加标平均回收率为90 .0% ~101 .1%,方法的相对标准偏差为4. 2% ~8. 3%,水样浓缩2 .500倍的最低检测限分别为0 .0012、0. 0024μg/L。结论:本法具有非常高的选择性、灵敏度和准确度,完全能满足水中痕量三氯杀螨醇及百菌清的分析。     

气相色谱法同时测定食用菌中20种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

目的建立同时测定食用菌中20种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。方法食用菌样品中残留的农药经溶剂提取后,采用全自动固相萃取净化,经氮吹浓缩,用气相色谱-微电子捕获检测器测定,外标法定量。结果食用菌中20种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药组分的分离效果好,在各自的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数皆〉0.999,样品加标回收率为79.3%～102.4%,RSD为2.0%～6.7%。结论该方法快速、简便、灵敏、准确,适合于食用菌中多种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的测定。     

气相色谱法同时测定食用菌中20种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

目的 建立同时测定食用菌中20种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法.方法 食用菌样品中残留的农药经溶剂提取后,采用全自动固相萃取净化,经氮吹浓缩,用气相色谱-微电子捕获检测器测定,外标法定量.结果 食用菌中20种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药组分的分离效果好,在各自的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数皆>0.999,样品加...     

气相色谱法测定中药材中菊酯类农药残留的研究

目的为了更加有效测定中药材中拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留量,采用气相色谱法检测,固相萃取净化的分析方法,提高药材的用药安全性。方法在临海市各个药材公司购置主要为药厂提供的中药材品种,每个品种选择3~5个批号,共计150个样品,经提取净化后采用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定,可同时测定6种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量。结果 6种拟除虫菊酯类成分均有检出,检出率为34. 51%,农药的残留含量主要在0. 01~0. 05mg/kg之间,合格率为85. 23%;中药材中6种拟除虫菊酯类农药的平均回收率在83. 14%~103. 81%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4. 0%~6. 4%,6种拟除虫菊酯类农药的线性范围在0. 02~0. 84mg/L之间;最低检测限范围为15. 8~26. 3ng/kg,定量限范围为52. 8~88. 4ng/kg。结论气相色谱法用于拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的检测,对于成分的分离效果好,灵敏度高,指标满足农药残留分析检测的要求,可以为中药材中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的限量制定提供有效的数据参考。     

茶叶中8种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留QuEChERS-气相色谱检测法

目的建立QuEChERS-气相色谱电子捕获检测器分析茶叶中8种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的方法。方法茶叶中残留的拟除虫菊酯类农药用0.1%乙酸乙腈提取,选取适量的(N-丙基乙二胺填料)PSA粉、ODSC18和石墨化炭黑粉进行分散固相萃取,净化液上GC-ECD分析。结果 8种拟除虫菊酯类农药的加标回收率为78.2%～109.0%,相对标准偏差为1.5%～7.9%,最低检出浓度为0.006～0.03 mg/kg。结论 QuEChERS-GC-ECD同时检测茶叶中8种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留,方法简单、快速、方便,结果满意。     

气相色谱测定蔬菜中农药残留量的方法探讨

目的建立气相色谱法测定蔬菜中杀菌剂和拟除虫菊酯类农药的分析方法。方法蔬菜经粉碎，加入乙腈匀质提取，盐析，40℃氮吹，正已烷溶解，过弗罗里矽柱，滤液在40℃再次氮吹近干，正已烷定容，采用DB—17毛细管柱分离，ECD检测器测定，一次进行2种杀菌剂和4种拟除虫菊酯类农药的检测。结果样品加标回收率在89.3％～109．6％之间，相对标准偏差在1．1％-8．3％之间，检出限在0．0018～0．037mg／Kg之间。结论实验结果表明，该方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确，各项技术指标满足蔬菜中杀菌剂和拟除虫菊酯类农药检测需要。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定韭菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药多残留

目的：测定韭菜中5种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留。方法：应用柱层析净化技术和毛细管气相色谱法,并采取程序升温模式和不分流进样方式在μ-ECD检测器上同时测定韭菜样品中5种拟除虫菊酯类农药多残留组分。结果：5种拟除虫菊酯类农药分离效果较好,其线性范围较宽,并在此浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;同时方法的最小检测限低于1.00μg/L（0.214-0.904μg/L）,相对标准偏差均小于10%（2.48%-8.05%）,其加标回收率在86.26%-102.64%之间。结论：本研究建立的方法简便、快速、经济,具有良好的灵敏度、精密度和准确度,可以满足韭菜样品中拟除虫菊酯类农药多残留检测要求,同时对其他蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药多残留分析具有一定的参考价值。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中15种农药残留

目的:建立同时检测饮用水中15种农药残留的固相萃取-气相色谱分析方法,所检测的农药包括5种有机磷、5种有机氯、5种拟除虫菊酯。方法:利用ENVI-C18固相萃取小柱提取水样中农药,小柱用甲醇和水活化,丙酮-正己烷(25:75,v/v)洗脱,浓缩后用GC-ECD测定。对水样前处理和色谱条件等进行了优化选择。结果:有机磷、拟除虫菊酯在0.05~1.0μg/ml,有机氯在0.01~0.2μg/ml浓度范围内有良好的线性,方法检出限为0.0021~0.032μg/L。样品平均加标回收率为70.2%~104.0%,精密度以平行样品的相对标准差(RSD)表示,为2.2%~13.0%。结论:本方法具有操作简单、准确、灵敏、重现性好、安全环保等优点,适用于饮用水中部分拟除虫菊酯、有机氯及有机磷的检测。     

自动固相萃取-气相色谱串联质谱法测定果蔬中的多组分农药残留

目的建立一种同时测定果蔬中有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类及拟除虫菊酯类等多组分农药残留的分析方法。方法果蔬样品经乙腈提取,无水硫酸钠脱水,固相萃取小柱净化,再经旋转蒸发及氮吹浓缩后,用GC-MS/MS进行测定,外标法定量。结果有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类及拟除虫菊酯类等多组分农药经过36 min后完全分离,在0.01~10.0μg/ml的线性范围内相关系数r均0.9956,平均加标回收率在72.1%~109.3%之间,相对标准偏差在4.0%~11.3%之间。结论该方法不仅前处理简便易操作,而且具有较高的灵敏度、准确度和精密度,适合于大批量样品的日常检测。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.