产褥期妇女卫生服务需求调查

目的调查产褥期妇女对相关卫生服务项目的需求，为卫生服务部门对产褥期妇女提供针对性的服务项目提供理论依据。方法自行设计调查表，采取面对面访谈形式对产褥期妇女生理、心理和社会功能进行调查。结果产褥期妇女对产后访视、护理及生活指导、卫生保健知识宣教、膳食营养指导、康复指导、常见病预防及情感支持7项卫生服务的需求率在85％以上，亲友陪伴、家庭卫生知识宣教、心理健康咨询及社会交流4项需求率高于60％，社会活动需求率最低为42．5％；城市产妇有10项卫生服务的需求率均高于郊区或农村的产妇。结论医疗保健部门需要不断提高卫生服务供给能力，有针对性地开展产褥期妇女卫生保健项目，并拓展相关的健康教育内容，以期更有效保障产褥期妇女的健康需求。     

产后访视护理1392例产妇需求调查

目的:通过产后访视护理,了解产褥期产妇和新生儿的健康需求,使医务卫生人员早期发现健康问题,有针对性地提供健康指导和护理技术。方法:向产妇发放产后访视卡,在规定访视时间内对1 392例产妇访视,记录相关信息,填写"母婴保健手册",评估健康状况,给予健康教育和必要的技术指导。结果:产褥期妇女健康影响因素前3位有:痔疮、肛裂占64.73%、贫血占7.33%、恶露异常占6.82%;新生儿前3位疾病是臀红占23.20%、感染占13.65%,母乳喂养困难占7.33%;其他健康问题有社会心理问题、生理、营养、运动、不良生活习惯和新生儿护理误区等。结论:这些健康因素通过产后访视、护理,可以早发现问题,进行健康教育和科学技术指导得以解决。     

东莞市莞城区600例产褥期妇女卫生情况调查及影响因素分析

目的了解东莞市产褥期妇女的卫生情况及其影响因素。方法对东莞市600例产后1年妇女进行问卷调查,采用整群抽样的方法获得研究对象。结果 600例产褥期妇女中存在不同程度的不良生活卫生行为习惯,包括不下床活动、不注意个人卫生等;Logistic回归分析结果显示参加保健课、接受产后访视有利于促进产妇身心健康恢复,而文化程度和居住环境也会对产褥期健康有所影响。结论东莞市产褥期妇女存在一定程度的产褥期卫生问题,需要进一步开展健康教育工作,做好产后随访,以促进产妇身心健康。     

300例产褥期妇女行为习惯与健康调查

目的:了解产褥期妇女行为习惯的现状及影响健康的因素,探讨现代妇女科学的产褥期行为方式和保健模式,改变不健康的行为习惯,提高生活质量,减少产褥期并发症,更好地促进产妇早日康复。方法:采用回顾性问卷调查的方式,对300例门诊产后随访妇女进行调查。结果:主要不良卫生行为依次为:不做产后操(50.00%)、不进行室内通风(41.50%)、不晒太阳(39.50%)、不刷牙(36.00%)、不下床(32.00%)、不洗头(29.50%)、不洗澡(28.00%)、过早过性生活(25.00%)?产褥期妇女不良行为习惯主要与文化程度、职业等因素有关?产后健康状况主要与产褥期卫生习惯、功能活动有关。结论:产褥期不良卫生习惯会影响产妇的健康,开展适时健康教育及行为指导可促进产褥期妇女生理功能的恢复,帮助产妇顺利渡过产褥期。     

产后访视护理干预对产褥期妇女生活质量的影响

目的观察并研究产褥期妇女经产后探视护理干预后的生活质量改善情况。方法选取我院妇产科收治的80例孕产妇为研究对象,随机分为对照组与实验组各40例,其中对照组产妇接受常规产后访视,实验组产妇接受产后访视护理干预,观察两组产妇生活质量以及健康信念水平,并作统计学对比分析。结果与对照组相比,实验组SF-36量表中相关维度指标分值以及健康信念水平明显更高,组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于产褥期女性而言,产后访视护理干预有利于提高其健康意识并树立健康信念,对其在产褥期的生活质量也有显著改善,临床意义积极且应用价值较高,应在产褥期护理中推广使用。     

安徽省农村育龄妇女产褥期卫生服务需求与利用分析

[目的]了解安徽省农村育龄妇女产褥期卫生服务需求及卫生服务利用情况,为日后改进公共卫生工作提供参考。[方法]采用方便整群抽样方法抽取安徽省1398名农村已婚育龄妇女,用结构化问卷进行入户调查。[结果]共收集有效问卷1221份,应答率为87.3%。产褥期患病率为60.51%,就诊率为32.3%,出现症状后3d内就诊比例为64.6%,就诊单位78.6%是村卫生室和乡镇卫生院,未就诊的首要原因是"认为没有必要看医生",占78.6%。[结论]产褥期患病率较高,就诊率较低的原因是大部分妇女认为"没有必要看医生",因此应加强育龄妇女特别是产褥期妇女的健康教育。同时就诊的患者大部分选择在村卫生室和乡镇卫生院就诊,提示应加强村、乡两级医疗机构的建设,合理配置卫生资源。     

社区健康服务中心开展产后访视工作的研究

目的:了解产妇及新生儿主要健康问题,分析产妇参加产前系统管理、接受产后访视和产褥期状况的影响因素,总结社区健康服务中心开展产后访视工作模式的优势和可行性。方法:2001年1月1日~12月31日,深圳市罗湖区共22家社区健康服务中心对休养地在罗湖区的产妇6 110人和新生儿6 135人进行了产后访视,对其健康状况进行统计、汇总,并在4家社区健康中心随机抽取213名产妇进行问卷调查,在Foxpro中建立数据库,采用SAS统计软件进行统计分析。结果:产褥期妇女的主要健康问题是乳汁分泌不足(17.89%),伤口愈合欠佳(6.07%);新生儿的主要异常情况是黄疸症状重或持续时间延长(8.43%),湿疹(4.37%)。抽样调查显示:①产妇的丈夫为教师、对访视工作的满意度高者,产妇接受产后访视的次数较多;②产妇为科技人员、丈夫为商业人员和个体者是产妇产褥期健康的危险因素;产妇和丈夫的文化程度高则是产妇参加产前系统管理的保护因素;产妇为阴道产、在产褥期适当运动、每天清洗会阴、定时开窗和产后访视次数多为产褥期健康的保护因素。结论:①产后母乳分泌不足、新生儿黄疸是母婴的主要健康问题,应采取综合措施,提高母乳喂养率;②严格掌握剖宫产指征,遏制不合理剖宫产的增加;③社区健康服务中心开展产后访视具有一定的优势和可行性;④运用社区妇幼保健服务新的管理模式,不断完善产后访视工作。     

贵州省大方县对改善生育卫生服务的需求评估——参与性农村评估分析

抽取了贵州省大方县经济状况中等的３个村应用ＰＲＡ进行生育卫生服务需求评估调查。结果表明：（１）农村妇女孕产期产前检查、住院分娩的比例偏低,产后访视的比例尽管较高,但次数不够,农村贫困家庭生育卫生服务利用率低;（２）村民对孕产期保健,生殖道感染疾病,计划生育等方面的了解甚少,受传统观念和旧风俗习惯的影响较深;（３）妇女生殖道感染问题比较严重,且大多数男性均不关心妇女健康。基于以上发现,课题组建议推广     

城乡初产妇女产褥期健康状况调查分析

目的 了解城乡妇女产褥期健康状况及行为的差异.方法 选择2009年10月至2010年1月在泰安市中心医院住院的886名初产妇产后6周以内的妇女进行问卷调查,调查内容包括:产妇每天下床活动时间、观察子宫复旧及恶露情况、产褥期患病情况、乳房及哺乳情况、全身检查及妇科检查情况,并对结果进行分析.结果 农村组产妇平均每天下床活动时间少于城市组(t=3.216,P=0.021<0.05);农村产妇和城镇产妇血性恶露持续时间有明显差异(t=8.756,P=0.032<0.05);农村产妇产褥期一些疾病的患病情况较城镇产妇高.农村产妇中产后子宫恢复欠佳占11.5%、而城镇产妇只占3.3%.农村产妇仅有20.6%在产后到医院进行检查,城镇产妇为71.7%.结论 妇女产褥期存在诸多健康问题,建议建立良好的孕产期保健服务体系,加强对产褥期妇女特别是农村产妇的健康教育,最大限度地保障母婴健康.     

孕产期健康教育与产褥期妇女生命质量调查

目的:探讨产褥期妇女生命质量状况。方法:应用MOSSF-36健康调查量表和自制母婴保健知识调查问卷对555例产后42天回医院检查的产妇进行问卷调查。结果:产褥期妇女生命质量整体状况较好,社会功能、生理机能、精神健康、躯体疼痛4个维度水平较高,生理职能、情感职能2个维度水平较低。接受健康教育不同,产褥期妇女生命质量有所不同,系统健康教育组与非系统健康教育组比较在社会功能和精神健康2个维度得分低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01、P<0.05)。非系统健康教育组产妇阴道炎、子宫颈糜烂的发生率较高。结论:产前接受健康教育程度、产褥期母婴保健知识和护理能力会影响产褥期妇女的生命质量。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.