乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族和汉族中学生近视遗传度调查

目的了解乌鲁木齐维吾尔族、汉族中学生近视状况,探讨新疆维、汉中学生近视遗传的影响因素。方法采用整群抽样方法抽取乌鲁木齐市中学生2 380人进行近视筛查和问卷调查,用Falconer法计算维汉近视与非近视学生一、二级亲属的近视遗传度。结果中学生总体近视患病率为60.12%,维吾尔族中学生近视患病率为37.80%,明显低于汉族中学生的77.36%(P<0.05);维吾尔族男生近视患病率为31.31%,低于女生的42.08%(P<0.05),汉族女生近视患病率为82.40%,高于男生的71.61%(P<0.05);维吾尔族中学生近视组一级亲属的近视患病率为10.23%,高于对照组一级亲属的4.87%(OR=1.921),汉族中学生近视组一级亲属的近视患病率为18.90%,高于对照组一级亲属的10.82%(OR=2.225),一级亲属近视是中学生近视的危险因素;汉族中学生一级亲属近视遗传度为36.86%,维吾尔族中学生一级亲属近视遗传度为36.27%。结论中学生近视的病因十分复杂,是遗传和环境多种因素综合作用的结果。     

北京市中小学生近视家系遗传度分析

目的 探讨遗传因素在近视发病中的作用.方法 对北京市4 424名中小学生进行问卷调查及电脑验光测其双眼屈光度;采用SPSS 13.0软件及Falconer法进行统计分析.结果 验光数据完整的4 218名学生中,正视630人;单纯性近视3 064人,患病率为72.60%;近视3 283人,患病率为77.80%.正视学生一级、二级亲属近视患病率分别为15.22%,6.62%;单纯性近视学生一级、二级亲属患病率分别为21.54%,9.03%;近视学生一级、二级亲属患病率分别为22.57%,9.42%;x2检验正视与单纯性近视学生的一级、二级亲属的患病率均不同(P=0.001).单纯性近视学生一级、二级亲属的遗传度分别为0.280 4,0.317 0;近视学生一级、二级亲属的遗传度为0.316 6,0.363 1.结果 近视是多因子疾病,遗传因素在近视发病中起一定作用,环境因素起重要作用.     

伊宁市中小学生近视遗传度分析

目的 了解伊宁市中小学生近视与遗传的关系,为能有效防治提供参考依据。方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,在2015-2016年对伊宁市随机抽样的6所学校(市区和镇区各3所)进行问卷调查及视力筛查;采用SPSS 19.0软件及Falconer法进行统计分析。结果 2 879名学生中,近视学生997名(占34.6%);不同族别、不同性别、不同学习阶段的学生近视患病分布情况的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);近视学生二级亲属遗传度高于一级亲属遗传度,重度近视学生的遗传度较高(0.560 4±0.066 3);汉族学生遗传度(0.487 1±0.026 5)高于维族学生、女生遗传度(0.487 1±0.026 5)高于男生、小学生遗传度(0.611 9±0.045 0)高于中学生。结论 有近视家族史的学生比无家族史的学生更容易发生近视。     

北京市中小学生近视遗传度调查研究

目的了解北京市中小学生近视与遗传的关系。方法采用多阶段比例整群随机抽样。抽取北京市9个城郊区县的16 663名中小学生进行问卷调查和验光检测。使用SPSS 18.0软件和Falconer法进行统计分析。结果验光数据完整的15 212名学生中,近视组一级亲属患病率为29.69%,正视和远视组一级亲属近视患病率为21.73%。中小学生的近视遗传度最后统计为28.9%。父母双方视力的状况不同,子女的屈光状态差异具有统计学意义（χ2=240.278,P〈0.01）。不同特征的学生屈光状态差异也具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论遗传因素在近视发病中起着一定的作用,父母近视的学生更容易近视。     

用眼习惯与遗传因素对乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族中学生近视的影响

目的了解乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族中学生近视患病率,探讨遗传与环境因素对维吾尔族中学生近视患病的影响,为近视患病的预防和控制提供依据。方法采用横断面研究方法,于2019年12月调查了乌鲁木齐市新市区、沙依巴克区、天山区及水磨沟区4所中学共1 199名维吾尔族中学生的近视患病情况,父母近视患病情况、一级亲属遗传度、不良读写习惯、睡眠时间及电子产品使用时间等,分析遗传因素及用眼行为与近视的关联。结果本研究维吾尔族学生中,女生近视率高于男生(39.18%vs 23.05%),初一年级到高二年级学生近视率依次为17.54%、28.98%、31.15%、43.57%、49.15%;乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族中学生近视的一级亲属遗传度为42.98%;多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,读书时眼睛距离书本30 cm、握笔部位过于下端或手指挡住眼视线(经常)、一级亲属家族史是近视的危险因素,户外活动时间(学期中上学日,1～2 h)是近视的保护因素(P均0.05)。结论乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族中学生近视发病风险较高,可通过调查家族史发现近视易感人群,通过纠正不良读写习惯、增加室外活动时间等方面积极展开近视患病防控工作。     

视力监测与保护

的措施主要是领导重视、做好宣传教育、实施防治槽施、坚持做眼保健操、组织治疗、宣传营养卫生知识等综合措施.才起到较好的作用。2632学生近视遗传度的分析/娄晓民(河南医科大学儿少卫生教研室卜二/厂中国学校卫生/中华预防医学会一1994.15(2)一139~140 本文在1561名中小学生视力检查的基础上.对近视和非近视学生进行一级亲属近视情况的家系调查.以探讨遗传因素在近视形成中的作用。结果显示:近视组的一级亲属近视率显著高于非近视组.近视遗传度为13.3%其中轻、中度近视分别为306%和57.3%;1主岁以前形成的近视遗传度为70.9%、比~15岁为50.…     

凉山彝族和汉族中学生毒品接触及其认知状况分析

了解四川凉山地区彝族、汉族中学生毒品接触情况和毒品问题认知现状,为少数民族地区开展校园禁毒教育提供依据.方法 抽取凉山州部分县市的彝族、汉族中学生1 742名,其中彝族924名,汉族818名,对其采用自拟问卷调查,了解其对毒品知识的认知情况.结果 彝族中学生吸食毒品的比例为3.25%(30/924),汉族中学生为0.98%(8/818),差异有统计学意义(x2=10.466,P<0.05);吸毒的学生以初中生为主(27/38).2个民族中学生对传统毒品的正确认识率为87%~95%,对新型毒品的正确认识率为35%~55%,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).中学生对毒品危害知晓率为80%~95%,但彝族学生在吸毒的身心损伤认识略高于汉族学生,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.37,P<0.05);中学生对吸毒传播的肝炎、梅毒等疾病的知晓率为55%~ 70%,但汉族学生略高于彝族学生,差异均有统计学(x2值分别为8.99,15.87,P值均<0.05).在大部分毒品认知及吸毒危害性的认识上,初中生知晓率均低于同民族的高中生(P值均<0.05).结论 凉山地区中学生新型毒品的知识教育需要加强,特别是初中生.中学生毒品相关问题的认知度可能受该地区彝、汉族文化和毒品泛滥特征影响.     

子宫肌瘤家族聚集性及遗传方式的研究

目的探索子宫肌瘤家族聚集性及遗传方式。方法采用遗传流行病学病例对照研究方法,对274个家系(137例子宫肌瘤先证家系和137例对照家系)进行研究。结果病例组一级亲属总的子宫肌瘤患病率为1303%,显著高于对照组的802%(χ2=419,P<005);分离比为00443,远低于025,不符合单基因遗传疾病的特征;遗传度估算显示,该病一级亲属中遗传度为2584%。结论子宫肌瘤发病呈家族聚集性,在子宫肌瘤病因中,遗传因素起一定作用。     

伴有和不伴有自杀行为抑郁症遗传效应的比较研究

目的 了解伴有自杀行为的抑郁症和不伴有自杀行为的抑郁症之间是否存在遗传差异.方法 用家族史法对124例伴有自杀行为的抑郁症和115例不伴有自杀行为的抑郁症患者进行研究,用多基因阈值理论估算遗传率和标准误.结果 伴有自杀行为的抑郁症患者的一级亲属精神疾病患病率,一级亲属及一至三级亲属抑郁症患病率分别为9.64%、6.63%、1.86%,均显著高于不伴有自杀行为的抑郁症患者(均P<0.05);伴有自杀行为的抑郁症的加权平均遗传率及标准误为(44.51±1.01)%,显著高于不伴有自杀行为的抑郁症患者(u=5.46,P<0.01).结论 伴有和不伴有自杀行为的抑郁症患者的遗传效应之间存在遗传差异.     

非综合征型唇裂伴或不伴腭裂的遗传方式

目的 为探讨非综合征型唇裂伴或小伴腭裂的遗传方式,对其高发家系进行遗传学研究. 方法 采用分离分析法和多基因阈值理论分析法对37个非综合征型唇裂伴或不伴腭裂的高发家系进行分析. 结果先证者的亲属患病率分别是一级亲属为29.89%(26/87),二级亲属为2.70%(4/148);其亲属发病率高低与血缘关系近远相关,与先让者血缘关系越近的亲属患病率越高;非综合征型唇裂伴或不伴腭裂的遗传方式不同于常染色体单基因显性、隐性遗传及性连锁遗传,而符合多基因遗传,其一级、二级亲属加权平均遗传度为(148.40±8.20)%. 结论非综合征型唇裂伴或不伴腭裂的遗传方式为多基因遗传.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.