综合医院感染的流行病学分析

目的 为医院感染监控工作和减少医院感染提供科学依据。方法 选择某医院2000年1月～2002年12月底21985份出院病例的监测资料进行流行病学分析。结果 医院的总感染发生率为2．80％，其中肿瘤科、急症科相对较高，分别为6．60％、5．77％；感染部位以下呼吸道感染最多，占31．27％；秋季的医院内总的感染率最低，为2．30％。结论 应加强对重点科室医院感染的预防，全年重点提防呼吸道感染的发生。     

新生儿科医院感染特征

目的 了解新生儿科医院感染特征,为新生儿科医院感染监控提供依据。方法 对我院新生儿科124例医院感染病例进行流行病学分析。结果 新生儿科医院感染率为6.0％,医院感染部位以下呼吸道为主,医院感染发生的危险因素与住院天数,新生儿日龄、原发疾病以及使用侵入性操作有关。     

12所三甲医院医院感染监控状况调查

目的为了了解我省三级以上医院医院感染情况。方法我站采用询问和查阅有关资料的方式，对广州市１２所三甲医院医院感染监控状况进行了检查。结果１２所三甲医院医院感染率在０．６５％～５．９６％之间，平均为４．０９％。科室感染率，以内科最高，为７．１３％，感染部位构成比中，以下呼吸道最高，３９．７％。结论医院感染监控手段还停留在数据的统计和一般消毒、隔离技术的应用的初极阶段，普遍存在严格的管理组织不健全、认识薄弱等问题，把医院感染监控纳入科学化、规范化、法制化的轨道，提高医院感染监控质量，是当前医院感染管理最迫切的任务     

2003年金乡县某医院医院感染资料分析

[目的]了解住院患者医院感染发病情况，加强高危科室感染病原菌的监控，预防和控制医院感染的发生。[方法]对金乡县人民医院2003年医院感染有关资料进行分析。[结果]医院感染率为2．97％，例次感染率为3．04％；感染率居前3位的科室为传染病科、神经内科、神经-胸外科，感染部位以上、下呼吸道、伤口、胃肠道最常见；检出致病菌600株，葡萄球菌221株，241株来自呼吸道标本。[结论]2003年医院感染发生率符合《医院感染管理规范(试行)》所规定的8％的标准。     

104例次医院感染原因分析

目的为了解医院感染高危科室之一神经外科医院感染的基本情况，并对其发生原因进行分析。方法应用回顾性调查分析方法，对某教学医院１９９６年度住入神经外科的住院患者病例进行全面调查。结果医院感染例次发生率为２２．６％，医院感染部位以呼吸道和中枢神经系统感染多见，两者占５９．８％；神经外科医院感染的高危因素有：开放性颅脑损伤与颅内肿瘤为基础疾病的患者，接受全麻手术的患者。结论神经外科是当前发生医院感染的高危科室之一，应对其进行重点监控与研究     

血液病患者医院感染监测与控制对策

采用目标性监测方法对某院血液病科2004年1—12月所有住院患者进行医院感染专率监测。共监测535例患者，发生医院感染101例，医院感染率为18．88％；医院感染部位构成比前5位为：上呼吸道41．59％、口腔21．78％、胃肠道10．89％、泌尿道9．90％、下呼吸道8．91％；医院感染的发生与血液病类型、住院时间、白细胞计数等相关。血液病患者医院感染率高，应针对其危险因素重点监控，特别应加强对患者呼吸道的防护和口腔护理。     

新生儿医院感染监测与对策

目的 了解某医院新生儿医院感染现状，以加强前瞻性监控，减少新生儿医院感染的发生。方法 回顾性汇总分析1997～2001年新生儿医院感染监测资料。结果 新生儿医院感染发病率为1．54％，例次感染率为1．62％，感染部位依次为上呼吸道(45．00％)、下呼吸道(43．00％)、脐部(9．00％)和眼部(3．00％)。结论 应注重对新生儿医院感染的前瞻性监控，特别应加强对新生儿呼吸道感染的预防。     

某妇幼保健院医院感染调查

目的：了解郑州市妇幼保健院住院病人医院感染的发病率及发展趋势，为采取有效预防措施提供科学依据。方法：通过前瞻性监测和回顾性调查2004年1～12月住院病人13481人次，调查出医院感染361例次，新生儿科感染120例次。结果：新生儿科患儿是医院感染的高危人群，感染高发部位为呼吸道，大肠埃希菌成为医院感染的主要致病菌。结论：加强医院感染管理，新生儿科为重点监控科室。严格消毒隔离，合理应用抗菌药物，操作前后正确规范洗手。是防止新生儿科医院感染的重要环节。     

医院感染现患率调查与分析

目的了解医院感染情况,为进一步做好医院感染工作提供科学依据。方法2010年10月25日0：00－24：00的所有住院患者进行现患率调奇;采取床边调查和翻阅病历相结合的方法。结果医院感染现患率为1．15％。感染率高的科室是神经内科和神经外科;感染部位为下呼吸道（54．55％）、上呼吸道（9．09％）、泌尿道（18．18％）、表浅切口和其它（9．09％）。抗菌药物使用率为54．33％0。结论现患率调查中神经内科、神经外科、肿瘤内科等感染率高的科室将作为医院感染管理的重点科室进行监控,调整监测方案,加强目标性监测管理,控制院内感染的发生。     

五年来肿瘤医院感染的调查分析

目的：了解肿瘤医院感染的流行病原特点，为医院感染的监控工作提供依据。方法：采用回顾性调查和临床医生上报卡相结合的方法。结果：五年来调查出院患者共计34449人次，感染例次共计2374人次，医院的感染率为6．89％。施行化疗的科室感染率显著高于施行手术和施行放疗的科室，呼吸道及手术伤口感染列感染的前二位。引发医院感染的病原菌前三位依次是：真菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。结论：肿瘤患者是医院感染的高危人群，为控制感染，应加强消毒灭菌管理，改善医疗条件，提高医院感染病例的病原体送检率，以利于合理使用抗生素。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Increase in social inequality in health expectancy in Denmark

AIMS: Health expectancy represents the average lifetime in various states of health and differs among social groups. The purpose of the study was to determine trends in social inequality in health expectancy since 1994 between groups with high, medium and low educational levels in Denmark. METHODS: The study was based on data from nationwide registers on educational level and mortality during the period 1994-2005 and data on health status derived from the Danish Health Interview Surveys carried out in 1994, 2000 and 2005. Expected lifetime in self-rated good and poor health, lifetime without and with longstanding illness and expected lifetime without and with long-lasting difficulties or restrictions were estimated by Sullivan's method. RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2005, life expectancy at age 30 years increased by 1.9 years for men and 1.5 years for women with a low educational level. For people with a high educational level, the increase was 2.7 years for men and 2.2 years for women. The difference between people with low and high educational level in expected lifetime in self-rated good health increased by 2.0 and 1.3 years for 30-year-old men and women, respectively. The social gap also increased for other indicators. CONCLUSIONS: During the past 12 years, social inequality in life expectancy and health expectancy has increased in Denmark, but the proportion of the population with a low educational level has decreased.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。