Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of vitamins in 10- and 13-year-olds

Impact of vitamin supplements upon dietary intakes of eight vitamins was examined in 10- and 13-year-old children randomly selected from a biracial community, Bogalusa, LA. More younger children reported taking supplements daily (17%) than did adolescents (12%). Over 90% of the children surveyed had dietary intakes of vitamin E and niacin that met or exceeded the RDA. One-half to two-thirds of children using supplements had adequate intakes of ascorbic acid from diet alone. Children who most needed ascorbic acid supplements were the least likely to take them. One-quarter to one-half of the children did not consume the RDA levels of vitamin A, thiamine, and riboflavin. Adolescents had less adequate vitamin A intakes than younger children. In all surveys, a higher proportion of girls than boys had intakes that did not meet the RDA for vitamins B6 and B12. Vitamin intakes of Bogalusa children and adolescents were comparable to other U.S. surveys. Inclusion of vitamin E and niacin in supplements may be unnecessary.     

Nutritional status of the water-soluble vitamins in an active Chinese elderly population in Hong Kong

Dietary intakes of thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic and ascorbic acid, together with the biochemical status of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and ascorbic acid, were determined in a cluster sample of 419 healthy active elderly subjects aged 60 years and above living in the community. Nicotinic acid intake per 1000 kcal (4.18 MJ) of food energy showed an age-related decrease in men, while women had higher ascorbic acid intakes than men. Between 38 and 98 per cent of this population have intakes of thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid below the UK RDA values. Intakes of ascorbic acid were below the RDA for 17 per cent of men and 9 per cent of women. The prevalence of biochemical deficiency was 8, 14, 11.5 and 24 per cent for thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and ascorbic acid respectively. A significant difference in intakes between groups with blood levels within and below the reference range was seen only for riboflavin, suggesting that factors other than low intake may be more important in contributing to low blood levels for thiamine and ascorbic acid. However, inaccuracies in dietary intake estimations may contribute to the poor correlation.     

广东省某民办学校5～8岁学生膳食模式研究

〖目的〗 了解全日制民办学校学生的膳食结构及营养状况,探索适合我国学生的合理膳食模式。〖方法〗 采用４日称重法对广东省 民办学校５～８岁学生共１３４８人进行膳食调查,同时进行体格及生化。〖结果〗 该校５～８岁学生的每日平均热能、蛋白质、视黄醇、尼克酸、铁的摄入量均达到或超过ＰＤＡ;ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２、ＶＣ和钙偏低。学生的身高、体重显著超过全国参考值（Ｐ〈０．０５）、接近ＷＨＯ参考值,营养不良发生率无或     

Dietary Intake of Homebound Elderly Recipients and Nonrecipients of Home-Delivered Meals

Dietary intakes of 54 home-bound elderly recipients and nonrecipients of home-delivered meals were examined, utilizing the 24-hour recall. Nonrecipients had significantly greater intakes of carbohydrate, thiamin, and iron than recipients. More than 50% of all subjects consumed less than the RDA for vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Calcium intake was below the RDA for 82% of the subjects. Mean fat and saturated fat intake exceeded recommendations for both recipients and nonrecipients. Provision of nutrition services to homebound elderly appears to be lagging behind need.     

Vitamins E, C, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B-6 status of institutionalized elderly including the effects of supplementation

A double-blind placebo trial of vitamins E, C, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 has been undertaken in 84 elderly institutionalized subjects (31 men and 53 women, aged>65y). Five-day records and biochemical determinations were used to assess vitamin status. The 1992 French Recommended Dietary Allowance (FRDA) and the RDA set in the United States were used to assess adequacy of intake. At baseline, vitamin status as assessed by dietary information and biochemical indices appeared deficient except for riboflavin (in females only). At the end of one month treatment with moderate doses of vitamins (100–400% FRDA), serum vitamin E (only in males), serum ascorbate, and erythrocyte thiamin pyrophosphate levels had increased significantly. A significant improvement was also effected in erythrocyte transketolase, glutathione reductase, aspartate aminotransferase activation coefficients. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of subjects with deficient values. However, the percentage of subjects with biochemical deciciency for thiamin, riboflavin (only in males), and vitamin B-6 remained>5%.     

Wasting malnutrition and inadequate nutrient intakes identified in a multiethnic homeless population.

The few previous studies of the nutritional status and dietary intakes of the homeless have been limited by small sample sizes. We collected information from a multiethnic sample of 277 homeless men and women in Miami, Fla. Data collected included a brief personal history, anthropometric variables, and a detailed 24-hour dietary recall. An additional 24-hour dietary recall was collected from a subsample of 36 men. Socioeconomic characteristics of our sample were similar to that of other samples of the homeless. Using measurements of the upper arm muscle area, we identified wasting malnutrition in 20% of the men. Dietary intakes (percentage of the Recommended Dietary Allowances [RDAs] +/- standard error of the mean) for energy (82 +/- 2.88%), calcium (63 +/- 3.28%), zinc (56 +/- 2.61%), and vitamin B-6 (68 +/- 3.93%) were significantly below RDA guidelines for all ethnic groups. In addition, thiamin (75 +/- 6.34%) intakes for whites and vitamin A (61 +/- 12.53%) and riboflavin (74 +/- 7.72%) intakes for Hispanics were below RDA guidelines. Compared with men, women consumed significantly less energy, calcium, and zinc.     

Effects of home-visit nutrition education on nutritional status improvement of an urban community-dwelling elderly women in Korea

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects on home-visit nutrition education by a dietitian on nutritional status improvement of an urban community-dwelling elderly women in Korea. METHODS: In the baseline survey, information on general characteristics, health-related characteristics, anthropometric measurements, biochemical measurements, nutritional knowledge. nutritional attitude, dietary habits, and food and nutrient intakes of 183 elderly people were obtained. The intervention group received weekly home-visit nutrition education over 4 months. RESULTS: After home-visiting nutrition education, nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude and dietary habit were increased significantly by 1.8, 2.1 and 6.9 in the intervention group (P<0.01), respectively, who also appeared to consume more cereals and their products, legumes and their products, vegetables, seasonings, milk and dairy products than the control group. It was found that the nutrient intake increased significantly regarding energy, protein, calcium, iron, phosphorus, thiamin and riboflavin (P<0.05). The MAR (mean nutrient adequacy ratio) increased by 0.22 during the period of the study in the intervention group, and 0.09 in the control group, the difference being statistically significant (P<0.01). Differences between in mean change of anthropometric and biochemical indices between the intervention and control groups were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that home-visit nutrition education by a dietitian is effective for improvement of the nutritional status of elderly women in an urban community. In conclusion, home-visit nutrition education should be recommended for nutritional status improvement and health promotion in the community elderly.     

Dietary intakes of Title III meal program recipients and nonrecipients

Nutrient intakes, dietary habits, and the nutrition knowledge and attitudes of elderly recipients and nonrecipients of a Title III meal program were examined. Mean intakes of energy and all nutrients except niacin and vitamin C were higher for recipients, although no statistically significant differences were found. High average intakes of protein, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C were shown among all groups. Low individual intakes were found for energy, calcium, vitamin A, and thiamin. Men consumed significantly more protein, fat, and riboflavin than women. As age increased, intakes of fat, protein, iron, thiamin, and niacin decreased. More than 75% of all subjects had diets rated "fair" or "good." Percentages of kilocalories from protein were above the recommended levels for all groups, and percentages of kilocalories from fat were above recommended levels for all groups except recipient women. Neither the number of meals eaten alone nor living arrangements had a significant effect on the patterns of intake of the nutrients studied. Most of the subjects interviewed did not regularly take vitamin/mineral supplements. Of those who took supplements, most consumed adequate diets. No significant differences were found in the nutrition knowledge or attitudes of recipients and nonrecipients, although recipients had slightly higher scores. Nutrition knowledge scores were above 60% for all groups. Educational attainment was positively correlated with nutrition knowledge.     

中国居民微量营养素摄入的地区分布

本文依据１９９２年全国营养调查各省不同年龄居民的膳食情况,详细分析了各省、市、自治区居民微量营养素的摄入情况。分析结果显示烟酸、抗坏血酸和维生素Ｅ的摄入比较充足,大部分省份居民摄入硫胺素、锌和硒较好,而钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素摄入量普遍不足。东北、西北和西南内陆地区是营养素缺乏比较集中的地区。本文分析的结果可以为分区或分省进行微量营养素膳食干预或食物强化提供参考。     

Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of vitamins in 10- and 13-year-olds.

Impact of vitamin supplements upon dietary intakes of eight vitamins was examined in 10- and 13-year-old children randomly selected from a biracial community, Bogalusa, LA. More younger children reported taking supplements daily (17%) than did adolescents (12%). Over 90% of the children surveyed had dietary intakes of vitamin E and niacin that met or exceeded the RDA. One-half to two-thirds of children using supplements had adequate intakes of ascorbic acid from diet alone. Children who most needed ascorbic acid supplements were the least likely to take them. One-quarter to one-half of the children did not consume the RDA levels of vitamin A, thiamine, and riboflavin. Adolescents had less adequate vitamin A intakes than younger children. In all surveys, a higher proportion of girls than boys had intakes that did not meet the RDA for vitamins B6 and B12. Vitamin intakes of Bogalusa children and adolescents were comparable to other U.S. surveys. Inclusion of vitamin E and niacin in supplements may be unnecessary.     

Supplement use: vitamin intakes and biochemical indexes in 40- to 108-month-old children

Intakes and related biochemical indexes of ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B-12, and folic acid were examined for adequacy in 30 normal children aged 40 to 108 months. Comparisons were made between intake and biochemical index values of children who reported regular use of vitamin supplements and those who reported none. Three-day food records provided nutrient intake data; blood samples, drawn following an overnight fast, were analyzed for biochemical indexes. Student's t-test and the Pearson r were used for comparisons. Mean intakes of most nutrients differed significantly between the supplemented and nonsupplemented groups only when supplements were considered. Mean biochemical indexes differed significantly for riboflavin (p less than .005). Correlations between intakes and respective biochemical indexes were significant for riboflavin (p less than .01) and vitamin B-12 (p less than .01) in the supplemented group and for folate with RBC folate (p less than .005) in the nonsupplemented group. No deficiencies in either group were evident from biochemical indexes; improvement in indexes with supplement use was interpreted as being only relative and not suggestive that such use is beneficial.     

苏州某高职院校女生膳食营养状况的比较分析

[目的]了解高职女生膳食营养状况的营养教育成效。[方法]采用称重法、膳食频率调查法和24小时回顾法对274名学习过“营养与膳食”课程后一年的高职女生（称营养组）和同年级146名未学习过营养相关课程的高职女生（称非营养组）进行连续3d的膳食调查。[结果]①营养组热能和蛋白质摄入达到膳食营养素推荐摄入量（RNI）水平的学生分别占27．94％和47．23％，而非营养组分别占13．01％和30．82％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。营养组钙、铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素PP、维生素C摄入都较非营养组多，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。②两组学生的三大营养素供能比例均不合理，其中脂肪供能比例偏高，碳水化合物供能比例偏低；两组学生的三餐热能分配均不合理，早餐热能偏低，晚餐热能偏高，但营养组的分配比相对合理些。[结论]营养教育对改善青少年的食物摄入有明显效果。     

中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量

目的：了解中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量。方法：早用1992年全国营养调查中的住户调查及连续3d24h回顾法膳食调查资料，对中国17719名中小学生早餐能量和营养素摄入量进行分析。结果：中国中小学生早餐蛋白质、钙、锌、硒、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素等营养素摄入量均未达到RDA的25％，其中钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素等摄入量严重不足，仅为RDA的10％左右，中小学生早餐来自蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的能量比例不当。比较来看，小学生早餐蛋白质、脂肪、钙、铁、锌、硒、硫胺素、核黄素和烟酸等摄入量占RDA百分比明显高于中学生。男生早餐蛋白质、铁、锌、硒、视黄醇当量和烟酸等摄入量占RDA百分比稍高于女生。乡村学生早餐能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、钙、铁、锌、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、烟酸及抗坏血酸等摄入量占RDA百分比高于城市学生，脂肪、硒和核黄素摄入量低于城市学生。结论：乡村中小学生早餐平均能量和营养素摄入量好于城市中小学生，但城乡中小学生早餐营养素摄入状况均有待改善。     

Women in resource-poor settings are at risk of inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients

A systematic review was conducted to identify all studies that were published between 1988 and 2008 reporting micronutrient intakes of women in resource-poor settings. Inclusion criteria were study location (resource-poor), dietary assessment method (24-h recall, estimated/weighed record, or locally validated FFQ), energy and 1 or more micronutrient intakes reported (vitamin A, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron, or zinc), age range (15-50 y), sample size (≥30), and sex (female). Of the 1560 papers identified, 52 papers were included. Results showed that, except for vitamin A (29%), vitamin C (34%), and niacin (34%), the reported mean/median intakes in over 50% of studies were below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Folate intake was most often below EAR (91% of studies). Regional differences were apparent for intakes of vitamins A, C, and B-6 and riboflavin; mean/median intakes in Latin America exceeded the EAR, whereas in Asia, reported mean/median intakes of vitamin C, vitamin A, and riboflavin were below the EAR in 47, 50, and 77% of the studies, respectively, as was the case for vitamin B-6 in 75% of the studies in Africa. These results suggest that inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients are common among women living in resource-poor settings and emphasize the need for increased attention to the quality of women's diets. There is a need for more high-quality studies of women's micronutrient intakes.     

Vitamin status of pediatric patients receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis

The oral vitamin intakes and concentrations of vitamins in blood of eight children on long-term peritoneal dialysis and six control children were measured. All patients received a daily supplement containing water-soluble vitamins. Serum concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin B-12, ascorbic acid, and folic acid and dialysate concentrations of ascorbic acid were determined. Thiamin and riboflavin were assessed by measuring erythrocyte enzyme activities. Vitamin B-6 was measured as plasma pyridoxal phosphate. Dietary vitamin intake was determined with weighed 3-d food records. The dialysis patients had significantly greater stores of vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxal phosphate, and folic acid than did the control population (P less than or equal to 0.01). The patients' combined dietary and supplemental intake of all vitamins except ascorbic acid was also significantly greater than the intake of the control group (P less than 0.01). Vitamin supplementation is associated with normal or greater-than-normal values of water-soluble vitamins in pediatric patients receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis.     

Assessment of thiamin (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) status in an adult Mediterranean population

The aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional status for thiamin (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) in an adult Mediterranean population, in order to identify patterns of intake, groups at risk for deficiency and factors that might influence this risk. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Andalusia, a western Mediterranean region in southern Spain. Nutrient intakes were studied in a random sample of 3390 subjects (1746 men, 1644 women) who were between 25 and 60 years of age. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical assays in a random subsample of 372 subjects (181 men, 191 women). Food consumption was assessed by 48 h recall. Vitamin B1 and B2 were measured as erythrocyte transketolase and as erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficients, respectively. Energy and vitamin intakes were significantly higher in men than in women. Intakes were below two-thirds of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin B1 in 7.80 % of the men and 4.50 % of the woman, and were below this level for vitamin B2 in 18.00 % of the men and 11.70 % of the women. Age, educational level, alcohol use and smoking were also associated with differences in the intake of these nutrients. Biochemical analyses showed that vitamin B1 and B2 status was deficient in 6.40 and 5.30 % of the population, respectively. Although factors such as gender, age, level of education, drinking and smoking can have an effect on the risk of inadequate intake of these nutrients, these factors did not affect biochemical indices of nutritional status in the present study.     

A Dietary Study of Elderly Nursing Home Residents in Fargo,North Dakota

Purpose was to determine whether the food served and consumed over a seven day period by 21 elderly women residents of a local nursing home met the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Comparison was also made of the nutritive values of the food served and consumed by 11 subjects on regular and 10 subjects on low salt diets. Subjects ranged in age from 74-97 years (mean age of 90). Nutrients calculated included calories, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid. Results showed that the mean nutritive values of food served to and consumed by the 21 residents as a group exceeded the RDA, except calcium which for consumed food was 90 and 79 percent of the RDA on the regular and low salt diets, respectively. Individually, based on the weekly means of the nutritive values, all subjects consumed 70 percent or more of the RDA for calories, protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid; and 60 percent or more of the RDA for thiamin and niacin, except one subject who consumed only 52% of the RDA for niacin. Only one-third of the subjects consumed more calcium than the RDA. No statistically significant differences were found between the means of the nutritive values of the regular diet as compared with the low salt diet as the P < 0.05 level. Daily mood ratings of the subjects indicated a direct effect on appetite and caloric intake in the majority of subjects.     

The contribution of enrichment and fortification to nutrient intake of women

A volunteer group of 162 women aged 25 to 49 years was recruited from three suburban supermarkets in central New York state. The women completed 3-day food records, which were analyzed for total nutrient intake and contribution of eight nutrients from three sources: (a) nutrients naturally present in food, (b) enriched/fortified foods with a standard of identity (FF + SI), and (c) fortified foods without standards of identity (FF-SI). Subjects were placed into study groups of high-, moderate-, and low-fortifiers on the basis of frequency of intake of highly fortified foods (FF-SI) which, unlike FF + SI, are not staple foods and may represent selective dietary nutrient addition by the consumer. For all groups, mean intakes of riboflavin, niacin, and vitamins A and C were greater than 100% of the RDAs without nutrient addition. Mean thiamin intake met the RDA only when the nutrient addition from FF + SI was included. Mean intakes of iron, calcium, and vitamin D were all below the RDA even when all sources of intake were included. No significant differences between study groups were found for total nutrient intake. With the exceptions of vitamin C, vitamin D, and calcium, high- and moderate-fortifiers had significantly greater (p less than .01) nutrient intake from fortification. Low-fortifiers had significantly greater (p less than .05) intake from naturally occurring vitamins A and C than high-fortifiers.     

Dietary intake and symptoms of anorexia nervosa in female university dancers

This study was designed to measure and evaluate the dietary intake and symptoms of anorexia nervosa in female university dancers (no. = 21) and a control group of female university non-dancers (no. = 29). Three-day food records were analyzed for calories, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Symptoms of anorexia nervosa were determined through the use of an objective questionnaire, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). The percent of subjects who consumed less than two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for energy was significantly higher in the dance group (28.6% vs. 10.3%, p less than .005). Seventy percent of the total study population consumed less than two-thirds of the RDA for at least one nutrient, and 24% consumed less than two-thirds of the RDA for three or more nutrients. Thirty-three percent of the dancers and 13.8% of the controls scored in the range symptomatic of anorexia nervosa on the EAT, a difference that was statistically significant (p less than .005). The results indicate that both female university dancers and female university students may be at risk for nutrient deficiency and anorexia nervosa.     

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN ELDERLY WOMEN

A group of 18 elderly nursing home residents, whose food intake was considered inadequate, was evaluated with respect to nutrient intake and selected biochemical measurements. Food eaten provided less than two-thirds of the recommended amounts of vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and calcium for approximately 50% of the women. Intake of iron by one-third of the women was also less than adequate. Forty-four, 61 and 50% of the hemoglobin, serum protein and vitamin A values, respectively, were low or deficient. The amounts of thiamin and riboflavin excreted in urin were low in 31 and 88% of the women, respectively. The addition of a liquid dietary supplement to the diets of the elderly women improved food intake and biochemical measurements of selected nutrients in some cases. The percentage of low hemoglobin, serum protein and vitamin A values decreased 22, 50, and 17%, respectively. Urinary excretion of riboflavin and thiamin for each subject exceeded the acceptable levels at the close of the 30-day supplementation period. On the basis of selected measurements, the supplements seemed to benefit some women to a greater extent than others.