婴幼儿米粉中7种霉菌毒素的高效液相色谱串联质谱测定法

目的建立检测婴幼儿米粉中黄曲霉毒素B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2、M_1、T-2毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS-MS)法。方法样品用乙腈-水(V∶V为88∶12)超声提取10 min,多功能净化柱净化后,经ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm),以乙腈和5 mmol/L-甲酸铵水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)为流动相,梯度洗脱进行分离,多反应监测(MRM)正离子模式进行检测。结果在0.5~50.0 ng/ml的浓度范围内,7种霉菌毒素的回归方程均呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 6)。该方法的检出限为0.03~0.12μg/kg,定量下限为0.10~0.40μg/kg;平均回收率为76.8%~96.3%,RSD为4.5%~7.2%。结论该方法操作简便、定性定量准确、灵敏度高,适用于婴幼儿米粉中黄曲霉毒素B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2、M_1、T-2毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的同时检测。     

同位素标记-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定中药材中8种真菌毒素

目的建立同位素标记-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定中药材中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2、伏马毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素A、杂色曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮8种真菌毒素残留的分析方法。方法样品经甲醇-甲酸-水溶液(79∶1∶20,V/V)提取后,通过适当稀释和过滤,采用Thermo Hypersil GOLD色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.9μm)分离,0.1%甲酸乙腈-0.1%甲酸水为流动相,电喷雾正负离子扫描模式,同位素内标法定量。结果在该实验条件下,8种真菌毒素在浓度0.33μg/L^500μg/L时,线性关系良好,r均>0.999;检出限(LOD)为0.1μg/kg^5.0μg/kg;3种不同浓度的添加水平下,8种真菌毒素的平均回收率为80.3%~108.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.1%~9.6%。结论将方法用于24种中药材中真菌毒素残留的检测,测定结果表明该方法具有前处理方式简单,检验方法准确、可靠、灵敏度高、检测速度快的优点,可广泛应用于中药材中8种真菌毒素的残留检测。     

2011年中国15个省母乳中真菌毒素的污染状况

目的了解中国15个省份母乳中真菌毒素的污染水平。方法借助2011年第二次全国母乳调查,在全国15个省份采集的母乳样品,制成混合样品后,采用同位素稀释技术以超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定母乳混样中的10种主要真菌毒素的含量。结果黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素M1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱环氧-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马毒素B1、B2等6种真菌毒素在部分省份的母乳样品中有检出;玉米赤霉烯酮、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇和赭曲霉毒素A在所有省份样品中均未检出。结论 2011年中国普通人群母乳中真菌毒素的人体负荷平均水平较低,但黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和伏马毒素对婴儿健康的影响需引起关注。     

食品卫生

市售花生、玉米中黄曲霉毒素与伏马菌素污染水平调查，高效液相色谱法测定粮食中玉米赤霉烯酮及其代谢物，免疫亲和柱净化／柱前衍生化一高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定粮谷中的T-2毒素，粮谷中灭草松残留量检测的，     

啤酒中玉米赤霉烯酮的高效液相色谱紫外检测法

目的 建立啤酒中玉米赤霉烯酮的高效液相色谱紫外检测法。方法 啤酒中的玉米赤霉烯酮用乙酸乙酯提取,50℃水浴中氮气吹干,用乙腈溶解,过滤,以Zorbax SB-18为分离柱,用甲醇+0.020 mol/L乙酸铵(75+25)溶液为流动相,检测波长236nm。结果 玉米赤霉烯酮在0 μg/ml～10.0 μg/ml范围内,线性关系良好(r=0.999 97);方法检出限5.0μg /kg。方法相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.3%～2.7%,加标回收率为86.0%～100.0%,平均回收率为93.6%。啤酒样品中玉米赤霉稀酮含量为51.6μg/kg～584.0μg/kg。结论 本法具有简便、经济、灵敏、准确的特点,适宜在基层检测机构推广使用。     

复合柱净化-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定植物油及谷类制品中玉米赤霉烯酮和α-玉米赤霉烯醇

目的建立C_(18)-Al_2O_3复合填料固相萃取柱净化,同时检测植物油及谷类制品中玉米赤霉烯酮和α-玉米赤霉烯醇的超高效液相色谱串联质谱方法。方法谷类制品先用正己烷-乙酸乙酯(50:50,V/V)提取,然后和植物油一样用乙腈-水(90:10,V/V)萃取玉米赤霉烯酮类真菌毒素,进一步用C_(18)-Al_2O_3固相萃取柱净化,以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,以C_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.6μm)进行色谱分离,电喷雾离子化负离子多反应监测模式检测,~(13)C_(18)-玉米赤霉烯酮为内标定量。结果玉米赤霉烯酮和α-玉米赤霉烯醇的线性范围为1.0~500 ng/mL,在植物油和谷类制品中的检出限分别为0.3和0.2μg/kg,定量限为1.0和0.5μg/kg。当添加量为1~100μg/kg时,玉米赤霉烯酮和α-玉米赤霉烯醇的平均回收率分别为93.5%~108.0%和92.0%~105.0%,相对标准偏差分别为3.2%~8.5%和4.6%~7.8%(n=6)。采用该方法对市售的55份样品进行测定,以玉米油中玉米赤霉烯酮和α-玉米赤霉烯醇含量、检出率最高,最高含量分别为453.1和5.0μg/kg,中位值分别为126.2和2.0μg/kg。结论该方法操作简便快速,净化效果好,灵敏准确,检测成本低,适于植物油和谷类制品中玉米赤霉烯酮和α-玉米赤霉烯醇的快速检测。     

2013年河南省部分食品中真菌毒素污染状况分析

摘要:目的　了解河南省食品中真菌毒素污染状况。方法　在全省18个省辖市采集5大类1875份食品样品,按照国家标准及相关检测方法检测食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2、M1和玉米赤霉烯酮的含量,检测结果按照GB 2761-2011《食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量》进行评价。结果　茶叶、乳制品、谷物及其制品、坚果及籽类和植物油中有不同程度的黄曲霉毒素检出,但均未超过我国限量标准;玉米面、通用小麦粉、专用小麦粉中玉米赤霉烯酮的检出率分别为24.4%、24%和13.64%,其中玉米面和通用小麦粉超标率分别为10.54%和1.23%。结论　我省食品中黄曲霉毒素污染水平总体较低,但是部分食品中玉米赤霉烯酮污染情况较为严重,应采取针对措施,以提高食品安全性。     

鱼干制品中真菌及次生代谢产物污染现状

介绍在不同地区晾晒和烟熏鱼干制品中常见污染真菌种类(曲霉属、镰刀菌属、青霉属)以及产生的真菌毒素种类(黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮)的来源及其危害,并简要阐述了鱼干中霉菌污染的原因和防止污染的措施。     

HPLC法测定谷类食品中的赭曲霉毒素A

目的:建立谷类食品中赭曲霉毒素A的HPLC检测方法。方法:样品经提取、过免疫亲和柱净化后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器进行分析。结果:赭曲霉毒素A在1~20 ng/m l范围内线性关系良好,r0.999。回收率在80%~110%之间,定量限为1μg/kg,检测限为0.3μg/kg。结论:该方法快速、简便、准确,可作为谷类食品中赭曲霉毒素A定量测定的有效手段。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪在测定茶叶中黄曲霉毒素的应用

目的利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)建立茶叶中黄曲霉毒素(B1、B2、G1和G2)的快速定性定量分析方法。方法样品经过多功能净化柱净化,采用Waters BEH C18超高压色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm),0.1%甲酸:乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱分离,多重反应监测(MRM)方式检测。结果黄曲霉毒素G2、B2在0.15 ng/ml~3 ng/ml,黄曲霉毒素G1、B1在0.5 ng/ml~10 ng/ml范围内线性关系良好,r0.999,回收率为71.7%~97.2%。结论 LC-MS/MS法无需衍生,灵敏度高,特异性强,可用于茶叶中黄曲霉毒素的快速检测。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.