大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子及元素分析

目的了解大气颗粒物PM10与PM2.5中水溶性离子及元素的主要组成及其浓度。方法在北京市城区设置1个采样点,于2006年6月16—18日和6月20—22日采集大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5。采用离子色谱法测定PM10和PM2.5中8种水溶性离子(SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、NH4 、K 、Na 、Ca2 和Mg2 )的浓度;采用"酸提"法测定其中Ca、Mg、Al、As、Zn、Pb、Cu、V、Mn、Co、Fe、Se、Mo、Ni、Cr和Cd的浓度;采用"水提"法测定其中Zn、Pb、Cu、V、Mn、Co、Fe、Ni、Cr和Cd的浓度。结果PM2.5和PM10中8种水溶性离子平均质量浓度范围分别为0.44～9.16μg/m3和0.69～12.61μg/m3。PM2.5中SO42-和NO3-浓度分别占离子总浓度的30.2%和26.5%。PM10中SO42-和NO3-浓度分别占离子总浓度的29.7%和25.6%。PM2.5和PM10中,"酸提"元素平均质量浓度范围分别为1.06～6607.30ng/m3和1.92～12455.50ng/m3;"水提"元素平均质量浓度范围分别为0.31～189.80ng/m3和0.48～187.45ng/m3。结论水溶性离子是大气颗粒物的主要成分之一,值得关注。     

太原市室内外空气中颗粒物污染特征

目的研究太原市室内外空气颗粒物污染特征。方法于2004年4月-2006年10月在太原市21个社区541户家庭采用Aerocet531型粉尘仪-粒子计数器在采暖期和非采暖期测定室内外空气中PM1.0、PM2.5、PM7.0、PM10.0和TSP的浓度。应用Stata 9.0统计软件进行统计学分析。结果太原市空气污染最严重的社区室内、外TSP浓度分别为1 030.70和1 681.46μg/m3,采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期颗粒物浓度高于非采暖期;室外颗粒物浓度高于室内。对室内、外TSP贡献最大的是粒径2.5～7.0μm的颗粒物(PM>2.5～7.0),相应的构成比分别为37.58%和34.70%,其中室内污染以PM≤7.0(粒径≤7.0μm的颗粒物)为主,室外污染以PM>2.5(粒径>2.5μm的颗粒物)为主。不同粒径颗粒物相关性分析结果表明,TSP与PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,相关系数为0.928 0。室内、外采暖期PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,采暖期相关系数高达0.675 3。结论太原市主要颗粒物污染为PM>2.5～7.0,室外空气颗粒物污染对室内影响较大,采暖期室内、外PM>2.5～7.0高度相关。     

梯度淋洗离子色谱法测定大气颗粒物PM2.5中四种水溶性阴离子

目的:建立梯度淋洗离子色谱法测定大气颗粒物PM2.5中的F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-。方法:以IonPacAS18阴离子分离柱分离,KOH自动淋洗装置设定梯度淋洗程序,流速为1.0 ml/min,电导检测器检测。结果:方法线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9995,检出限分别为:F-0.005 mg/L、Cl-0.005 mg/L、SO24-0.010 mg/L、NO3-0.003 mg/L。F-的相对标准偏差小于10%,其他三种离子相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论:该方法线性范围宽,重现性好,快速准确,适用于大气颗粒物中F-、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-的检测。     

北京市某区餐厅室内空气细颗粒物浓度水平现况研究

目的了解餐厅室内空气细颗粒物（PM2.5）的污染现状,揭示各影响因素的作用,为卫生标准及政策法规的制定提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样方法选择北京市某区42家餐厅,使用AM-510智能防爆粉尘仪进行餐厅室内外细颗粒物浓度的检测,同时记录餐厅内人员数量、吸烟者数量等情况,比较不同类别餐厅、室内外细颗粒物浓度的差异,分析影响因素与室内细颗粒物浓度的关系。结果 42家餐厅室内、外PM2.5平均浓度分别为194μg/m3、76μg/m3,室内比室外高155.26%;有吸烟的餐厅室内PM2.5平均浓度高于室外206μg/m3（228.89%）且差异有统计学意义,无吸烟的餐厅室内与室外水平基本相当;中式正餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平高于中式快餐厅和西式快餐厅且差异有统计学意义,而中式快餐厅和西式快餐厅室内外PM2.5浓度水平相当;大、中、小型餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平差异无统计学意义;餐饮业量化分级管理的A、B、C级餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平差异亦无统计学意义;经Spearman非参数相关分析,室内与室外PM2.5浓度存在正相关且有统计学意义,室内无吸烟的餐厅该相关关系更为紧密,而有吸烟的餐厅室内与室外PM2.5浓度无相关关系,以无吸烟餐厅的PM2.5浓度为应变量（y）,其室外PM2.5浓度为自变量（x）进行一元线性回归分析,回归方程为y（μg/m3）=0.828x＋9.456（R2=0.862,F=100.327,P〈0.001）;餐厅室内PM2.5浓度与吸烟支数密度存在正相关关系（r=0.814,P〈0.001）。结论餐厅内细颗粒物污染严重;吸烟和室外空气PM2.5浓度是影响餐厅室内PM2.5浓度的主要因素。     

北京市6所星级宾馆室内颗粒物污染状况及影响因素分析

目的了解星级宾馆室内颗粒物污染水平,室内其他污染物及微小气候状况,分析室内颗粒物浓度的影响因素。方法选择星级宾馆6家,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节分别进行1次采样,监测室内污染物浓度(CO、CO2、PM10、PM2.5)、室内微小气候(温度、湿度、风速)及室外污染物浓度(CO、CO2、PM10、PM2.5)。结果室外颗粒物PM10、PM2.5浓度高于室内,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。室内颗粒物PM2.5占PM10的比例高于室外,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。室内PM10与PM2.5之间、室内PM10与室外PM10之间、室内PM2.5与室外PM2.5之间,存在相关性。室内PM10、PM2.5浓度与室内CO浓度存在相关性。室内PM10、PM2.5浓度与室内CO2浓度不存在相关性。室内PM10、PM2.5浓度与室内湿度存在相关性。结论星级宾馆室内颗粒物浓度较低,室内空气质量较好。室内PM10、PM2.5浓度随室内湿度增大而增大。     

上海市长宁区部分网吧环境烟草烟雾浓度调查

目的测定上海市长宁区网吧室内环境烟草烟雾浓度,评估目前网吧环境烟草烟雾的污染情况,为《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》(以下简称《控烟条例》)修订施行提供参考依据。方法 2009年12月、2010年7月和2011年5月,采用分层抽样方法选取10家网吧于《控烟条例》实施前后进行随访调查和监测,采用AM510个人型气溶胶监测仪检测细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度以代表环境烟草烟雾污染状况。结果 3次调查10家网吧,室内PM2.5平均浓度分别为239.74、203.62和177.89μg/m3,分别高出室外浓度201.83、180.35和155.36μg/m3,但3次调查室内外PM2.5平均浓度差比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。有吸烟的网吧室内PM2.5平均浓度高于室外7倍,且室内外PM2.5平均浓度差高于无吸烟的网吧(Z=-4.762,P<0.01),无吸烟网吧室内与室外水平基本相当。结论《控烟条例》在网吧实施前后调查室内PM2.5浓度没有变化,应采取严格禁烟执法减少环境烟草烟雾污染。     

被动式个体采样器在监测空气中NO2和SO2浓度中的应用

目的探讨用被动式个体采样器进行空气质量监测的可行性。方法在北京的城区和郊区各选择10户家庭,用被动式个体采样器采样,用离子色谱法测定室内、外空气中的NO2和SO2浓度。于2001年和2002年的采暖和非采暖季节各采样1次,每次连续3d。结果用被动式个体采样器采样检测的结果与国家标准方法采样测定的结果差异无统计学意义。室外空气中NO2和SO2的浓度高于室内,其中冬季城区的NO2和SO2,夏季城区的NO2和郊区的SO2,室内外浓度的差异有统计学意义;冬季城区室外大气中NO2和SO2和室内的NO2浓度显著高于郊区,室外大气的SO2浓度是郊区的3．14倍,但是室内SO2的浓度则低于郊区,差异无统计学意义;夏季城区室内外大气中的NO2浓度均显著高于郊区;2002年城区大气环境中SO2浓度比2001年明显下降。结论被动式个体采样器可以用于大气污染物浓度监测。     

017年济南市空气细颗粒物中水溶性无机盐污染情况及变化规律

目的 对2017年济南市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中主要水溶性无机盐成分进行研究分析,探讨各组分污染特征,为政府防控措施的制定提供参考依据。方法 2017年分别选择济南市污染较重和污染较轻的两个监测点进行采样,对PM2.5及其水溶性无机盐的含量以及各季度的变化趋势进行分析。结果 两个监测点PM2.5组分中Cl-、NO-3♂、SO2-4和NH+4♂的年均浓度分别为2.58、11.19、12.39、9.51μg/m³,各组分浓度在时间分布上多为1月最高,8月最低;NO-3♂/SO2-4值分别为1.31和1.19。结论 2017年济南市大气PM2.5中4种水溶性无机盐含量除SO2-4外其他3种水溶性无机盐离子各月变化明显,其污染水平有差别;目前固定源和移动源并重成为济南市排放源的特征。     

广州市中心城区冬季大气PM2.5污染状况与居民每日死亡的关系

目的了解2013年广州市中心城区冬季PM2.5污染特征及其对居民死亡的影响。方法于2013年11和12月,每月10—16日采集广州中心城区大气PM2.5样本,分析样本中的12种金属元素(Pb、Mn、Al、Cd、Cr、Sb、As、Be、Hg、Ni、Se、Ti)、4种无机水溶性离子(NO3-、SO42-、NH4+和Cl-)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs);收集2013年度中心城区的大气PM2.5日平均浓度和2013年居民的每日死亡数据,利用广义相加时间序列模型分析大气PM2.5日平均浓度与居民非意外总死亡、呼吸系统疾病和心血管疾病死亡的关系。结果 PM2.5中,无机水溶性离子质量所占比例最高(38.29%),其中NO3-平均浓度最高(14.42μg/m3),其次是SO42-(13.94μg/m3);金属成分中Al的含量最高(239.99 ng/m3),其次是Pb(138.15 ng/m3);多环芳烃中苯并[b]荧蒽(Bb F)的含量最高(3.96 ng/m3),其次是荧蒽(Flu)(3.61 ng/m3),苯并[a]芘(Ba P)为2.89 ng/m3。时间序列分析显示,大气中PM2.5浓度在滞后1d时非意外总死亡的健康效应最大,PM2.5浓度每升高10μg/m3居民非意外总死亡率升高1.20%(95%CI:0.63%~1.77%);在滞后3 d时心血管疾病的死亡效应最大,PM2.5每升高10μg/m3居民心血管疾病死亡率升高1.41%(95%CI:0.62~2.21%),未发现PM2.5对于呼吸系统疾病的死亡有显著的影响(lag0~lag3)。结论广州市中心城区大气PM2.5吸附的无机水溶性离子以NO3-和SO42-为主,PM2.5浓度的升高会引起相关疾病,尤其是心血管疾病死亡率的增加。     

公共场所室内空气中PM2.5浓度及影响因素分析

目的了解重庆市不同类型公共场所室内PM2.5的污染水平,探讨其可能的影响因素。方法于2011年1月以重庆市5类(餐馆、集体食堂、医院候诊室、娱乐场所及机关办事大厅)38家公共场所为研究对象,采用光散射法同时测定室内外PM2.5浓度,同时现场记录监测场所的门窗及空调等通风装置的开启状态、室内人员数量、正在吸烟的人员数量及室内外温湿度等,采用多重线性回归模型等统计方法分析室内PM2.5浓度的影响因素。结果 38家公共场所室内PM2.5平均浓度为(211±93)μg/m3,范围为68~468μg/m3,室外PM2.5平均浓度为(198±80)μg/m3,范围为85~402μg/m3;室内、外PM2.5浓度比值(I/O值)为1.07±0.23,范围为0.58~1.76,有60.5%(23/38)的公共场所室内PM2.5浓度高于室外。单因素分析结果显示,室内空气PM2.5与室外PM2.5浓度及室外温度均呈正相关(r值分别为0.854,0.451,P0.01)。多重线性回归结果表明,室内PM2.5浓度随室外空气PM2.5浓度及室内吸烟密度的增加而升高(P0.05)。结论调查期间重庆市公共场所存在较严重的PM2.5污染,室外空气PM2.5浓度及吸烟密度是最主要的影响因素。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.