广州地区体检人群维生素D水平分析

目的对广州地区体检人群25羟基维生素D [25(OH)D] 检查结果进行分析，了解各类人群25(OH)D水平状况，辅助诊断因维生素D缺乏引起的相关疾病。 方法使用化学发光法测定2016年1月至2019年1月共9 163例体检者血清25(OH)D水平，分别比较不同性别、年龄人群25(OH)D营养水平。 结果9 163例体检者血清25(OH)D的平均水平为63.89 nmol/L，正常率为26.41%，不足率为46.45%，缺乏率为27.14%。男性25(OH)D总体正常率为29.29%，不足率为47.36%，缺乏率为23.28%；女性25(OH)D总体正常率为23.26%，不足率为45.42%，缺乏率为31.32%。女性群体25(OH)D缺乏率高于男性，差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。男女体检群体中25(OH)D缺乏率最高的均为20岁~29岁年龄段，分别为28.75%、42.71%。对不同月份维生素D水平进行分析，发现血清25(OH)D水平最高为5月，最低为2月。 结论广州地区人群存在不同程度的25(OH)D缺乏，且女性相比男性有更高的缺乏率。     

周口市体检人群尿酸、维生素D水平及两者相关性

目的:探究周口市体检人群尿酸(UA)、维生素D(vitamin D)水平及两者相关性。方法:选取2019-01～2019-12于周口市中心医院进行健康体检的63名受试人员作为研究对象,其中男性30名,女性33名,检测体检人员25羟维生素D(25-(OH)D)水平,按照25-(OH)D水平的高低将体检人员分组,观察不同组间尿酸水平及男女比例,比较不同年龄段男女25-(OH)D水平,分析维生素D与尿酸相关性。结果:63名受试者中,男性25-(OH)D水平为(15.23±2.94)ng/mL,女性25-(OH)D水平为(12.15±2.86)ng/mL,女性25-(OH)D水平低于男性(r=4.213,P=0.000);维生素D充足组占比7.94%,不足组占比42.86%,缺乏组占比41.27%,严重缺乏组占比7.94%;男性平均25-(OH)D水平高于女性,50岁以下男性25-(OH)D水平高于女性(P0.05),50岁以上男性女性25-(OH)D水平无显著差异(P0.05),随着年龄的升高,男性、女性25-(OH)D水平均逐渐升高并接近;男性尿酸水平及高尿酸血症患病率显著高于女性(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示25-(OH)D与尿酸无相关性(r=0.053,P0.05)。结论:体检人群中男性尿酸水平及高尿酸血症患病率高于女性,男性平均25-(OH)D水平高于女性,维生素D水平与尿酸水平无相关性。     

上海地区体检人群血清维生素D水平调查

目的 对上海地区体检人群血清维生素D水平及相关因素进行分析。方法 采用随机数据表法选择2017年在上海市某医院进行体检成年居民为调查对象,进行问卷调查和维生素D检测,调查内容包括调查对象人口学特征和维生素D相关影响因素,并对血清中25-羟基维生素D[25（OH）D]水平进行检测。采用描述流行病学方法对结果进行分析。结果 共对1 000名上海地区体检人群进行调查,男性572人,女性428人,平均年龄（54.77 ± 15.30）岁,学生244人,在职513人,退休243人,分别占24.4%、51.3%、24.3%。高中及以上学历689人,占68.9%。月均收入以≥3 000元为主,有674人,占67.4%。上海地区体检人群血清25（OH）D平均为（27.44 ± 9.63）μg/L,范围值为12~56 μg/L,维生素D缺乏率、不足率、充足率分别为16.8%、32.2%、51.0%。性别、晒太阳时间和户外活动时间不同其血清中25（OH）D水平不同,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论 近一半上海地区体检人群维生素D不足或缺乏,性别、户外活动时间等因素影响人群的25（OH）D水平,建议增加人群的日晒时间及户外活动时间。     

舟山海岛地区2013-2018年儿童血清25-羟维生素D水平

调查分析2013-2018年舟山海岛地区0~12岁儿童25-羟维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平,为儿童健康管理工作提供科学依据.方法 收集2013年1月至2018年12月在舟山市妇幼保健院参加体检的5 424名0~12岁儿童为研究对象,采用电化学发光法检测其25-(OH)D含量.结果 5 424名儿童25-(OH)D检测结果中位数为29.9 μg/L,维生素D充足率仅为49.4%.儿童25-(OH)D水平和维生素D充足率随着年龄增长而显著下降(Z/x2值分别为2 043.65,1 535.52,P值均<0.01).结论 舟山海岛地区儿童维生素D营养充足率较低,7岁后学龄儿童缺乏更加严重,需加强宣教干预,建议增加户外运动,定期检测25-(OH)D水平,必要时合理补充维生素D制剂.     

温岭市3~6岁儿童血清25-羟基维生素D水平

了解温岭市3~6岁儿童血清25-羟基维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平,为学龄前儿童合理补充维生素D提供参考.方法 选取2012-2016年冬春季和夏秋季在温岭市妇幼保健院儿童保健科入园入托体检的6 776名3~6岁儿童,测定其血清25-(OH)D的含量.结果 学龄前儿童的25-(OH)D平均水平较为适宜,为(88.95士21.23)nmol/L,不同性别间差异无统计学意义(t=1.71,P>0.05);未见维生素D过量及中毒的儿童.25-(OH)D充足率为66.07%,不足率为28.69%,缺乏率为5.24%.学龄前儿童25-(OH)D水平夏秋季高于冬春季,差异有统计学意义(t=14.68,P<0.05);缺乏、不足、充足率季节间差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为3.99,144.77,154.63,P值均<0.05).不同年龄组儿童缺乏、不足、充足率差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为8.79,74.14,90.38,P值均<0.05).结论 温岭市3~6岁儿童25-(OH)D总体水平较为适宜,部分儿童存在不足及缺乏.需要定期监测学龄前血清25-(OH)D水平,进行合适的干预及加强户外活动.     

成都市0～6岁儿童25-羟维生素D水平调查

目的:了解成都市儿童维生素D的营养状况。方法:对来医院儿童保健科门诊进行常规体检的0～6岁701例儿童采用酶联免疫法进行血清25-(OH)D检测。结果:25-(OH)D的平均测定值为(68.60±1.29)nmol/L,25-(OH)D缺乏及严重缺乏的为226例,占32.24%;25-(OH)D水平不足的为237例,占33.811%;水平充足(合适水平)的为238例,占33.95%,前两者占总人数的66.05%。男性和女性血清25-(OH)D水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但25-(OH)D水平随着年龄增高而呈下降(P<0.01)。血清25-(OH)D水平夏秋季显著高于春冬季节(P<0.05)。结论:成都市0～6岁儿童25-(OH)D水平低下,应增加该地区儿童的维生素D摄入量及加强户外活动,尤需重视3～6岁的儿童及冬春季节维生素D的补充。     

某高校大学新生维生素D营养状况

了解大学新生维生素D营养状况,为预防维生素D缺乏及骨质疏松提供科学依据.方法 于2016年9月采用整群随机抽样的方法选取河北医科大学某学院180名大一新生为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方法了解其一般状况及膳食摄入情况,通过酶联免疫吸附实验及超声骨强度仪测定其血清25羟维生素D[25(OH)D]质量体积浓度及骨强度.结果 血清25(OH)D充足者175人.男生与女生平均血清25(OH)D质量体积浓度分别为[(50.5±11.0)(51.2±9.9) ng/mL],差异无统计学意义(t=0.44,P>0.05).服用维生素D补充剂的有22人(占12.2%),与未服用组比较血清25(OH)D水平差异无统计学意义(t=0.97,P>0.05).户外活动情况以及富含维生素D的食物摄入频次不同时,大学新生体内25(OH)D水平差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).骨强度不足与偏低者共74人(占41.6%),骨强度不足者血清25(OH)D质量体积浓度高于骨强度偏低者及骨强度正常者(P值均<0.05).结论 大学新生在紫外线照射强度高的季节体内维生素D并不缺乏,但是此时骨强度偏低与不足的情况仍然普遍存在,服用维生素D补充剂不会提高其体内维生素D水平.     

湖南地区少年儿童维生素D营养状况分析

目的:了解湖南地区0～18岁少年儿童维生素D营养状况。方法:采用英国IDS公司生产的酶标试剂盒,检测2011年1～5月来院体检合格的285名少年儿童血清25羟维生素D【25(OH)D】水平。结果:血清25(OH)D水平随年龄增长而降低,各年龄组儿童血清25(OH)D水平间比较差异有统计学意义(F=18.922,P<0.05);0～岁组儿童维生素D充足率最高(68.2%),12～岁组最低(9.5%)。结论:湖南地区少年儿童维生素D缺乏问题不仅存在于0～3岁婴幼儿,也存在于儿童和青少年中。     

性别、年龄、季节对嘉兴地区人群维生素D检测水平的影响

目的 分析嘉兴市24 029例人群血清25-羟维生素D水平与性别、年龄以及季节之间的关系。方法 按性别、年龄与季节分组，以SPSS 19.0软件统计分析2021年2月—2022年6月嘉兴市第二医院就诊者血清标本25-羟维生素D水平。结果 男性与女性25羟-维生素D的水平分别为(25.06±12.11) ng/ml和(21.22±10.08) ng/ml,男性高于女性，差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。人群25羟-维生素D水平夏秋两季明显高于春冬两季，差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。0岁～9岁组25-羟维生素D水平最高，20岁～29岁组25-羟维生素D水平最低。不同年龄段各组相比，25-羟维生素D水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。与其他组相比，0～9岁组的25羟-维生素D充足率最高，20岁～29岁组与30岁～39岁组的25-羟维生素D缺乏率最高，差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 嘉兴地区人群维生素D普遍不足或缺乏，性别、年龄和季节之间有差异，应重视检测、及时补充，以防止更多疾病的发生发展。     

城市居民维生素D营养状况调查

目的调查分析浙江2城市居民维生素D营养状况。方法选取杭州、宁波2城市,按多阶段整群随机抽样方法,采集442名居民的血样,采用放射免疫法进行血清25羟维生素D[25（OH）D]检测,分析2城市居民维生素D营养状况。结果 6岁-、12岁-、18岁-、45岁-和60岁-组血清中25（OH）D中位数分别为53.19（41.85-64.89）、48.76（32.56-60.52）、59.91（48.05-72.79）、68.67（55.50-78.07）和70.97（56.91-84.65）nmol/L。居民维生素D缺乏、不足、正常和适宜人数分别占2.95%、30.84%、44.22%和22.00%。结论所调查的2城市居民维生素D缺乏状况普遍,维生素D营养状况有待改善。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

成人社区及医院获得性肺炎病原菌及耐药性差异

 目的 比较非呼吸机相关医院获得性肺炎（NV-HAP）、呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）与社区获得性肺炎（CAP）感染病原菌分布及耐药性。方法 回顾性调查2017年10月-2019年9月某院肺炎患者病历资料,按NV-HAP、VAP、CAP定义将患者分别列为NV-HAP组、VAP组、CAP组。收集三组患者痰、支气管肺泡灌洗液、血标本培养病原菌及药敏试验结果,分析三组患者感染病原菌构成和耐药性差异。结果 共纳入肺炎患者4 391例,NV-HAP组1 080例,VAP组126例,CAP组3 185例,各组分别检出病原菌841、191、1 440株,均以革兰阴性（G^-）菌为主,依次占72.77%、84.82%和61.18%,三组患者检出病原菌分布比较,差异有统计学意义（χ²=64.037,P<0.001）。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和复方磺胺甲口恶唑耐药率,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率,肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率,三组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素、克林霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率比较,CAP组高于NV-HAP组（P<0.05）。结论 NV-HAP、VAP和CAP在病原菌分布及细菌耐药性方面均存在差异,在制定临床治疗方案时,要区别对待不同感染类型的肺炎。