p53和Ki67在结直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨p53蛋白、Ki67在结直肠管状腺瘤和结直肠癌中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组化法分别对71例结直肠癌,16例结肠腺瘤,进行了p53蛋白和Ki67的检测。结果①结直肠癌组织中p53蛋白、Ki67的阳性表达率分别为40.85%(29/71)、77.46%(55/71),均显著高于腺瘤组织,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.019,P=0.000)。②在结直肠癌组织中p53蛋白的阳性表达与结直肠癌的临床分期、浸润深度、组织学分化程度和淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05);结直肠癌中Ki67的表达阳性率与结直肠癌的临床分期和浸润深度有关(P<0.05),与组织学分化程度和淋巴结转移无关(P>0.05)。③p53蛋白和Ki67共同阳性者26例,共同阴性者13例,相关性分析显示,两者之间呈正相关(γ=0.508,P=0.000)。结论 p53蛋白和Ki67在结直肠癌中的表达明显升高,可作为判断结直肠癌恶性程度及预后的重要参考指标。     

HER-2基因和MMP-2基因在结直肠癌中的表达和临床意义

目的:探讨人表皮生长因子受体-2(HER-2) 和基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2) 在结直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义.方法:采用抗生蛋白链霉素-生物素标记法(SP) 免疫组化检测法 ,用HER-2 抗体、MMP-2抗体标记 64 例结直肠腺癌组织标本,并以大肠腺瘤15例及远癌正常大肠组织12例作对照,检测HER-2和MMP-2.结果: HER-2 及MMP-2在远癌组织中阳性率低于腺瘤性息肉组及腺癌组的表达,有统计学意义(P<0.05),腺瘤样息肉组与腺癌组表达率无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在结直肠癌病例中MMP-2 、HER-2 表达与结直肠癌患者性别、年龄、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤浸润层次无关 (P>0.05) ,而与Ducks分期、有无转移淋巴结相关,C和D期结直肠癌患者切片中MMP-2 、HER-2表达率明显高于A和B期的患者 (P<0.05),有淋巴结转移的患者表达率明显高于无淋巴转移患者(P<0.05).HER-2 与MMP-2 表达存在显著正相关(r=0.303).结论: MMP-2 、HER-2 在正常组织、腺瘤性息肉及腺癌中的表达逐步上调,MMP-2 和HER-2在结直肠癌组织中表达明显升高,可能促进了大肠癌的转移、进展.MMP-2 、HER-2基因可能在结直肠癌的演进中起协同作用.     

S100A4蛋白与MMP-2在结直肠癌组织中的表达及意义

目的 探讨S100A4蛋白和基质金属蛋白酶-2在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其临床意义.方法 采用S-P免疫组织化学染色技术,检测68例结直肠癌组织和20例正常结直肠组织中S100A4蛋白和MMP-2的表达情况.结果 S100A4蛋白和MMP-2在结直肠癌组织中表达明显高于正常组织(P＜0.05);S100A4蛋白表达在结直肠癌不同Dukes分期、淋巴结转移、生存期中差异明显(P＜0.05),分期越晚、发生淋巴结转移、生存期短者表达越高;MMP-2表达在结直肠癌不同分化程度、Dukes分期、淋巴结转移、生存期中差异明显(P＜0.05),分化越低、分期越晚、发生淋巴结转移、生存期短者表达越高;2种蛋白在结直肠癌组织中的表达呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 S100A4蛋白可能介导了MMP-2的表达,与结直肠癌的侵袭和转移密切相关,联合检测S100A4蛋白和MMP-2表达有助于判定结直肠癌临床病理特征及预后.     

MMP-2和p53表达在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨人结直肠癌组织中基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）和p53表达与其临床病理特征的关系。方法采用免疫组化EliVisionTM plus法,检测40例结直肠癌、20例结直肠腺瘤和20例正常结直肠组织中MMP-2和p53蛋白表达水平。结果40例结直肠癌组织中MMP-2和p53阳性表达率分别为80．0％（32／40）和82．5％（33／40）,明显高于正常结直肠组织、结直肠腺瘤组织中的阳性率（均为0、30．0％）。MMP-2和p53在结直肠癌中的表达与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、肿瘤发生部位均无相关性（P〉0．05）,与组织学分化程度呈负相关,分化程度越差,蛋白阳性表达率越高,有淋巴结转移组蛋白阳性表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组（P〈0．05）,与TNM分期呈正相关（P〈0．05）。MMP-2表达与肿瘤浸润深度有关（P〈0．05）,有远处转移组MMP-2蛋白阳性表达率明显高于无远处转移组（P〈0．05）,p53表达与肿瘤浸润深度以及远处转移均无相关性（P〉0．05）。结直肠癌组织中MMP-2表达与p53蛋白表达呈正相关（γs’=0．3742,P=0．0069）。结论MMP-2表达与结直肠癌淋巴结侵袭转移有关,p53基因突变后MMP-2表达增强。联合检测MMP-2和p53在结直肠癌中的表达对评估结直肠癌病情有一定意义。     

凋亡酶激活因子与p53及Ki-67在结直肠癌和结直肠腺癌组织中的表达

目的探讨凋亡酶激活因子1（Apaf-1）、p53和Ki-67在结直肠腺瘤、结直肠癌组织中的表达情况。方法采用SP染色法,检测结直肠癌、腺瘤组织中Apaf-1、p53和Ki-67的表达情况。结果结直肠癌淋巴结转移组中,Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为22.7%、31.8%和90.9%,无淋巴结转移组分别为43.6%、89.7%和61.5%,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。结直肠癌A、B期的Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为43.6%、89.7%和61.5%,C、D期的Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为27.7%、31.8%和90.9%。结直肠癌组织中Apaf-1阳性率（39.0%）低于腺瘤（88.0%）,p53阳性率（77.0%）和Ki-67阳性率（68.0%）均高于腺瘤（分别为49.0%、26.0%）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。Apaf-1阳性表达与p53、Ki-67阳性表达均呈负相关（r1=-0.358,r2=-0.361,P〈0.01）。结论 Apaf-1、p53与Ki-67表达在结直肠癌、腺瘤的发生、发展与转移过程中有一定影响,对诊断结直肠癌有重要意义。     

凋亡酶激活因子与p53及Ki-67在结直肠癌和结直肠腺瘤组织中的表达

目的探讨凋亡酶激活因子1(Apaf-1)、p53和Ki-67在结直肠腺瘤、结直肠癌组织中的表达情况。方法采用SP染色法,检测结直肠癌、腺瘤组织中Apaf-1、p53和Ki-67的表达情况。结果结直肠癌淋巴结转移组中,Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为22.7%、31.8%和90.9%,无淋巴结转移组分别为43.6%、89.7%和61.5%,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结直肠癌A、B期的Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为43.6%、89.7%和61.5%,C、D期的Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为27.7%、31.8%和90.9%。结直肠癌组织中Apaf-1阳性率(39.0%)低于腺瘤(88.0%),p53阳性率(77.0%)和Ki-67阳性率(68.0%)均高于腺瘤(分别为49.0%、26.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Apaf-1阳性表达与p53、Ki-67阳性表达均呈负相关(r1=-0.358,r2=-0.361,P<0.01)。结论 Apaf-1、p53与Ki-67表达在结直肠癌、腺瘤的发生、发展与转移过程中有一定影响,对诊断结直肠癌有重要意义。     

十二指肠腺癌组织中HER-2、Ki-67的表达及与临床病理特征及预后的关系

目的:探讨HER-2、Ki-67在十二指肠腺癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理及预后的相关性。方法:选择经病理确诊的十二指肠腺癌患者51例作为研究对象,采用免疫组化方法检测癌组织标本及癌旁组织标本中HER-2、Ki-67表达情况,分析其与临床病理及预后的关系。结果:HER-2、Ki-67在癌组织中阳性表达率明显高于癌旁组织（P＜0.05）,HER-2表达情况与临床分期、原发灶直径差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,Ki-67表达情况与临床分期、淋巴结转移与否、分化程度、Hp感染差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。预后分析提示HER-2、Ki-67表达情况与十二指肠腺癌患者的预后差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析提示Ki-67与HER-2表达无相关性（P＜0.05）。结论:十二指肠腺癌中,HER-2、Ki-67呈高表达,且与患者的临床病理特征明显相关,可能是影响十二指肠腺癌患者预后的重要危险因素。     

结直肠癌中p53蛋白和Ki67的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨p53蛋白和Ki67在结直肠癌中的表达及临床病理学意义.方法 应用免疫组织化学的方法 检测80例结直肠癌和癌周黏膜组织中p53蛋白和Ki67表达.结果 p53蛋白和Ki67在结直肠癌中表达阳性率分别为(85%,90%),癌旁组织阳性率分别为(88.2%,88.2%);正常结直肠组织中p53无蛋白表达,Ki67蛋白可见表达.p53蛋白在结直肠癌中的表达与分化程度有显著差异(P<0.01),具有统计学意义,Ki67在结直肠癌中表达与分化程度无显著差异(P>0.05),不具统计学意义.结论 p53蛋白的表达与结直肠癌的发生发展有关,表达强度与癌组织的分化程度、浸润深度、转移及预后有关,Ki67的表达与结直肠癌的发生发展有关,表达强度与癌组织的分化程度浸润深度转移及预后无相关性.p53蛋白可作为评估患者预后的指标,Ki67是评估细胞增殖的较好指标,并不能作为评估患者预后的指标.     

结直肠腺癌EMMPRIN蛋白的表达及其临床病理学意义

目的:研究结直肠腺癌细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(extracellularmatrixmetalloproteinaseinducer,EMMPRIN)蛋白表达的临床病理意义。方法:免疫组织化学(SP)法检测89例结直肠腺癌组织中EMMPRIN的表达,分析EMMPRIN与组织学类型、分化程度、肿瘤神经组织浸润、浸润肠壁深度、淋巴结转移和Dukes分期等生物学行为的关系。结果:全组结直肠腺癌EMMPRIN的阳性率为43%(38/89)。53例癌旁腺上皮的阳性率为17%(9/53),明显低于同组腺癌组织的58%(31/53)(P=0.016)。EMMPRIN表达与组织学类型、分化程度、肿瘤神经组织浸润、浸润肠壁深度、淋巴结转移和Dukes分期均无关(P>0.05)。结论:EMMPRIN在结直肠腺癌中的表达明显较癌旁腺上皮增多,但与癌的生物学行为关系不大。     

结直肠腺癌组织中细胞胀亡与血管内皮生长因子的关系

目的　探讨结直肠腺癌组织中细胞胀亡与血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)的关系。方法　应用透射电镜观察 5 0例结直肠腺癌组织中的细胞胀亡情况 ,并应用免疫组织化学S P法检测VEGF表达情况 ,分析两者的相关性。结果　结直肠癌组织中存在细胞胀亡 ;结直肠癌组织细胞胀亡指数 (OI)随分化程度降低而降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;淋巴结转移组OI明显低于无淋巴结转移组 (P<0 .0 1) ;OI与Dukes分期无关 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;结直肠癌组织中VEGF的阳性表达率为 5 2 .0 % ( 2 6/5 0 ) ,与肿瘤的分化程度、Dukes分期、淋巴结转移密切相关 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ,而癌旁组织中无VEGF阳性表达 ,两组比较有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。OI与VEGF的阳性表达率呈负相关 (γ =-0 .73 0 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　细胞胀亡与VEGF表达和结直肠腺癌的生物学行为密切相关     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.