WW domain containing oxidoreductase induces apoptosis in gallbladder-derived malignant cell by upregulating expression of P73 and PUMA

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is a tumor suppressor gene which can suppress proliferation of a variety of tumors. However, little was known about the relationships between WWOX and gallbladder cancer. In the current study, we intended to investigate the tumor suppressive role of WWOX in gallbladder malignant cells both in vitro and in vivo, and explore the potential mechanism of tumor toxic function of WWOX. Our results have shown that WWOX triggerred apoptosis in GBC cells and increased the expression of P73 and PUMA in cytoplasm. We also have found that Bax has been upregulated after overexpression of WWOX, whereas, Bcl-2 was downregulated by WWOX. To further validate the results in vivo, we evaluated the tumor suppressive role of WWOX in mouse model of gallbladder cancer. The results have shown that the proliferation of the tumor was inhibited after delivery of WWOX, and the expressions of P73 and PUMA were upregulated in target tissues. The mice models administrated with WWOX have shown better prognosis than mice in negative control groups. The results from our study indicated that WWOX could be used as a therapeutic agent in the gene therapy of gallbladder cancer.     

Protein phosphatase PHLPP induces cell apoptosis and exerts anticancer activity by inhibiting Survivin phosphorylation and nuclear export in gallbladder cancer

Many factors regulate cancer cell apoptosis, among which Survivin has a strong anti-apoptotic effect and PHLPP is a tumor suppressor gene that can induce significant apoptosis. However, the relationship between PHLPP and Survivin in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) has not been reported. This study found that PHLPP expression is decreased and Survivin expression is increased in GBC tissues and cell lines. Their expression levels showed an inverse relationship and were associated with poor prognosis of GBC patients. Loss of PHLPP can increase the level of phosphorylated Survivin and induce the nuclear export of Survivin, which thus inhibit cell apoptosis and promote cell proliferation in GBC cells. The process that PHLPP regulates Survivin phosphorylation and intracellular localization is involved in AKT activity. Re-overexpression of PHLPP in GBC cells can decrease AKT phosphorylation level. Reduced expression of PHLPP in GBC is associated with high expression of miR-495. Increasing PHLPP expression or inhibiting miR-495 expression can induce apoptosis and suppress tumor growth in GBC xenograft model in nude mice. The results revealed the role and mechanism of PHLPP and Survivin in GBC cells and proposed strategies for gene therapies targeting the miR-495 / PHLPP / AKT / Survivin regulatory pathway.     

circMTO1 sponges microRNA-219a-5p to enhance gallbladder cancer progression via the TGF-β/Smad and EGFR pathways

Circular mitochondrial translation optimization 1 homologue (circMTO1) has been reported to regulate the tumorigenesis of different types of cancer; however, the role of circMTO1 in gallbladder cancer (GBC) remains unknown. The present study aimed to identify the potential miRNAs and target genes of circMTO1 during GBC progression, and clarify the regulatory mechanism between circMTO1 and miRNAs or target genes. The present study performed MTT and Transwell assays, and Annexin V staining to assess cell viability, migration and apoptosis, respectively. In addition, a lymphatic vessel formation assay was performed to assess tube formation of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs), and GBC-SD and NOZ cells. The results demonstrated that circMTO1 knockdown significantly attenuated the viability and migration of GBC cells and tube formation of HDLECs, and promoted apoptosis, indicating a tumor-promoting role of circMTO1. In addition, transfection with microRNA (miRNA/miR)-219a-5p inhibitor rescued short hairpin RNA-circMTO1-inhibited tumorigenesis of GBC cells, suggesting that miR-219a-5p acts as a downstream effector for circMTO1. Mechanistically, transfection with miR-219a-5p mimic suppressed the expression levels of Smad2/4 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets revealed that circMTO1 expression was associated with overall survival and the stage of patients with GBC. Taken together, the results of the present study provide novel insight for the role of circMTO1-induced GBC tumorigenesis via regulation of miR-219a-5p expression.     

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 promotes tumorigenesis and predicts prognosis in gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder Cancer (GBC), characterized by invasive growth and infiltrative dissemination, is difficult to diagnose and has poor prognosis. Emerging evidence demonstrates that Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) has important roles in carcinogenesis, proliferation and metastasis. We studied the roles and molecular mechanisms of LSD1 in GBC. We examined LSD1 expression in 109 paired samples of GBC and normal gallbladder tissues. We found GBC tissues had upregulated LSD1 compared with normal gallbladder tissues (P = 0.003), and its high expression was associated with tumor-node-metastasis stage (P < 0.0001), Nevin''s stage (P = 0.0093) and distant metastases (P = 0.0070). We found positive correlations between LSD1 expression and other proteins: epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers, C-myc and cyclin-related proteins. Inhibiting LSD1 expression in vitro impaired the proliferation and invasiveness of GBC cells and also downregulated c-myc expression and consequently inhibited GBC cell proliferation. LSD1 overexpression promotes GBC development and may be a predictor for a worsened prognosis. LSD1 may be a novel therapeutic target and prognostic tool for gallbladder cancer.     

沉默MALAT1上调miR-1表达增加胆囊癌对5-FU的敏感性

目的:明确MALAT1调控miR-1影响胆囊癌（gallbladder carcinoma，GBC）细胞对5-FU敏感性的机制。方法:qRT-PCR检测MALAT1和miR-1在GBC细胞GBC-SD、NOZ和SGC-996中的表达；MTT法和流式细胞术检测正常和5-FU处理的GBC细胞的增殖和凋亡；双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测MALAT1和miR-1的靶向关系。结果:qRT-PCR检测结果显示，与人正常胆囊上皮细胞H69相比，MALAT1在GBC细胞GBC-SD、NOZ和SGC-996中表达上调；双荧光素酶报告基因实验结果显示，MALAT1可靶向调控miR-1，负性调节miR-1的表达；MTT法和流式细胞术检测结果显示，敲低MALAT1抑制GBC细胞的增殖和诱导凋亡，增加GBC细胞对5-FU的敏感性，过表达miR-1结果与敲低MALAT1一致；沉默MALAT1可部分逆转敲低miR-1 inhibitor 对GBC细胞活力、凋亡以及对5-FU药物敏感性的影响。结论:沉默MALAT1 上调miR-1表达，增加GBC细胞对5-FU的敏感性。     

Chloride intracellular channel 1 regulates the antineoplastic effects of metformin in gallbladder cancer cells

Metformin is the most commonly used drug for type 2 diabetes and has potential benefit in treating and preventing cancer. Previous studies indicated that membrane proteins can affect the antineoplastic effects of metformin and may be crucial in the field of cancer research. However, the antineoplastic effects of metformin and its mechanism in gallbladder cancer (GBC) remain largely unknown. In this study, the effects of metformin on GBC cell proliferation and viability were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay and an apoptosis assay. Western blotting was performed to investigate related signaling pathways. Of note, inhibition, knockdown and upregulation of the membrane protein Chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) can affect GBC resistance in the presence of metformin. Our data demonstrated that metformin apparently inhibits the proliferation and viability of GBC cells. Metformin promoted cell apoptosis and increased the number of early apoptotic cells. We found that metformin can exert growth‐suppressive effects on these cell lines via inhibition of p‐Akt activity and the Bcl‐2 family. Notably, either dysfunction or downregulation of CLIC1 can partially decrease the antineoplastic effects of metformin while upregulation of CLIC1 can increase drug sensitivity. Our findings provide experimental evidence for using metformin as an antitumor treatment for gallbladder carcinoma.     

Celecoxib对胆囊癌细胞GBC-SD增殖的抑制作用

目的研究Celecoxib对人胆囊癌细胞GBC-SD生长和凋亡的影响及其作用机制.方法采用免疫细胞化学SABC法检测GBC-SD环氧合酶-2(Cox-2)蛋白表达,采用四唑氮蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期和凋亡,酶联免疫吸附试验(LISA)检测前列腺素E2(PGE2)含量.结果 Celecoxib可下调GBC-SD细胞Cox-2蛋白表达.Celecoxib抑制GBC-SD细胞增殖作用呈时间依赖性,作用2天后就有轻度抑制,第3、第4和第5天抑制作用已相当明显(P<0.05,与对照组相比),并且这种增殖抑制作用能被200 g/ml GE2拮抗.Celecoxib诱导GBC-SD细胞G1-S期阻滞,40 μmol/L(P<0.05)和20 μmol/L(P<0.05)Celecoxib组G0-G1 期细胞含量比对照组( μmol/L)明显增高,而S期和G2/M期细胞含量比对照组明显降低(P<0.05).40 μmol/L(P<0.05)和20 μmol/L(P<0.05)Celecoxib处理48 后GBC-SD细胞凋亡率明显上升.结论 Celecoxib通过Cox-2和PGE2途径抑制GBC-SD细胞生长和诱导凋亡.     

cIAP2 promotes gallbladder cancer invasion and lymphangiogenesis by activating the NF‐κB pathway

Several studies have produced contradictory findings about the prognostic implications for inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) in different types of cancer. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2/BIRC) is one of the most extensively characterized human IAP. To date, no studies have focused on the expression level of cIAP2 in human gallbladder cancer (GBC), and the mechanism of cIAP2 in GBC invasion and lymphangiogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, cIAP2 expression in GBC was detected using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between cIAP2 levels in cancer tissues and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients was analyzed. The biological effect of cIAP2 in GBC cells was tested using the Cell Counting Kit‐8 Assay, Transwell assays and the ability of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC) to undergo tube formation. The role of cIAP2 in activating the NF‐κB pathway was determined using a dual‐luciferase reporter assay, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting and ELISA. Finally, an animal model was used to further confirm the role of cIAP2 in lymphangiogenesis. We showed that cIAP2 expression was elevated in human GBC tissues and correlated with a negative prognosis for patients. Moreover, cIAP2 was identified as a lymphangiogenic factor of GBC cells and, thus, promoted lymph node metastasis in GBC cells. Our study is the first to suggest that cIAP2 can promote GBC invasion and lymphangiogenesis by activating the NF‐κB pathway.     

miR-21靶向抑制RECK对宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖、侵袭和放射敏感性作用

目的:探究miR-21对宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖、凋亡、侵袭以及放射敏感性的影响和潜在作用机制。方法:利用RT-qPCR方法检测宫颈癌组织和相邻非肿瘤组织、正常宫颈上皮细胞(H8)以及宫颈癌细胞系(HeLa、SiHa、ME180)中miR-21表达水平。通过CCK-8检测、Caspase3/7活细胞凋亡检测、伤口愈合试验...     

PUMA通过线粒体途径诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的研究

目的:研究p53上调凋亡调控因子(PUMA)对骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的影响及机制。方法:在骨肉瘤细胞F5M2中转染PUMA过表达载体，同时转染对照阴性载体，以qRT-PCR和Western blot法测定转染后细胞中PUMA表达情况，以流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况，用JC-1法检测细胞线粒体膜电位，以Western blot法测定线粒体和胞浆中细胞色素C（Cyt C）蛋白表达情况，同时检测细胞中剪切的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水 解酶3（Cleaved Caspase-3）、剪切的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶9（Cleaved Caspase-9）蛋白水平。结果:转染PUMA过表达载体后的F5M2细胞中PUMA mRNA和蛋白水平升高，而转染对照阴性载体对F5M2细胞中PUMA mRNA和蛋白水平没有影响。过表达PUMA后的F5M2细胞凋亡率升高，细胞线粒体膜电位下降，线粒体中Cyt C蛋白水平降低，胞浆中Cyt C蛋白水平升高，同时细胞中Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9蛋白水平也升高，与未做转染的F5M2细胞比，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。转染对照阴性载体后的细胞凋亡率、线粒体膜电位、线粒体和胞浆中Cyt C蛋白水平、Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平、Cleaved Caspase-9蛋白水平与未做转染的F5M2细胞相比没有明显变化（P>0.05）。结论:PUMA通过促进线粒体中Cyt C释放，降低线粒体膜电位，激活Caspase-3诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡。     

Mesothelin regulates growth and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through p53-dependent and -independent signal pathway

Mesothelin, a secreted protein, is overexpressed in some cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Rescent studies have shown that overexpression of mesothelin significantly increased tumor cell proliferation, and downregulation of mesothelin inhibited cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells, but its exact function and mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of mesothelin on proliferation and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells with different p53 status and to explore its signal pathway. Mesothelin levels were detected by western blot and RT-PCR assay in human pancreatic cancer AsPC-1, HPAC and Capan-2, Capan-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cell lines. Mesothelin was slienced by shRNA in AsPC-1, Capan-2 and Capan-1 cells with rich mesothelin level, and mesothelin was overexpressed in the HPAC and Capan-2 cells with less mesothelin level. We observed that in the AsPC-1 and Capan-1cells with mt-p53, and Capan-2 cells with wt-p53, shRNA mediated sliencing of the mesothelin significantly increased PUMA and Bax expression and caspase-3 activity, and decreased bcl-2 expression, followed by the reduced proliferation and colony forming capability and increased cell apoptosis. When PUMA was slienced by siRNA in the stable mesothelin shRNA transfected cells, proliferative capability was significantly increased, and apoptosis was decreased. However, in the Capan-2 cells with wt-p53, suppression of the mesothelin significantly increased wt-p53 levels. When p53 was blocked by siRNA in the stable mesothelin shRNA transfected Capan-2 cells, PUMA was inhibited, followed by increased proliferative capability and decreased cell apoptosis. In the HPAC and Capan-2 cells with wt-p53 and in the MIA PaCa-2 cells with mt-p53, overexpression of the mesothelin significantly decreased bax levels and increased bcl-2 levels, followed by increased proliferative and colony forming capability. Furthermore, mesothelin-shRNA-transfected cells exhibited a reduced rate of tumor growth under in vivo conditions. However, mesothelin-transfected cells exhibited a increased rate of tumor growth under in vivo conditions. Our data demonstrated that mesothelin promotes proliferation and inhibited apoptosis through p53-dependent pathway in pancreatic cancer cells with wt-p53, and p53-independent pathway in pancreatic cancer cells with mt-p53. Targeting mesothelin by shRNA is the important method for pancreatic cancer therapy.     

Downregulation of lncRNA ANRIL inhibits proliferation,induces apoptosis,and enhances radiosensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through regulating miR-125a

Increasing evidence demonstrated that long non-coding RNA ANRIL serves as a fatal oncogene in many cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, little is known whether ANRIL regulated NPC cell radioresistance. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to examine the expression of lncRNA ANRIL and miR-125a in NPC tissues and cell lines. MTT assay was conducted to measure the cell viability of CNE2 and HONE1 cells. The apoptotic rate of CNE2 and HONE1 cells was determined by flow cytometry analysis. Colony survival was determined by clonogenic assay. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to verity the direct target of miR-125a. LncRNA ANRIL was evidently elevated in NPC tissues and cell lines. ANRIL inhibition suppressed proliferation, induced apoptosis, and enhanced radiosensitivity in NPC. Moreover, ANRIL could negatively modulate miR-125a expression. Furethermore, ANRIL upregulation reserved the inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and enhanced radiosensitivity triggered by miR-125a overexpression. The expression of lncRNA ANRIL was upregulated in NPC tissues and cells. Moreover, knockdown of ANRIL repressed proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and improved radiosensitivity in NPC via functioning as a miR-125a sponge.     

Clinicopathological significance of SLP-2 overexpression in human gallbladder cancer

Several studies have indicated that overexpression of stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP-2) has been identified in several types of cancer. However, its role and clinical relevance in gallbladder cancer (GBC) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to reveal the prognostic significance of SLP-2 in GBC. The SLP-2 expression was examined at mRNA and protein levels by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry in GBC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. Statistical analyses were applied to test the associations between SLP-2 expression, clinicopathologic factors, and prognosis. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR showed that the protein and mRNA expression levels of SLP-2 were both significantly higher in GBC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues. In addition, immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SLP-2 expression was significantly correlated with histological grade (P <0.001), pathologic T stage (P?=?0.019), clinical stage (P?=?0.001), and lymph node metastasis (P?=?0.026). The Kaplan–Meier survival curves indicated that patients with high expression of SLP-2 had shorter overall survival than those with low expression (P <0.001). Meanwhile, the Cox multivariate analysis indicated that high expressions of SLP-2 were an independent prognostic factor for patients with GBC. These data showed that SLP-2 may play an important role in human GBC tumorigenesis, and SLP-2 might serve as a novel prognostic marker in human GBC.     

三氧化二砷诱导人胆囊癌GBC细胞凋亡及其机制研究

背景与目的：胆囊癌由于缺乏特异性的临床表现，确诊时多属晚期，手术切除率较低；且常规化疗药物对胆囊癌的疗效较差，因此需寻找治疗胆囊癌新的有效药物。三氧化二砷在治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病中取得了突破性成果，近年来它在实体瘤的研究中颇受关注。本研究旨在探讨As2O3对人胆囊癌GBC细胞系诱导凋亡的生物学效应及作用机制。方法：用Hoechest33258染色、流式细胞仪和DNA凝胶电泳研究As2O3诱导细胞凋亡情况。用Western blot分析As2O3对凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bcl—xL、Bid、Bak、Bax、cleaved—Caspase-3和cleaved—Caspase-9的表达影响。构建Bcl-2的表达质粒，并用Lipo2000转染GBC细胞，并检测As2O3诱导细胞凋亡情况。结果：As2O3可诱导GBC细胞凋亡。蛋白水平的检测表明As2O3可使细胞Bcl-2、Bcl—xL的表达下降，Bid、Bak和Bax表达升高，并促进Caspase-3和Caspase-9的剪切。过表达Bcl-2可抑制As2O3诱导的凋亡。结论：As2O3可诱导胆囊癌细胞的凋亡，并主要通过下调Bcl-2基因的表达来实现。     

Sestrin2在鼻咽癌中的表达及其生物学功能

 目的 探讨Sestrin2在鼻咽癌组织和细胞中的表达及其生物学功能。方法 收集46例鼻咽癌患者病理活检组织，免疫组织化学法检测Sestrin2在鼻咽癌及癌旁组织中的表达。利用pcDNA3.1/Sestrin2转染鼻咽癌CNE-1细胞，RT-PCR和Western blot法验证转染效率。CCK-8和流式细胞术检测Sestrin2过表达对鼻咽癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。Western blot法检测Sestrin2过表达对腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶（AMPK）和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）表达的影响。结果 鼻咽癌组织中Sestrin2的表达水平明显低于癌旁正常组织，且Sestrin2的低表达与TNM分期和淋巴结转移显著相关（P<0.05）。与未处理组和阴性对照组相比，转染组Sestrin2 mRNA和蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.05），细胞增殖能力明显下降，细胞凋亡水平显著升高（P<0.05）。Sestrin2转染组细胞AMPK磷酸化水平升高，mTOR磷酸化水平降低（P<0.05）。结论 Sestrin2在鼻咽癌中低表达，且Sestrin2过表达能显著降低鼻咽癌细胞增殖能力，促进鼻咽癌细胞凋亡，其机制与AMPK和mTOR信号通路有关。