女性乳腺癌216例保乳手术及其综合治疗的临床研究

目的探讨Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效及相关技术，为普及早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析我院1993年12月至2004年10月间216例行保乳手术治疗的乳腺癌病人的相关资料，对肿瘤采取局部扩大切除或乳房象限切除，有209例行腋窝淋巴结清扫。术后辅以放疗、化疗或内分泌治疗。结果无手术并发症。随访3—147个月，死亡2例，其中1例与本病无关；局部复发率1．85％。按照国家“十五”攻关课题“早期乳腺癌规范化保乳综合治疗的临床研究”采用的乳房美容评定标准进行评价，符合优良标准的有199例，占92．13％，不满意者17例，占7．87％。结论早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗创伤小、疗效确切、形体改变少、能提高生存质量。但须合理的掌握手术适应症及保乳综合治疗的相关技术。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术近期疗效评价

目的 分析临床早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的近期疗效,为普及临床早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗提供参考.方法 2002年9月至2006年1月对122例临床早期乳腺癌患者施行保乳手术,对肿瘤采取局部扩大切除或乳房象限切除,所有患者均行腋窝淋巴结清除;术后辅以放疗、化疗或内分泌治疗.结果 122例患者均获随访,随访时间8～49个月,无局部复发、远处转移和死亡病例.保乳治疗乳房美容效果评估优、良者占90.16%(110/122).结论 临床早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗创伤小、美容效果良好、疗效满意,可显著提高患者生活质量,值得广泛推广应用,但必须严格掌握手术适应证.     

保乳术治疗早期乳腺癌疗效观察

目的 观察早期乳腺癌保乳术的疗效.方法 入组保乳术治疗的早期乳腺癌30例,其中Ⅰ期21例,Ⅱ期9例,均行象限切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫,术后均进行辅助化疗、放疗和内分泌治疗等综合治疗.结果 30例全部得到随访,随访时间6～96个月,未发现局部复发或远处转移.5年总生存率90.6%,乳房美容优良率93.3%.结论 保乳手术配合...     

乳腺癌Intrabeam系统术中放射治疗临床操作指南

正目前乳腺癌已成为中国女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤~([1])。随着诊疗技术的提高,能行保留乳房(简称保乳)手术的早期乳腺癌患者也越来越多,经过综合治疗的保乳手术可以取得与乳房切除相同的临床疗效~([2])。保乳手术辅以放射治疗已成为早期乳癌患者的首选标准化治疗方式~([3-4])。研究表明,乳腺癌保乳手术治疗后85%～90%的复发位于原发灶附     

乳腺癌保乳术后放化综合治疗疗效评价

目的:评价临床早期乳腺癌行保乳手术加术后放化疗综合治疗的疗效。方法:Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房的肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清除术患者106例(保乳组),同期行乳腺癌改良根治术患者95例(对照组),术后早期予以全身化疗、全乳腺区放疗和(或)内分泌治疗。结果:全部病例中位随访53个月,保乳组中无局部复发者,对照组局部复发1例;保乳组和对照组的3、5年生存率分别为96.34%(79/82)和95.58%(65/68),P=0.9571;90.24%(37/41)和90.47%(38/42),P=0.9870。远隔脏器转移率分别为5.7%和5.3%,P=0.9774。两组间各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义,患侧乳房外形的优良率达96.2%。结论:早期乳腺癌采用保留乳房手术加术后放化疗综合治疗,疗效与根治术相似,美容效果好,可作为首选方法之一。     

61例早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术疗效分析

[目的]探讨早期乳腺癌保乳手术的疗效及整形效果。[方法]自1993年4月-1998年7月共61例早期乳腺癌接受1/4乳房切除或肿瘤广泛切除加全腋淋巴结清扫术,其中56例行围手术期化疗（CMF）4-7周,48例术后全乳放疗,7例腋淋巴结阳性者接受区域放疗。[结果]1例失访,余患者随访2-7年,乳房保留率56/61,局部复发率3/61,远处转移率1/61,乳房整形满意率70%,[结论]早期乳腺保乳手术与根治术近期疗效相似。值得推广。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术疗效观察

目的:观察早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术的治疗效果.方法:回顾性分析我院1988年12月-2005年12月问收治的早期乳腺癌加例,其中Ⅰ期26例,Ⅱ期14例,观察实施保乳手术治疗疗效.结果:全部病人手术顺利,近期乳房外形保持较好,手术并发症少.术后随访30-120个月,1例局部复发与转移死亡,局部复发率2.5%,无放疗后合并症.结论:早期乳腺癌保乳手术治疗创伤小、疗效确切、能提高生存质量.术前严格掌握手术适应症,术后规范的综合治疗,是取得良好效果的基础.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术56例近期疗效分析

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的近期疗效及美容效果。方法回顾分析56例0～Ⅱ期原发性乳腺癌施行区段、局部扩大切除并腋窝淋巴结清扫,手术后辅以综合治疗的临床资料。结果手术后随访10～48个月,平均随访21个月;患者本人对保留乳房的满意率100%,十分满意者为93%;无局部复发、远处转移和死亡病例。结论0～Ⅱ期乳腺癌实施保乳治疗,近期疗效、美容效果满意,远期效果有待长期随访观察。     

早期乳癌保乳术后放射治疗的疗效观察

目的:观察早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗的疗效。方法:对30例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行乳腺病灶局部切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫,术后全乳腺先用6MV-X线双切线半野照射,全乳腺剂量达40Gy～52Gy(平均46Gy),然后,用9MeV或12MeV电子线局部瘤床加量8Gy～20Gy。腋窝淋巴结有转移者,用6MV-X线和12MeV电子线混合加照锁骨上和腋顶淋巴结引流区域,总剂量50Gy。结果:1年生存率为96.7%,3年生存率为90.0%,5年生存率为86.6%,中位生存率为92个月,局部复发率为0(0/30)。乳房美容评价:医生打分满意度优、中的为86.67%(26/30),患者自评满意度优、中的为93.33%(28/30)。结论:早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗可降低局部复发率,减少并发症,乳房美容效果好,但必须严格掌握保乳手术适应证及综合治疗的相关技术。     

保乳手术治疗乳腺癌37例分析

目的探讨保乳手术治疗乳腺癌方法的选择.方法回顾性分析2001年1月～2005年1月我院接受保乳治疗的37例乳腺癌临床资料.0期3例,Ⅰ期20例, Ⅱ期14例.手术方式为象限切除或肿瘤局部广泛切除联合腋窝淋巴结清扫.术后常规行辅助化疗,放疗和内分泌治疗. 结果手术标本石蜡病理检查各切缘均无癌侵润.经过36个月中位随访期（范围2～36月）,局部复发为5.4%（2/37）,其中腋窝1例,远处转移1例,转移部位为肺转移.对保乳综合治疗满1年的20例患者进行乳房外型的评估,优15%（3/20）,良45%（9/20）,差 40%（8/20）.结论对早期乳腺癌及部分经过新辅助化疗降期后的局部进展期乳腺癌可进行保乳手术治疗.规范化的切除和术后放疗,全身综合治疗是保乳治疗成功的关键 .     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.     

Endometrial cancers and predisposition

As nearly 5% of all endometrial cancers occur because of a predisposition, this possibility has systematically to be explored. The hallmarks of predisposition, a young age at diagnosis, a personal or a familial history of cancer, have to be searched systematically. The identification of a predisposition in a family has a major impact on the management of the proband or his relatives. The endometrial cancer main predisposition is Lynch's syndrome. In this review, we will focus on this condition and describe its clinical manifestations, the underlying molecular mechanisms, the cancer risks and the management guidelines. We will also get onto some far less frequent other predispositions.