恶性肠梗阻营养通路的选择

恶性肠梗阻（MBO）是恶性肿瘤常见的并发症之一，特别在晚期肿瘤患者的发病率高，严重影响患者的营养摄入，导致营养不良的发生或加重，降低生活质量，缩短生存时间。恶性肿瘤因其在生长的过程中代谢旺盛，极易引起机体营养不良，当患者出现肠梗阻时，营养不良、恶液质的发生率和程度显著增加。营养不良已经成为MBO患者死亡的重要原因之一。MBO患者的营养治疗是MBO治疗的关键环节，及时有效的营养治疗能维持MBO患者的营养状态，改善营养不良，提高各种治疗的耐受性及有效性。而选择恰当的营养通路是成功实施营养治疗的基本保证，尤其对于营养不良和存在营养风险的MBO患者意义重大。对于MBO患者营养通路选择，目前仍存在不少争议。MBO患者的营养通路选择需根据患者梗阻部位、治疗方式、并发症风险及预计生存期等情况，权衡利弊后进行合理选择。本文主要对MBO患者各种常见的营养治疗通路进行总结，旨在为MBO患者选择安全、有效的营养通路提供参考依据。     

肿瘤营养诊疗系统的实施与应用

肿瘤患者营养不良发生率高、后果严重，约20%的恶性肿瘤患者直接死于营养不良。以“营养筛查—评估—诊断—治疗”为基础的规范化临床营养诊疗路径，是及时筛查肿瘤患者营养风险、精准诊断营养不良的基本措施，也是科学合理营养治疗、改善肿瘤患者临床结局的基础保障。肿瘤营养诊疗系统是以规范化临床营养诊疗路径为核心，集营养风险筛查、全面营养评估、智能营养诊断和个性化营养治疗为一体的营养诊疗设备。通过肿瘤营养诊疗系统的应用，可实现规范化营养诊疗路径与流程；获取完整的肿瘤营养数据信息，并实现实时共享；有助于提升工作效率，对建设规范化肿瘤营养治疗示范病房具有重要意义。     

癌性肠梗阻内科治疗的“6字方针”

癌性肠梗阻（MBO）是指原发性或转移性恶性肿瘤本身及其抗肿瘤治疗引起的肠梗阻，是晚期肿瘤患者的常见并发症，总体发生率3%~15%。目前，MBO的治疗仍缺乏统一、有效的治疗规范，大多数医院都采用对症处理的。本文在总结数百例治疗经验基础上，提炼出“减（压）、加（营养）、抑（制消化液分泌）、激（素）、利（尿）、动（运动及促进肠蠕动）”六字方针，简单、实用、有效，通过临床观察，该方案能改善患者症状，恢复经口进食率，提高生活质量和手术治疗的机会，缩短住院时间及降低治疗费用，尽管尚缺乏前瞻性的随机对照研究结果，仍值得推广。     

恶性机械性肠梗阻临床诊疗

恶性机械性肠梗阻是晚期肿瘤常见并发症之一，通常以内科综合治疗为主。了解其病理生理机制（包括“不协调蠕动-组织水肿-不协调蠕动”及“分泌-扩张-分泌”恶性循环），明确梗阻的分类、亚型和完善肿瘤内科的系统评估（包括一般情况、脏器功能、肿瘤学评估、营养代谢及肠屏障功能）是其有效治疗的前提。治疗原则和目的是尽量减少，甚至解除机体肿瘤负荷，改善或根治肠梗阻所致不良症状、体征及肠功能异常，纠正水、电解质紊乱及营养代谢紊乱状态，最终改善患者生活质量及总生存。具体措施包括基础治疗、营养治疗和代谢调节、抗炎、减轻肠壁水肿、抑制消化道腺体分泌、修复肠道屏障及防治感染、抗肿瘤病因治疗及运动疗法、心理治疗。其中抗肿瘤病因治疗是临床中的难点，因恶性肠梗阻多伴随营养不良、一般情况差，难以耐受常规抗肿瘤治疗，抗肿瘤治疗上需兼顾肿瘤因素、营养状况及患者一般情况等，有效的抗肿瘤治疗是肠梗阻再通的基本保障。     

晚期肿瘤合并恶性肠梗阻的预后分析

目的：探讨晚期不可手术的Ⅳ期恶性肿瘤患者合并恶性肠梗阻（MBO）的预后因素。方法：选取70例随访资料完整的合并MBO的晚期肿瘤患者,并记录患者的人口统计学、临床特点、实验室检查、影像学检查及ECOG评分等特征。随访结束至2012年12月。单因素生存分析采用Kaplan—Meier生存曲线,多因素分析采用COX比例风险回归模型。结果：是否伴有腹膜转移和腹水、梗阻部位、ECOG评分、白蛋白水平、MBO诊断后治疗模式（后续治疗vs支持治疗）均可影响MBO患者的预后,但仅ECOG评分、MBO诊断后治疗模式可作为影响MBO患者预后的独立危险因素。结论：MBO受各种因素影响。     

恶性肠梗阻患者的代谢紊乱

恶性肠梗阻是由恶性肿瘤引起的小肠或大肠梗阻，常见于卵巢癌及胃肠道肿瘤患者。恶性肠梗阻是由于肿瘤压迫、肿瘤细胞浸润自主神经、副肿瘤综合征或药物因素导致的急性或慢性肠道梗阻，是晚期肿瘤患者常见的致死性并发症之一。本文综合国内外进展探讨恶性肠梗阻患者的代谢紊乱情况及其机制，得出以下提示:恶性肠梗阻不仅引起葡萄糖、蛋白质、脂肪酸等宏量营养素的代谢紊乱，还会引起微量营养素代谢异常等。造成代谢紊乱的机制主要有肠道功能紊乱，肠道局部甚至全身发生炎性反应，肠道菌群紊乱及缺乏有效的营养治疗等因素。恶性肠梗阻患者发生代谢紊乱可能加剧肠梗阻的发展，更与患者的预后显著相关。临床决策中医生应重视患者的代谢情况，认识到代谢紊乱对恶性肠梗阻患者预后的影响，积极纠正代谢紊乱，提高患者的预后及生活质量。     

营养不良肿瘤患者营养支持治疗临床建议路径

摘 要：营养不良的高发人群是恶性肿瘤患者，不仅影响患者机体所有的器官和组织细胞功能，还涉及其心理和社会角色。肿瘤营养疗法是计划、实施并评价营养干预，以治疗肿瘤及其并发症或纠正身体不良状况，改善肿瘤患者临床结局的过程，包括营养筛查/评估、营养干预、疗效评价（含随访）三阶段。营养不良肿瘤患者的营养支持治疗（nutritional supportive care，NSC），应遵循五阶梯治疗原则来补足热量和营养素。     

妇科恶性肿瘤多学科诊疗中国专家共识（2022年版）

近年来,随着妇科恶性肿瘤综合治疗新策略的不断涌现,以及生殖肿瘤学和遗传肿瘤理念的演进,传统的“单学科诊疗”模式已难于以最优的方案解决患者的诊疗问题。多学科诊疗（multidisciplinary team,MDT）可以使患者获得最科学、最合理的诊疗,有利于改进和完善现有的治疗方式,从而提高医疗效率及质量。基于MDT领域国内外最新研究进展及临床实践经验,中国抗癌协会妇科肿瘤专业委员会组织国内妇科肿瘤及相关领域的专家,针对妇科恶性肿瘤MDT运行流程、监测评估及质量控制,制订了《妇科恶性肿瘤多学科诊疗中国专家共识（2022年版）》,希望通过本共识,提高中国临床工作者对于妇科恶性肿瘤MDT的认识,以指导和规范MDT在妇科恶性肿瘤诊疗中的临床运用。     

SPDT治疗晚期恶性肿瘤19例随访观察

目的:探讨SPDT对晚期恶性肿瘤患者的生活质量及生存期影响。方法:回顾性分析我科自2008年5月-2009年11月收治的19例晚期恶性肿瘤患者,SPDT治疗结束后跟踪随访至患者死亡。结果:SP-DT对于改善晚期恶性肿瘤患者的一般状况疗效显著,明显提高晚期恶性肿瘤患者生活质量,配合放化疗及其他治疗方法有望使生存期延长。结论:SPDT可联合其他治疗方法广泛应用于晚期恶性肿瘤患者,可作为晚期肿瘤患者挽救性综合治疗手段之一。     

恶性肿瘤姑息治疗的进展

许多恶性肿瘤患者确诊已属中晚期,姑息治疗在恶性肿瘤综合治疗中居重要地位,属于支持治疗。恶性肿瘤姑息治疗主要改善患者及家属的生活质量。文章分析恶性肿瘤姑息治疗的概念、原则、治疗方式及发展现状,以期规范化建设恶性肿瘤姑息治疗学科发展。     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.     

Endometrial cancers and predisposition

As nearly 5% of all endometrial cancers occur because of a predisposition, this possibility has systematically to be explored. The hallmarks of predisposition, a young age at diagnosis, a personal or a familial history of cancer, have to be searched systematically. The identification of a predisposition in a family has a major impact on the management of the proband or his relatives. The endometrial cancer main predisposition is Lynch's syndrome. In this review, we will focus on this condition and describe its clinical manifestations, the underlying molecular mechanisms, the cancer risks and the management guidelines. We will also get onto some far less frequent other predispositions.